南极瑞穗站雪面热量平衡特征

利用南极瑞穗站(日本)1979年近地面层微气象资料及净辐射、本站气压等资料进行了统计分析。采用鲍文比-能量平衡法求得月平均感热通量和潜热通量,采用热含法计算得出月平均雪面热通量,使用了直接测量的净辐射通量,研究了该站雪面热量平均特征。其中突出的特征是3—12月雪面净辐射值为负值,主要靠感热通量由大气向雪面补充热量。将本文结果与苏联少先队站1956年的结果进行了比较,得出相当一致的年变化规律。最后,得出瑞穗站雪面为一强冷源。     

白洋淀水陆不均匀地区能量平衡特征分析

应用2005年9月在河北白洋淀地区进行的大气边界层综合观测实验资料, 对水陆不均匀地表条件下的白洋淀地区陆地的能量平衡特征进行了分析。结果表明: (1) 该地区存在能量不闭合现象。涡动相关法得到的感热、 潜热之和仅为有效能的75%, 其中涡动相关法得到的潜热通量为Bowen比法得到的潜热通量的70%, 而涡动相关法得到的感热通量为Bowen比法得到的感热通量的77% 。 (2) 地表潜热通量和感热通量随着净辐射的变化而变化。但潜热通量明显比感热通量大, 净辐射主要消耗于地表的水汽蒸发。 (3) 该地区白天的Bowen比平均在-0.4~0.4之间, 总体平均为0.131。受天气条件影响较大, 有明显的日变化, 午后15:00以后近地面层会出现逆温, Bowen比变为负值。 (4) 能量闭合程度有一定的日变化, 随着太阳高度角的增大而增大。     

卫星遥感确定沙特阿拉伯吉达地区非均匀地表区域地表参数和能量通量

对临海沙漠地区非均匀地表区域地表能量通量和蒸发(蒸散)的研究,是一个十分重要但又是一个难点问题。本文提出了1个基于卫星遥感和地面观测的参数化方案,并把其应用于沙特阿拉伯吉达地区,利用1个景的陆地资源卫星Landsat-7E^TM^ 资料进行了分析研究,得到了一些有关临海沙漠地区非均匀地表区域地表特征参数、植被参数和地表能量通量的新概念。最后讨论了所提出的参数化方案的适用范围和需改进之处。     

A New Method for the Determination of Area-Averaged Turbulent Surface Fluxes from Low-Level Flights Using Inverse Models

The low-level flight method (LLF) has been combined with linear inverse models (IM) resulting in an LLF+IM method for the determination of area-averaged turbulent surface fluxes. With this combination, the vertical divergences of the turbulent latent and sensible heat fluxes were calculated from horizontal flights. The statistical errors of the derived turbulent surface fluxes were significantly reduced. The LLF+IM method was tested both in numerical and field experiments. Large-eddy simulations (LES) were performed to compare ‘true’ flux profiles with ‘measurements’ of simulated flights in an idealised convective boundary layer. Small differences between the ‘true’ and the ‘measured’ fluxes were found, but the vertical flux divergences were correctly calculated by the LLF+IM method. The LLF+IM method was then applied to data collected during two flights with the Helipod, a turbulence probe carried by a helicopter, and with the research aircraft Do 128 in the LITFASS-98 field campaign. The derived surface fluxes were compared with results from eddy-covariance surface stations and with large-aperture scintillometer data. The comparison showed that the LLF+IM method worked well for the sensible heat flux at 77 and 200 m flight levels, and also for the latent heat flux at the lowest level. The model quality control indicated failures for the latent heat flux at the 200 m level (and higher), which were probably due to large moisture fluctuations that could not be modelled using linear assumptions. Finally the LLF+IM method was applied to more than twenty low-level flights from the LITFASS-2003 experiment. Comparison with aggregated surface flux data revealed good agreement for the sensible heat flux but larger discrepancies and a higher statistical uncertainty for the latent heat flux     

南极近地层大气的热量逆梯度输送现象

根据南极中山站观测结果 ,分析了南极地区近地层热量逆梯度输送的现象。结果表明南极地区在近地层逆温较明显时 ,常会出现热量逆梯度输送的现象 ;同时也探讨了近地层在稳定层结条件下 ,热量逆梯度输送通量的多尺度计算方法。计算结果表明 ,逆梯度输送的感热通量主要是由浮力湍涡的穿越能力决定的 ,而经典的梯度输送公式在该场合下无法使用。     

Evaluation of the profile and the resistance method for estimation of surface fluxes of momentum,sensible and latent heat

Summary Hourly lysimetric and micrometeorological data taken over a grass surface at the Meteorological Research Unit, Cardington U.K. have been analysed. A temperature difference and measurements of wind speed at only one height, combined with an independently estimated effective roughness length allowed sensible heat and momentum fluxes determination by the profile method on an hourly basis. The estimates are compared with direct measurements of sensible heat and friction velocity obtained by the eddy correlation method. The sensible and latent heat fluxes are also modelled by the resistance method. Equations based on the Monin—Obukhov similarity theory are used to account for stability effects through various forms of parameterization Aerodynamic and surface resistances, necessary for the Penman—Monteith equation are calculated from routinely measured meteorological data. The profile method for estimation of sensible heat flux and friction velocity is found to work excellently on the discussed daytime experimental data which correspond mainly to near neutral or slightly unstable conditions.Surface latent and sensible heat fluxes can also be described very well by the resistance method. A slightly better estimate of the sensible heat flux is achieved when stability corrections are taken into account. On the contrary Penman-Monteith equation for estimating latent heat flux is insensitive to adjustments for atmospheric stability.The comparison of the various methods leads to the establishment of empirical relationships which correlate various quantities such as soil heat flux, resistances, evapotranspiration etc. to routinely measured meteorological data.With 8 Figures     

南亚夏季风爆发前后青藏高原地表热通量的长期变化特征分析

青藏高原作为世界第三极,其热力强迫作用不仅对亚洲季风系统的发展和维持十分重要,也会对大气环流场产生深远影响。利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的ERA-Interim中1979-2016年3-10月青藏高原及其周边地区的地表热通量月平均再分析资料,通过分析得出以下结论:3-5月青藏高原主体由感热占据,感热强度快速上升且呈西高东低的分布态势,潜热强度较小但随时间而增强。季风爆发后的6-8月,青藏高原感热强度减弱,潜热强度迅速增强且呈东高西低的分布特征。季风消退后的9-10月,感热与潜热强度相当,但感热呈现出西高东低的分布特征。过去38年,青藏高原地表感热总体呈现微弱下降趋势,潜热呈较弱上升趋势。青藏高原西部地区感热呈微弱下降趋势,潜热呈上升趋势。东部感热呈较为明显的下降趋势且近年来变化趋势增强,东部潜热通量则呈现较为明显的上升趋势,分析结论与近期全球变暖条件下青藏高原气候变暖变湿这一变化状况一致,通过对青藏高原地表热通量的变化分析为下一步运用第三次青藏高原大气科学试验所获资料分析青藏高原上空大气热源的变化以及地表加热场如何影响大气环流奠定基础。      

基于通量方差法对青藏高原东侧高寒草甸地表通量的估算

利用位于青藏高原东侧理塘大气综合观测站2008年观测资料,分析了高寒草甸下垫面上地表通量的时间变化特征,确定了温度、水汽和CO₂的归一化标准差在不稳定情况下随稳定度变化的通量方差关系,应用通量方差法对感热、潜热和CO₂通量进行了计算,并与涡旋相关系统的观测结果进行了比较。结果表明：地表通量月平均日变化呈较为规则的日循环特征,季节变化特征也很明显,雨季（5-9月）潜热大于感热,干季则以感热为主,CO₂通量以6-9月值最大。在不稳定条件下,温度、水汽和CO₂的归一化标准差随稳定度的变化均满足-1/3规律,其通量方差相似性常数分别为1.2,1.4和0.9。通量方差法估算出的通量值与涡旋相关观测得到的通量值有较好的一致性,但感热通量的效果优于潜热通量和CO₂通量。该方法高估了感热通量尤其是潜热通量,而低估了CO₂通量。采用直接观测的感热通量值计算潜热通量和CO₂通量可改善计算结果。     

Deduction of the Sensible Heat Flux from SODAR Data

A new method for deduction of the sensible heat flux is validated with three sets of published SODAR （sound detection and ranging） data. Although the related expressions have previously been confirmed by the author with surface layer data, they have not yet been validated with observations from the boundary layer before this work. In the study, selected SODAR data are used to test the method for the convective boundary layer. The sensible heat flux （SHF） retrieved from SODAR data is found to decrease linearly with height in the mixed layer. The surface sensible heat fluxes derived from the deduced sensible heat flux profiles under convective conditions agree well with those measured by the eddy correlation method. The characteristics of SHF profiles deduced from SODAR data in different places reflect the background meteorology and terrain. The upper part of the SHF profile （SHFP） for a complicated terrain is found to have a different slope from the lower part. It is suggested that the former reflects the advective characteristic of turbulence in upwind topography. A similarity relationship for the estimation of SHFP in a well mixed layer with surface SHF and zero-heat-flux layer height is presented.     

The surface heat flux feedback. Part II: direct and indirect estimates in the ECHAM4/OPA8 coupled GCM

The surface heat flux feedback in the Atlantic Ocean is estimated in the ECHAM4/OPA8 coupled model. The net heat flux feedback is negative everywhere, mostly ranging between 15 and 35 W m^-2 K^-1, but reaching up to 50 W m^-2 K^-1 in the tropics, so that it damps existing sea surface temperature anomalies. The bulk of it is due to the turbulent flux, although in the tropics the radiation feedback also strongly contributes. The turbulent heat flux feedback is strongest in fall and winter at extra-tropical latitudes, and in spring and summer near the equator. At mid-latitudes, the radiation feedback remains small in each season, but it can be strongly negative in parts of the tropics. At extra-tropical latitudes the model feedback compares rather well with estimates derived in Part I from the COADS observations and the NCEP reanalysis, but in the tropical Atlantic the negative heat flux feedback is much too strong. An indirect estimation of the model heat flux feedback is also attempted in regions of small mean surface current, based on the difference in decay time of sea surface temperature and salinity anomalies. The inferred negative heat flux feedback is qualitatively correct, but the seasonal changes in the mixed-layer depth are too large for the method to be accurate at high latitudes.     

An Assessment of the Quality of Surface Sensible Heat Flux Derived from Reanalysis Data through Comparison with Station Observations in Northwest China

The present study compares seasonal and interdecadal variations in surface sensible heat flux over Northwest China between station observations and ERA-40 and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data for the period 1960-2000.While the seasonal variation in sensible heat flux is found to be consistent between station observations and the two reanalysis datasets,both land-air temperatures difference and surface wind speed show remarkable systematic differences.The sensible heat flux displays obvious interdecadal variability that is season-dependent.In the ERA-40 data,the sensible heat flux in spring,fall,and winter shows interdecadal variations that are similar to observations.In the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data,sensible heat flux variations are inconsistent with and sometimes even opposite to observations.While surface wind speeds from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data show interdecadal changes consistent with station observations,variations in land-air temperature difference differ greatly from the observed dataset.In terms of land-air temperature difference and surface wind speed,almost no consistency with observations can be identified in the ERA-40 data,apart from the land-air temperature difference in fall and winter.These inconsistencies pose a major obstacle to the application in climate studies of surface sensible heat flux derived from reanalysis data.     

Using MODIS and AVHRR data to determine regional surface heating field and heat flux distributions over the heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau

In this study, a parameterization methodology based on Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and in situ data is proposed and tested for deriving the regional surface heating field, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux over a heterogeneous landscape. In this case study, this method is applied to the whole Tibetan Plateau (TP) area. Four sets of AVHRR data and four sets of MODIS data (collected on 17 January 2003, 14 April 2003, 23 July 2003, and 16 October 2003) were used in this study to make comparisons between winter, spring, summer, and autumn values. The satellite-derived results were also validated using the “ground truth” as measured in the stations of CAMP/Tibet (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) and Asia–Australia Monsoon Project on the Tibetan Plateau). The results show that the surface heating field, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux in the four seasons across the TP are in close accordance with its land surface status. These parameters range widely due to the strongly contrasting surface features found within the TP region. Also, the estimated surface heating field, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux all agree with the ground truth data, and usually, the absolute percentage difference between the two sets of data is less than 10 % at the validation stations. The AVHRR results were also in agreement with the MODIS data, with the latter usually displaying a higher level of accuracy. We have thus concluded that the proposed method was successful in retrieving surface heating field, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux values using AVHRR, MODIS, and in situ data over the heterogeneous land surface of the TP. Shortcomings and possible further improvements in the method are also discussed.     

下垫面非均匀性的模拟

用美国大气科学中心ＧＥＮＥＳＩＳ模式中的陆面过程方案,我们在一个全球大气模式网格尺度范围内,研究了来自非均匀下垫面的水汽,能量等通量。基于３种不同的模拟下垫面非均匀性的方法,即马赛克法、混合法以及显式次网格法,我们设计了４种不同的试验。模拟结果表明,３种方法计算出的结果有很大的不同：地面吸收的太阳辐射差异达４％;感热通量达１２％;潜热通量达６６％;土壤水分可达３０％。这一结果说明有必要用实测数据来检验不同的模拟下垫面非均匀性的方法以及用区域气候模式来模拟下垫面的非均匀性。     

北京325米气象塔上CO2梯度观测数据质量控制与评价

近些年涡度相关系统在城市通量研究中得到了广泛应用,因城市下垫面的特殊性和复杂性,以及系统观测原理和仪器精度存在着局限性,使得结果存在10%以上偏差,故必须对原始观测数据进行质量控制和评价。本文对北京325 m气象塔七层高度上的CO₂(二氧化碳)、能量等通量进行了长期观测,研究了涡度相关技术在城市环境通量观测中的适用性,设计出了一套适合于复杂城市下垫面上的涡度相关系统资料前处理和质量控制方案,并对比了不同修正方案效果。分析结果表明,城市下垫面环境中计算CO₂通量的最优周期为30 min;二次坐标旋转法优于平面拟合法;频率响应修正后的感热通量提高5.21%,潜热通量和CO₂通量均提高9.42%。空气密度脉动修正Liu法(Liu,2005)优于WPL法(Webb et al.,1980);湍流谱在惯性副区满足-2/3次方定律,协方差谱满足-4/3次方定律。经过这套前处理和质量控制方案,原始数据中有79%能够用于基础研究,该质量控制与评价体系可为复杂城市下垫面通量研究提供参考。     

半干旱区不同下垫面近地层湍流通量特征分析

本文分析了2003～2005年半干旱区退化草地和农田下垫面近地层湍流通量日、季、年的变化特征, 探讨了不同年份的气候背景和下垫面土地覆被对地气交换过程的影响。结果表明: 半干旱区退化草地和农田近地层湍流通量具有明显的日变化、季变化周期; 地气间通量交换年际间的差异主要受当年的气候背景影响, 尤其是降水的影响; 同时还受到下垫面覆被的影响。潜热通量和感热通量的能量分配比率呈反位相变化, 且农田和退化草地的变化趋势相似, 在夏季潜热通量所占比例均超过感热通量; 两种下垫面的波恩比月均值变化趋势十分相似, 量级接近, 夏季低, 春、秋季高; 夏季退化草地和农田下垫面波恩比均小于或等于1。     

1998年南海季风试验期间海 气通量的估算

根据1998年南海季风试验西沙海面铁塔梯度观测资料，利用总体（Bulk）系数法和多层结通量廓线法对西沙海面的海-气通量进行了估算，得出两种方法估算的潜热通量、感热通量基本一致。总体系数法估算的潜热通量比多层结通量廓线法略大1～3 W·m-2，感热通量小0～1.5 W·m-2。一般而言，季风爆发期间潜热输送逐渐增加；季风爆发前期夜间潜热通量比季风爆发后期大；季风爆发后期，白天潜热通量明显大于爆发初期和中期。感热通量季风爆发前海面向大气输送，爆发后期大气向海面输送。动量通量和摩擦速度随风速增加。     

西太平洋-南海地区潜热通量长期变化趋势的南北差异及成因分析

利用1958~2014年美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所客观分析海气通量项目(OAFlux)的月平均潜热通量和相关气象要素数据,以及NCEP/NCAR再分析表面气压数据,通过Trend-EOF分析方法,本文研究了西太平洋—南海地区潜热通量的长期变化趋势。发现西太平洋—南海地区潜热通量整体呈上升的趋势,其中冬季上升趋势最强。冬季潜热通量趋势存在明显的南北差异,特别是在南海地区,南海北部为上升趋势而南部为下降趋势。南海北部以及菲律宾海地区冬季潜热通量上升的主要原因是海气比湿差的增大,而南海南部潜热通量呈下降趋势,在东侧主要原因是风速减小,在西侧主要原因是海气比湿差减小。南海潜热通量长期趋势的南北差异是风速和海气比湿差的共同作用造成的。另外,研究发现风速变化趋势受到局地环流变化的影响,在表面气压下降中心线以北地区为上升趋势,在其以南为下降趋势,而海气比湿差的变化趋势则主要取决于海表温度的变化趋势。     

Discrepancies in Simulated Ocean Net Surface Heat Fluxes over the North Atlantic

The change in ocean net surface heat flux plays an important role in the climate system. It is closely related to the ocean heat content change and ocean heat transport, particularly over the North Atlantic, where the ocean loses heat to the atmosphere, affecting the AMOC(Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) variability and hence the global climate.However, the difference between simulated surface heat fluxes is still large due to poorly represented dynamical processes involving multisca...     

关于用台站资料估算西北干旱区夏季感热通量的热力参数化比较

气象台站观测的气象要素可能受城市化等因子的影响而与野外试验站的观测存在一定的差异,这影响野外试验获取的热力参数直接应用于西北干旱区台站感热通量的估算。本文选取了一些常用的热力参数化方案(包括Z10、B82、Z98、Y08和Z12等方案),通过敦煌站夏季估算的感热通量与野外观测的比较以及对整个西北干旱区夏季感热通量的估算,评价了这些热力参数化对动量粗糙度的敏感性和在西北干旱区的适用性。结果显示,热力输送系数取定值的方案计算西北干旱区的感热通量可能存在较大不确定;台站的动量粗糙度可能受城市化等因子的影响,但在感热通量计算时建议取台站下垫面的动量粗糙度;Y08方案估算的感热通量相对比较合理,可以用来研究西北干旱区的夏季地表感热输送特征。