Stochastic groundwater flow analysis in the presence of trends in heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields

Due to changes in lithostatic pressure, differential fracturing across bedding planes and irregularities in depositional environments, hydraulic conductivity exhibits heterogeneities and trends at various spatial scales. Using spectral theory, we have examined the effect of trends in hydraulic conductivity on (1) the solution of the mean equation for hydraulic head, (2) the covariance of hydraulic head, (3) the cross-covariances of hydraulic head and log-hydraulic conductivity perturbations and their gradients, and (4) the effective hydraulic conductivity. It is shown that the field of hydraulic head is sensitive to the presence of trends in ways that cannot be predicted by the classical analysis based on stationary hydraulic conductivity fields. The controlling variables for the second moments of hydraulic head are the mean hydraulic gradient, the correlation scale of log-hydraulic conductivity and its variance, and the slope of the trend in log-hydraulic conductivity. The mean hydraulic gradient introduces complications in the analysis since it is, in general, spatially variable. In this respect, our results are approximate, yet indicative of the true role of spatially variable patterns of log-hydraulic conductivity on groundwater flow systems.     

含水层渗透系数空间变异性对地下水数值模拟的影响

地下水数值模拟是目前定量研究地下水水量和水质的重要手段。使用基于随机理论的MonteCarlo方法来进行地下水数值模拟。这种方法能较好地考虑水文地质参数的空间变异性。主要将MonteCarlo方法和确定性模型模拟方法的模拟结果在渗透系数场、水头场、速度场和浓度场等方面进行了比较。结果表明:在模拟三维非均质含水层中的溶质运移问题时,充分考虑了含水层渗透系数空间变异性的MonteCarlo法比确定性方法更为有效,模拟精度提高了很多,且对模拟误差及误差来源有合理的数学解释。     

Spatial averaging of hydraulic conductivity under radial flow conditions

Steady-state radial flow in three-dimensional heterogeneous media is investigated using a geostatistical approach. The goal of the study is to develop a model of the relationship between corescale hydraulic conductivities measured at the wellbore and the conductivity of the surrounding drainage region as measured by a larger scale flow experiment such as a pump test. Conductivity at the point or core-scale is modeled as a stationary and multivariate lognormal spatial random function. Conductivity of the drainage region is obtained by a weighted nonlinear spatial average over the point-scale values within. This empirical spatial averaging process is shown to yield excellent approximations of true effective drainage region conductivities calculated using a numerical flow model. The geostatistical model for point-scale conductivity and the spatial averaging process are used to determine the first and second order ensemble moments of drainage region conductivity. In particular, an expression is derived for the conditional expectation of drainage region conductivity given point-scale values measured at the wellbore. The results are illustrated in a case study of a well from a sandstone oil reservoir where both core and transient-test conductivity data from the same interval are available for comparison.     

水力传导度空间变异性的分形模拟研究进展

水力传导度是描述孔隙介质物理特性的重要参数,水力传导度的空间变异性直接影响到水分与溶质在介质中的运移状况。由于基于随机理论的方法难于描述具有多重变异尺度的水力传导度的空间变异性,使得基于分形理论的方法得到了较快发展和应用。详细介绍并评述了分形理论和方法的基本特征及研究进展,水力传导度的空间变异分形与弥散尺度效应的关系及其对溶质运移的影响。     

Electrical-hydraulic conductivity model for a weatheredfractured aquifer system of Olbanita,Lower Baringo Basin,Kenya Rift

Groundwater yield in the Kenya Rift is highly unsustainable owing to geological variability.In this study,field hydraulic characterization was performed by using geoelectric approaches.The relations between electrical-hydraulic(eh)conductivities were modeled hypothetically and calibrated empirically.Correlations were based on the stochastic models and field-scale hydraulic parameters were contingent on pore-level parameters.By considering variation in pore-size distributions over eh conduction interval,the relations were scaled-up for use at aquifer-level.Material-level electrical conductivities were determined by using Vertical Electrical Survey and hydraulic conductivities by analyzing aquifer tests of eight boreholes in the Olbanita aquifer located in Kenya rift.VES datasets were inverted by using the computer code IP2Win.The main result is that ln T=0.537(ln Fa)+3.695;the positive gradient indicating eh conduction through pore-surface networks and a proxy of weathered and clayey materials.An inverse(1/F-K)correlation is observed.Hydraulic parameters determined using such approaches may possibly contribute significantly towards sustainable yield management and planning of groundwater resources.     

Electrical-hydraulic conductivity model for a weathered-fractured aquifer system of Olbanita,Lower Baringo Basin,Kenya Rift

Groundwater yield in the Kenya Rift is highly unsustainable owing to geological variability. In this study, field hydraulic characterization was performed by using geo-electric approaches. The relations between electrical-hydraulic (eh) conductivities were modeled hypothetically and calibrated empirically. Correlations were based on the stoch-astic models and field-scale hydraulic parameters were contingent on pore-level parameters. By considering variation in pore-size distributions over eh conduction interval, the relations were scaled-up for use at aquifer-level. Material-level electrical conductivities were determined by using Vertical Electrical Survey and hydraulic conductivities by analyzing aquifer tests of eight boreholes in the Olbanita aquifer located in Kenya rift. VES datasets were inverted by using the computer code IP2Win. The main result is that ln T=0.537 (ln Fa)+3.695; the positive gradient indicating eh conduction through poresurface networks and a proxy of weathered and clayey materials. An inverse (1/F-K) correlation is observed. Hydraulic parameters determined using such approaches may possibly contri-bute significantly towards sustainable yield management and planning of groundwater resources.     

准饱和多孔介质中地下水驱替速率、圈闭气体饱和度和准饱和渗透系数的关系

圈闭有不连续、非流动和非混溶气体的含水层,被称为准饱和含水层。圈闭气体的存在会降低含水层的渗透性能,但准饱和渗透系数、圈闭气体饱和度和驱替速率之间的关系还没有完全被理解。本文通过室内砂性介质的驱替试验开展了圈闭气体饱和度、准饱和渗透系数和驱替速率三者相互关系的研究。研究表明,虽然总体上圈闭气体饱和度随驱替速率的增大而减小,但是在高驱替速率和低驱替速率分别出现了圈闭气体饱和度不随驱替速率变化的等值区间,该“台阶”型曲线可以采用与van Genuchten曲线类似的数学模型来表征,而砂性介质的准饱和渗透系数与圈闭气体饱和度之间呈简单的线性负相关关系。这两个经验模型说明可以用驱替速率定量估算准饱和渗透系数,该关系为利用驱替速率估算准饱和渗透系数提供了理论依据。上述准饱和水力学性质为深入理解准饱和地下水水流提供了依据。另外,驱替速率与圈闭气体饱和度的关系还表明,实验室测量完全饱和渗透系数时,应以大于初始毛细上升速率的速率进行饱和,以避免介质中的空气被水圈闭。     

渗透系数空间变异性研究

水文地质参数的空间变异性是随机理论研究的基础,而渗透系数是最为重要的水文地质参数。国外有关渗透参数空间变异性的研究工作已开展很多,但渗透系数究竟服从什么分布目前尚无确切答案。利用Borden含水层试验数据,对渗透系数的空间变异性进行探讨,结果表明若处理方法得当,渗透系数应服从对数正态分布。同时,还对今后野外开展含水层渗透系数空间变异性试验研究提出几点建议。     

咸淡水驱替过程中含水介质渗透性变化的试验研究

在野外水文地质调查的基础上,采集青岛市大沽河下游咸水入侵区砂样,首先对含水介质的粒度和矿物组成进行了分析,然后通过室内砂槽模拟试验,对咸淡水驱替过程中含水介质的渗透性变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,当咸淡水相互驱替时,含水介质的渗透性会发生显著变化,这种变化主要是由于驱替液盐浓度的变化,使得伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石等非膨胀性粘土矿物经释放、迁移、絮凝和沉积,从而重新分布所引起的。含水介质渗透性的变化具有明显的非均质性,即位于距入水处不同水平距离以及不同高度处的含水介质,其渗透性变化规律有所不同。     

Effects of groundwater flow on mineral diagenesis, with emphasis on carbonate aquifers

 This article provides a critical synopsis of the effects of groundwater flow on mineral diagenesis. Emphasis is placed on those aspects and processes that change porosity and permeability in carbonate aquifers, because they are of particular importance to human societies as sources of supplies of water for human consumption (drinking, irrigation) and of crude oil and natural gas. Diagenetic settings in carbonates as well as clastics are generally ill defined. This paper proposes a new comprehensive classification of diagenetic settings into near-surface, shallow-, intermediate-, and deep-burial diagenetic settings; hydrocarbon-contaminated plumes; and fractures. These settings are defined on the basis of mineralogy, petroleum, hydrogeochemistry, and hydrogeology. This classification is applicable to all sedimentary basins. Diagenesis is governed by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that include thermodynamic and kinetic constraints, as well as microstructural factors that may override the others. These factors govern diagenetic processes, such as dissolution, compaction, recrystallization, replacement, and sulfate–hydrocarbon redox-reactions. Processes such as cementation, dissolution, and dolomitization require significant flow of groundwater driven by an externally imposed hydraulic gradient. Other processes, such as stylolitization and thermochemical sulfate reduction, commonly take place without significant groundwater flow in hydrologically nearly or completely stagnant systems that are geochemically "closed." Two major effects of groundwater flow on mineral diagenesis are enhancement and reduction of porosity and permeability, although groundwater flow can also leave these rock properties essentially unchanged. In extreme cases, an aquifer or hydrocarbon reservoir rock can have highly enhanced porosity and permeability due to extensive mineral dissolution, or it can be plugged up due to extensive mineral precipitation. Received, April 1998 · Revised, July 1998 · Accepted, September 1998     

Characteristics of natural low pH groundwater in the coastal aquifers near Beihai, China

Groundwater with low total dissolved solids （less than 200 mg/L） occurs in the unconfined and confined aquifers near Beihai in southern Guangxi, China. Under natural conditions the groundwater ranges in pH from 3,33 to 7,0 with an average value of 5.12. The pH in the unconfined aquifer varies from 3.67 to 7.0 with an average value of 5.17 and the pH in the confined aquifer is in the range 3.33-6.97 with an average value of 5.07. The pH in the groundwater does not show significantly increasing or decreasing trends with time. Fluctuations in pH exist at some of the monitoring wells and the pH in groundwater is a bit higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, Monitoring data show that the pH in rainwater is higher than in groundwater in the unconfined aquifer, whereas the pH in the latter is a bit higher than in the confined aquifer. A slightly decreasing trend in the pH was also found from the inland area to the coastal zone. The occurrence of weakly acidic groundwater in this area is attributed to the recharge from low pH precipitation and the multi-aquifer and leaky groundwater system.     

气压式振荡试验确定地层渗透系数适宜性

为评价滨海地区海（咸）水入侵区不同类型地层渗透性,提出振荡试验适宜模型选择方法。利用Geoprobe系统对不同平面位置地层实施了气压式振荡试验,部分点位进行了分层测试;利用配线法计算地层渗透系数。结果表明:当试验目标层为承压含水层时,利用Butler模型分析欠阻尼振荡试验,KGS模型分析过阻尼振荡试验,均可获得良好的计算结果;当试验目标层为弱透水层时,KGS模型可用于过阻尼振荡试验的数据分析,但计算结果会受到相邻高渗透性含水层以及钻孔编录不准确的影响。地层渗透性等级未知条件下,需根据地层类型、介质岩性、测试井结构和水位恢复过程曲线特征选择适宜的振荡试验分析模型,以准确获取地层渗透系数值。     

磁共振探测估算含水层渗透系数的原位试验研究

通过一个完整的磁共振探测（MRS）、钻探、抽水试验过程,开展了MRS估算含水层渗透系数的原位试验研究。在分析MRS估算渗透系数准确性的基础上,系统剖析了引起准确性差异的主要因素,并对进一步提高估算效果提出了建议。结果显示：（1）采用现阶段常用的参数设置,与抽水试验计算值相比,MRS估算渗透系数的差值为抽水试验计算值的17.59%。（2）MRS推断的含水层顶板、底板埋深与钻孔揭示的信息相比,差值分别为4.11m、1.03m,表明其对估算渗透系数准确性的影响较小。（3）CP值是影响估算准确性的重要因素,其值为10-9数量级符合大多数地层的特点。另外,通过在已知渗透系数的钻孔附近进行MRS,从而获取CP参考值,应用该值估算的渗透系数准确性高于常用的参数设置。（4）指数a、b设置方面,应用Seevers公式（a=1、b=2）的估算效果优于Kenyon公式（a=4、b=2）。本成果有助于提高MRS估算渗透系数方法在野外条件下的适用性。     

河床水力传导度及其各向异性的测定

采用直接测定法观测了黑河中游段河床水力传导度及其各向异性,结果表明:河床水力传导度不仅存在较强的各向异性,而且存在空间尺度上的变异性.河床中心位置在垂直、水平和θ=30°方向的平均水力传导度分别为0.45、22.49和1.71 m/d,河床边分别为5.95、29.69、16.80 m/d.在同一测点,水力传导度随着与水平方向的夹角增大呈幂函数曲线下降.试验结果表明河床边是河水的主要渗漏区,并且以侧渗为主.     

Hydraulic conductivity of shallow sandy aquifers: Effects of sedimentologic and diagenetic differences

The relationship between values of hydraulic conductivity determined from grain-size methods,K _gr, and those from pumping-test methods,K _pt, have been evaluated statistically using data from recent and older sandy materials. It is shown that both methods generally give the same values only in recent sediments that have not been subjected to significant diagenetic alteration and give variable results in older and diagenetically altered sediments. The ratioK _pt/K_gr appears to vary, probably in response to the degree of diagenetic alteration. It is further found that methods incorporating the effects of grain size (d1O or d50) and sorting could give betterK values than those incorporating the effect of grain-size only and, thus, suggest the joint inclusion of both parameters in the grain-size determination of permeability.     

含水介质各向异性对渗透系数空间变异性统计的影响

针对目前渗透系数实测样本假定满足各向同性的局限,以Borden含水层试验场实测数据为例,通过反证法进行相关数据分析,总结了含水介质各向异性对渗透系数空间变异性统计的影响,并指明渗透系数各向同性假设的适用条件以及不合理之处。同时相应地给出了研究尺度下渗透系数场能否采用平稳随机场描述的判定依据。最后为今后进一步开展渗透系数空间变异性研究提出几点建议。     

铁岭地区地下水电导率特征及其与主要污染元素的相关性分析

基于野外调查和室内测试,分析了铁岭地区不同水文地质单元内地下水的电导率特征,并圈定了其异常范围。对比研究证实,地下水的电导率异常与其污染状况密切相关。相关分析表明,营养盐离子NO3-、NO2-及Mg2 等不仅是引起地下水污染的重要组分,也是导致电导率异常的主要因素。     

Spatial averaging of hydraulic conductivity in three-dimensional heterogeneous porous media

Numerical models of groundwater flow require the assignment of hydraulic conductivities to large grid blocks discretizing the flow domain; however, conductivity data is usually available only at the much smaller scale of core samples. This paper describes a geostatistical model for hydraulic conductivity at both the core or point scale and that of grid blocks. Conductivity at the block scale is obtained empirically as a spatial power-average of point scale values. Assuming a multivariate Gaussian model for point log-conductivity, expressions are derived for the ensemble mean and variance of block conductivity. The expression for the ensemble mean of block scale conductivity is found to be similar to an expression for the ensemble effective conductivity of an infinite field derived analytically by earlier authors. Here, block conductivities obtained by power averaging are compared with effective conductivities obtained from a numerical flow model and are found to be in excellent agreement for a suitably chosen averaging exponent. This agreement deteriorates gradually as the log variance of conductivity increases beyond 2. For arbitrary flow field geometry and anisotropic conductivity covariances, the averaging exponent can be calibrated by recourse to numerical flow experiments. For cubic fields and an isotropic spatial covariance, the averaging exponent is found to be 1/3. In this particular case, it was found that flow field discretization at the block scale through local averaging of point conductivities gave similar results to those obtained directly using a point scale discretization of the flow field.     

神东矿区地下水变化观测与分析研究

针对西部大规模高强度煤炭开采对地下水的影响,利用神东矿区约1 500 km²区域的200余个钻孔的长期观测结果,研究了超大综采工作面开采工艺对地下水系统的影响规律,地下水流场变化与基岩和含水层空间分布的关系。研究表明,超大综采工作面开采形成了地下水\     

地下水流场三维可视化研究进展与前景

在系统回顾近10年来地下水流场三维可视化主要研究成果的基础上,结合笔者的研究实践,综述了地下水流场三维可视化研究进展。从三维表现形式上,把地下水流场的三维可视化表达方法分为5类：准三维写意可视化、准三维制图可视化、三维体视化、混合可视化和立体可视化。分别论述了每种方法的几何模型、空间分析和绘制技术等,并分析了三维可视化技术在地下水流场研究中的应用前景。