塔里木盆地北部库车坳陷白垩系沉积古地理

将库车坳陷内白垩系层序地层的划分、体系域沉积相的组成和分布特征与坳陷内及其周围的构造环境结合起来,从宏观构造背景上分析了层序和沉积相带的展布特征与发育规律。白垩系库车坳陷的前陆构造演化具有阶段性,控制了坳陷在不同阶段的沉积古地理的发育特征。亚格列木期和舒善河早期,库车坳陷的沉积古地理南北分带明显,具有南北双向提供物源的特征,粗碎屑分布在坳陷较陡的北侧。舒善河后期与巴西盖期,塔北隆起大部分已沉降至水下,至巴什基奇克期被同期高水位体系域沉积地层所超覆。代表特大型气田的克拉2井的主要储层就位于巴什基奇克期辫状河三角洲相带,其分布稳定而广泛,被称为“辫状河-三角洲砂体裙”。     

库车坳陷东部晚白垩世古隆起及构造应力场恢复

库车坳陷东部具有丰富的油气资源,其构造变形机制与南天山造山带密切相关。综合采用露头共轭节理及白垩系残余厚度分布,分析了库车坳陷东部晚白垩世古隆起特征及构造应力场属性。吐格尔明、克孜勒努尔沟、库车河、卡普沙良河、吉迪克以及库车河西6条剖面的共轭节理分析表明,库车坳陷东部新生代构造挤压应力为NNW-SSE向,而中生代的构造挤压应力为NE-SW向。原型盆地恢复显示,库车坳陷白垩纪的沉积中心大致位于大北1井―吐北2井―克拉2井一线,且发育秋里塔格―新和―牙哈―提尔根古隆起带,白垩系原始沉积厚度总体上北厚南薄。在晚白垩世区域抬升剥蚀的构造背景下,坳陷东部受压隆升遭受剥蚀,白垩系残余厚度减薄,呈西厚东薄的趋势。位于坳陷东部的吐格尔明背斜在石炭纪―三叠纪为一个长期存在的继承性沉积古隆起,晚白垩世进一步隆升形成构造古隆起,背斜周缘的白垩系残余厚度进一步减薄。吐格尔明背斜和背斜周缘白垩系残余厚度等值线以及库北1井和库车河剖面周缘白垩系残余厚度等值线的长轴方向均为NW-SE向,进一步证实了库车坳陷东部晚白垩世的构造应力为NE-SW向。库车坳陷东部晚白垩世古隆起与构造应力场属性主要与特提斯造山带中地体增生和拼贴作用导致的特提斯北缘盆地群中发生的区域性抬升有关。     

库车坳陷第三纪断层滑动分析与古构造应力恢复

研究构造应力场的时空变化对于认识和理解褶皱冲断带的构造变形过程和油气构造圈闭的最终定型具有重要意义.基于对库车坳陷内第三系和同时卷入变形的白垩系中发育断层的野外观测,采用断层滑动数据反演方法,对库车坳陷的第三纪构造古应力进行恢复.结果表明:库车坳陷第三纪的构造应力方向在空间位置上变化不大,在时间上经历了从NNW-SSE向到NWW-SEE的转变,构造挤压变形经历了两个阶段:即NNW-SSE向逆冲挤压变形和相对较晚的NWW-SEE向逆冲挤压变形.结合库车坳陷油气成藏期,第二阶段的构造挤压变形发生在库车组沉积期间,为坳陷内油气的聚集提供了良好的圈闭条件.文中还探讨了造成库车坳陷内挤压应力场的两种可能动力成因.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造运动学特征

本文根据大量地震与地质资料的综合分析,对表征库车坳陷盐构造流动变形特征的净生长量、生长率及应变速率进行了定量分析。厘定库车坳陷盐构造初始形成时间在中新世早期,盐构造早期生长缓慢而稳定;上新世中晚期一第四纪进入快速生长期,晚期盐构造生长速率高且差别大。库车坳陷盐构造演化可分为盐膏层沉积期、低幅度盐枕缓慢发育期、盐背斜构造发育期、盐底辟发展期、盐底辟刺穿破坏期五个连续演化阶段。     

库车坳陷东部白垩系沉积体系分析及有利油气勘探区带预测

克拉2大气田的发现,展示了库车坳陷白垩系良好的油气勘探潜力。通过对库车坳陷东部野外露头、钻井资料以及地震剖面的综合分析,对坳陷东部白垩系的沉积体系类型及其分布特征进行了系统的研究。结果表明:研究区白垩系发育湖泊体系、扇三角洲体系、辫状河三角洲体系和三角洲体系等四种沉积体系类型;白垩系岩相古地理经历了早、中、晚期的演化,早期发育了以扇三角洲体系为主的沉积环境,中期形成了大范围的浅湖环境,晚期以三角洲平原相环境为特色;平面上,白垩系岩相古地理南北分带明显,具有南北双向提供物源的特征,粗碎屑分布在坳陷较陡的北侧。库车坳陷东部储层主要由三种三角洲体系砂体和滨岸沙坝砂体构成,砂体厚度大,分布广,储集条件好。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造成因机制探讨

以盐构造解析的方法,综合地震与地质资料分析,在盐构造成因要素剖析的基础上探讨库车坳陷盐构造动力学特征.研究表明库车坳陷盐构造的成因受多重作用影响,差异负载是库车坳陷盐构造初始形成时的动力来源,中新世—上新世中晚期差异负载作用是盐构造形成与缓慢生长的主要动力.盐上盖层快速沉降是该期盐构造生长缓慢的主要原因.上新世中晚期以来强烈的区域挤压作用是库车坳陷盐构造发育的主控因素,构造挤压决定了盐构造的样式、分布与规模,并促进了差异负载、重力作用与浮力作用的发展,以区域挤压为主的多种作用因素造成了库车坳陷盐构造晚期异常高速的生长.     

苏丹Muglad盆地凯康凹陷西斜坡早白垩世沉积层序及其控制因素研究

苏丹Muglad盆地是重要的油气探区,受区域构造的影响,早白垩世沉积储层发育演化与构造演化密切相关。在盆内地震、测井及岩心资料综合分析的基础上,重点对4区西斜坡早白垩世的沉积层序特征及其控制因素进行了研究。结果表明：Muglad盆地经历了3次裂谷断陷活动及其后裂谷期的3次热沉降坳陷活动,形成了6个二级层序;在二级层序格架内将白垩系Abu Gabra组至古近系Adok组划分13个三级层序;早白垩世断陷期主要发育湖泊及辫状河三角洲沉积体系,坳陷期主要发育辫状河及三角洲沉积体系;断陷-坳陷的构造演化和同沉积断裂对不同期层序的沉积体系发育具有明显的控制作用。     

新疆库车坳陷中部新近系－第四系沉积演化

新疆库车坳陷发育巨厚的新近系-第四系沉积物。本文通过考察野外露头、观察岩心和岩屑、分析测井曲线和地震资料,研究了该沉积层序及其演化规律。库车坳陷新近系吉迪克组及康村组沉积时期为浅水氧化湖泊环境,自北向南发育扇三角洲-湖泊沉积体系,为均衡沉积;新近系库车组一第四系广泛发育冲积扇沉积,自下而上冲积扇的规模不断增大,代表了盆地填平补齐的过程。库车坳陷新近纪剧烈构造活动期应从库车组末期开始,第四纪早期构造活动达到最剧烈时期。     

新疆塔里木盆地库车坳陷北缘白垩系储层沉积相研究

库车坳陷北缘白垩系储层主要分布在巴西盖组和巴什基奇克组。白垩纪时期,库车坳陷发育了不同类型的三角洲沉积体系,巴西盖期为湖泊三角洲沉积体系;巴什基奇克早期主要为扇三角洲沉积体系;巴什基奇克中晚期主要为湖泊-辫状三角洲沉积体系。垂向上,巴西盖组下部砂岩段总体表现为加积序列,上部泥岩段整体表现为向上砂质增多的进积序列;巴什基奇克组下部第Ⅲ岩性段表现为进积-加积演化序列特征;巴什基奇克组中上部Ⅱ-Ⅰ段总体上构成一个向上变粗的进积序列。平面上,从巴西盖期至巴什基奇克晚期,库车坳陷北缘沉积相总体上呈近东西向展布,南北相带变化明显的特点。在沉积相研究的基础上,结合构造活动和成岩作用分析认为,研究区内白垩系巴什基奇克组中上部辫状三角洲前缘砂体为优质储层,以克拉2井区最好,向西至克拉1井,向东至克拉3井储层均变差。     

沉积物颜色和粘土矿物对库车坳陷第三纪气候变化的指示

库车坳陷第三纪连续的碎屑沉积,记录了丰富的古环境与古气候变化的信息。在详细的磁性地层年代学基础上,对库车坳陷北部第三系沉积剖面进行了系统的沉积物颜色测定和粘土矿物分析。结果表明,库车坳陷第三纪沉积物颜色变化与全球第三纪温度的变化有一致的趋势,随着全球气温的降低,沉积物的颜色的红色指数降低。粘土矿物的组合和含量变化在13 M a出现了一个转折,在此之前,库车坳陷泥岩样品中的粘土矿物组合为伊利石和绿泥石,指示干旱的气候环境。在13 M a之后,库车坳陷的粘土矿物组合变为蒙脱石、高岭石、绿泥石和伊利石,指示干冷与温湿交替的气候环境,与亚洲内陆季风气候加强相对应。由此,可以认为库车坳陷第三纪13M a的气候变化与青藏高原的隆升密切相关。     

利用储层流体包裹体确定鄂尔多斯盆地塔巴庙区块上古生界油气充注期次和时期

流体包裹体是保存在储层中的微小流体样品,包含有丰富的地质信息。通过对鄂尔多斯盆地塔巴庙区块18口井的62块流体包裹体样品进行荧光观察和显微测温,认为该区上古生界地层共发生过6期流体活动,均与油气成藏有关,并以第二期—第六期的天然气充注为主。结合埋藏史分析可知,油气成藏分别发生在距今190～150Ma的早侏罗世中期—中侏罗世晚期,150～124Ma的中侏罗世晚期—早白垩世早期,124～101Ma的早白垩世早期—早白垩世中期,101～86Ma的早白垩世中期—早白垩世中末期和86～70Ma的早白垩世中末期—早白垩世末期。其中,早侏罗世中期—中侏罗世晚期为油气充注的初始阶段,中侏罗世晚期—早白垩世早期为轻质油的主要成藏时期,中侏罗世晚期至早白垩世末为研究区内目的层天然气的主要成藏时期。     

库车坳陷沉降与天山中新生代构造活动

位于塔里木盆地北缘、天山南侧的库车坳陷为中新生代发育的构造单元。坳陷与天山造山带在成因上紧密相连，坳陷的沉降是由于天山山体隆升扩展引起的岩石圈挠曲响应。根据纵横向不同位置盆地沉降史的分析对比，该坳陷为典型的挤压盆地。推测中生代时期天山造山带以走滑和逆冲作用为主，新生代时期至少在库车坳陷北缘，天山造山带以向南冲断作用为主。库车坳陷强烈沉降时期并不对应于粗碎屑沉积，而对应于细碎屑沉积时期，即天山造山带构造强烈活动时期。天山造山带强烈活动造成库车坳陷强烈沉降，其主要原因与塔里木板块南侧的羌塘地体、拉萨地体、科西斯坦杂岩和印度次大陆的增生碰撞有关。     

Biostratigraphy and depositional environments of subsurface sediments in well Arani-A,Palar basin,Tamil Nadu

The first exploratory well Arani–A was drilled in the Palar basin to a depth of 2400m and terminated within the granitic basement.This well offered the first ever opportunity to understand biostratigraphy, sedimentation history and depositional environment of the entire sedimentary column based on arenaceous foraminifera, spores, pollen and dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. Previous studies on few scattered outcrops around Sriperumbudur, Chengalpattu and Sathyavedu areas have documented palynofossil assemblage of Neocomian–Aptian age. The present study reveals the presence of middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Callovian) sediments (2360-1725 m) resting on the granitic basement. The sediments are interpreted to have deposited under lacustrine/estuarine conditions with high tides providing occasional marine influence. The middle Jurassic sediments are conformably overlain by late Jurassic (Oxfordian–Tithonian) sediments (1725 - 950 m). The late Jurassic sediments have been inferred to have got deposited under fluctuating near shoremarginal marine conditions. There is a 55m thick boulder bed (950 - 895 m) separating the overlying Valanginian sediments. Early Cretaceous (Valanginian-Early Albian) sediments are developed in the interval from 895-50m. The boulder bed possibly corresponds to the missing Berriasian stage of the earliest Cretaceous representing an unconformity of the order of ~5 Ma across Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. These sediments are inferred to have deposited under shallow inner neritic conditions. The sediments from 50m to surface consist mainly of lateritic sandstone and alluvium. The sedimentary history of Palar basin began in Bajocian stage of middle Jurassic (170-168 Ma) and ended in early Albian stage of early Cretaceous (113-105 Ma). The late Albian marine transgression which facilitated huge sedimentation in Cauvery and Krishna-Godavari basins has bypassed the Palar basin thus adversely affecting the hydrocarbon potential.     

中新生代天山剥蚀与塔里木盆地北缘沉积耦合过程:新疆库车河剖面的低温热年代学证据

天山造山带中新生代快速剥露对于了解天山构造演化过程意义重大.然而,人们对于中新生代精确的冷却时间还一直存在争议.本文报道了塔里木盆地北缘库车河剖面中生界砂岩中碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹数据和早二叠世流纹岩热史演化模拟结果. 热年代学年龄趋势显示碎屑磷灰石裂变径迹的主要年龄组分为143.0~148.9 Ma和35.7~38.1 Ma,其中较年轻的组分已经完全重置,揭示了库车坳陷的剥露信息. 热史模拟结果显示了160~140 Ma的快速冷却事件. 结合库车河剖面前人的碎屑锆石U-Pb和重矿物数据,笔者认为欧亚南缘拉萨地体的拼贴是通过刚性的塔里木将挤压应力传递至天山,导致其在晚侏罗世?早白垩世强烈隆升剥蚀,大量碎屑被搬运沉积在塔里木盆地北缘,造成库车坳陷中广泛发育的早白垩世亚格列木组砾岩及其与晚侏罗世地层之间的角度不整合. 在欧亚板块南缘多块体持续拼贴的远程效应下,天山经历始新世快速隆升变形,变形持续向南扩展,导致库车坳陷在晚始新世遭受变形和抬升.      

库车盆地古近纪和新近纪构造环境与蒸发岩沉积

库车盆地分布有沉积广厚、层数众多的古近纪和新近纪石盐岩,是我国最有找钾希望的内陆成盐盆地之一。盆地自形成以来一直处于稳定的沉降状态,在古近纪和新近纪成盐期,盆地经历了强-弱-强3个构造演化阶段,其沉降中心由北而南逐渐迁移,沉积中心由北西逐渐向东、南东方向迁移,盆地内的构造分异渐趋明显,形成了一系列次级凹陷。古近纪和新近纪成盐卤水的迁移和聚集、成盐作用的强弱以及整个含盐系的沉积发育明显受到上述构造活动的控制:含盐系的厚度随时间由北西向东、向南逐渐增厚,且厚度分布逐渐趋于复杂化;石盐岩的沉积规模和范围也逐渐向东扩大;古近纪早期和新近纪强烈的构造活动对于成盐作用而言是一种干扰因素,而古近纪中、晚期相对较弱、导致盆地缓慢持续沉降的构造活动对成盐,尤其对成钾作用则极为有利。从盆地的构造分异结果及其控制的含盐系和其中石盐岩的发育特征来看,古近纪和新近纪库车盆地已具备钾盐蒸发岩形成的构造条件。     

Cretaceous sedimentary basins in Sichuan,SW China: Restoration of tectonic and depositional environments

This study documents sediment infill features and their responses to the tectonic evolution of the Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas. The data include a comparison of field outcrops, well drillings, inter-well correlations, seismic data, isopach maps, and the spatial evolution of sedimentary facies. We divided the evolutionary history of the Sichuan Cretaceous Basin into three stages based on the following tectonic subsidence curves: the early Early Cretaceous (145–125 Ma), late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous (125–89.8 Ma), and late Late Cretaceous (89.8–66 Ma). The basin underwent NW–SE compression with northwestward shortening in the early Early Cretaceous and was dominated by alluvial fans and fluviolacustrine sedimentary systems. The central and northern areas of the Sichuan Basin were rapidly uplifted during the late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous with southwestward tilting, which resulted in the formation of a depression, exhibited southwestward compression, and was characterized by aeolian desert and fluviolacustrine deposits. The tectonic framework is controlled by the inherited basement structure and the formation of NE mountains, which not only affected the clastic supply of the sedimentary basin but also blocked warm-wet currents from the southeast, which changed the climatic conditions in the late Late Cretaceous. The formation and evolution of Cretaceous sedimentary basins are closely related to synchronous subtle far-field tectonism and changes in climate and drainage systems. According to the analysis of the migration of the Cretaceous sedimentation centers, different basin structures formed during different periods, including periods of peripheral mountain asynchronous thrusting and regional differential uplift. Thus, the Sichuan Cretaceous sedimentary basin is recognized as a superimposed foreland basin.     

Notes de lecture

Abstract

3D stratigraphic geometries of the intracratonic Meso- Cenozoic Paris Basin were obtained by sequence stratigraphic correlations of around 1 100 wells (well-logs). The basin records the major tectonic events of the western part of the Eurasian Plate, i.e. opening and closure of the Tethys and opening of the Atlantic. From earlier Triassic to Late Jurassic, the Paris Basin was a broad subsiding area in an extensional framework, with a larger size than the present-day basin. During the Aalenian time, the subsidence pattern changes drastically (early stage of the central Atlantic opening). Further steps of the opening of the Ligurian Tethys (base Het- tangian, late Pliensbachian;...) and its evolution into an oceanic domain (passive margin, Callovian) are equally recorded in the tectono-sedimentary history. The Lower Cretaceous was characterized by NE-SW compressive medium wavelength unconformities (late Cimmerian-Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary and intra- Berriasian and late Aptian unconformities) coeval with opening of the Bay of Biscay. These unconformities are contemporaneous with a major decrease of the subsidence rate. After an extensional period of subsidence (Albian to Turanian), NE-SW compression started in late Turanian time with major folding during the Late Cretaceous. The Tertiary was a period of very low subsidence in a com- pressional framework. The second folding stage occurred from the Lutetian to the Lower Oligocene (N-S compression) partly coeval with the E-W extension of the Oligocene rifts. Further compression occurred in the early Burdigalian and the Late Miocene in response to NE-SW shortening. Overall uplift occurred, with erosion, around the Lower/Middle Pleistocene boundary. © 2000 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部差异隆升过程裂变径迹分析

基于磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)的分析方法,探讨鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘差异隆升过程及其隆升强度,为鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘(晋西挠摺带府谷—吴堡区段)构造演化历史及其与多种能源矿产耦合关系提供新的认识。不同构造单元及其不同层系样品的AFT分析表明:研究区北段府谷—兴县地区构造抬升相对较早,且经历了白垩纪晚期(86~56Ma)和古近纪(44~37 Ma)两次隆升过程,平均隆升速率分别为24.5 m/Ma和41.8 m/Ma;研究区中段紫金山地区抬升相对较晚,主控构造事件发生在晚白垩世末期—古近纪早期(68~56 Ma)和古近纪中晚期(35 Ma),平均隆升速率分别为48.8 m/Ma和49.2 m/Ma;研究区南段临县—吴堡地区抬升最晚(35~21 Ma),平均隆升速率为73.9 m/Ma。因此,鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘晚白垩世以来的差异隆升过程具有北段抬升早、中段抬升相对较晚和南段抬升更晚的特点,南北区段统一的强烈构造抬升活动主要发生在古近纪以来的晚近时期,且构造隆升强度由南向北逐渐减弱。结合已有的成矿(藏)年代学资料分析表明,鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘关键构造事件及其隆升强度与多种矿产耦合成矿(藏)事件关系密切,构造事件与成藏(矿)事件呈现出显著的协同耦合特点。