Characterization of Iranian Obsidian Artifacts by PIXE and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

It had long been thought that obsidian found in Iranian sites originated from Anatolia and Armenia, but new research has challenged this assumption. In this study, 68 samples of obsidian obtained from an archaeological survey of Nader‐Tepe Aslanduz were analyzed by Proton Induced X‐ray Emission (PIXE). Nader‐Tepe Aslanduz is a tell site west of the city of Aslanduz in the Parsabad county of the Ardebil province in northern Iran. The site was inhabited from the first millennium B.C. to A.D. 17, and its history may extend back to the third or fourth millennium B.C. Our chemical composition results have been combined with obsidian composition data from Turkey and Armenia and subjected to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This analysis shows that obsidian from each location can be grouped into distinctive classes—the obsidian from Nader‐Tepe Aslanduz is therefore probably derived from volcanic outcrops of the Sahand and Sabalan region. This study has been unable to assign a known source from Anatolia and Armenia for the obsidian of Nader‐Tepe Aslanduz.     

Source Rock Characterization and Petroleum Systems in North Ghadames Basin,Southern Tunisia

This paper presents geochemical analysis of drilled cutting samples from the OMZ‐2 oil well located in southern Tunisia. A total of 35 drill‐cutting samples were analyzed for Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon (TOC), bitumens extraction and liquid chromatography. Most of the Ordovician, Silurian and Triassic samples contained high TOC contents, ranging from 1.00 to 4.75% with an average value of 2.07%. The amount of hydrocarbon yield (pyrolysable hydrocarbon: S2b) expelled during pyrolysis indicates a good generative potential of the source rocks. The plot of TOC versus S2b, indicates a good to very good generative potential for organic matter in the Ordovician, Silurian and Lower Triassic. However, the Upper Triassic and the Lower Jurassic samples indicate fair to good generative potential. From the Vankrevelen diagram, the organic matter in the Ordovician, Silurian and Lower Triassic samples is mainly of type II kerogen and the organic matter from the Upper Triassic and the Lower Jurassic is dominantly type III kerogen with minor contributions from Type I. The thermal maturity of the organic matter in the analyzed samples is also evaluated based on the T_max of the S2b peak. The Ordovician and Lower Silurian formations are thermally matured. The Upper Silurian and Triassic deposits are early matured to matured. However, Jurassic formations are low in thermal maturity. The total bitumen extracts increase with depth from the interval 1800–3000 m. This enrichment indicates that the trapping in situ in the source rocks and relatively short distance vertical migration can be envisaged in the overlying reservoirs. During the vertical migration from source rocks to the reservoirs, these hydrocarbons are probably affected by natural choromatography and in lower proportion by biodegradation.     

一个前寒武纪安底斯复理石--皖南羊栈岭组复理石的岩石学及地球化学

晚元古代羊栈岭组复理石的砂屑岩为岩屑杂砂岩,石英含量中等,富含火山岩及浅变质岩岩屑与长石。复理石沉积时有中酸性岩浆喷出。轻矿物、重矿物以及岩屑特征表明,复理石的物源区由中酸性火山岩、花岗岩、浅变质岩及沉积岩组成。砂屑的颗粒格架组分及常量元素与稀土元素地球化学特征一致说明,复理石盆地是在实底斯型构造背景下发育的弧间盆地。     

Crustal xenoliths from Calbuco Volcano,Andean Southern Volcanic Zone: implications for crustal composition and magma-crust interaction

Crustal xenoliths in the 1961 andesite flow of Calbuco Volcano, in the southern Southern Volcanic Zone (SSVZ) of the Andes, consist predominantly of pyroxene granulites and hornblende gabbronorites. The granulites contain plagioclase+pyroxene+magnetite±amphibole, and have pronounced granoblastic textures. Small amounts of relict amphibole surrounded by pyroxene-plagioclase-magnetite-glass symplectites are found in some specimens. These and similar textures in the gabbronorites are interpreted as evidence of dehydration melting. Mineral and bulk rock geochemical data indicate that the granulites are derived from an incompatible trace element depleted basaltic protolith that underwent two stages of metamorphism: a moderate pressure, high temperature stage accompanied by melting and melt extraction from some samples, followed by thermal metamorphism after entrainment in the Calbuco andesite lavas. High _Nd ^T values (+4.0 to +8.6), Nd-isotope model ages of 1.7–2.0 Ga, and trace element characteristics like chondrite normalized La/Yb< and La/Nb1 indicate that the protoliths were oceanic basalts. Similar oceanic metabasalts of greenschist to amphibolite facies are found in the Paleozoic metamorphic belt that underlies the Chilean coastal ranges. Mineral and bulk rock compositions of the gabbronorite xenoliths indicate that they are cognate, crystallizing from the basaltic andesite magma at Calbuco. Crystallization pressures for the gabbros based on total Al contents in amphibole are 6–8 kbar. These pressures point to middle to lower crustal storage of the Calbuco magma. Neither granulite nor gabbro xenoliths have the appropriate geochemical characteristics to be contaminants of Calbuco andesites, although an ancient sedimentary contaminant is indicated by the lava compositions. The presence of oceanic metabasaltic xenoliths, together with the sedimentary isotopic imprint, suggests that the lower crust beneath the volcano is analogous to the coastal metamorphic belt, which is an accretionary complex of intercalated basalts and sediments that formed along the Paleozoic Gondwanan margin. If this is the case, the geochemical composition of the lower and middle crust beneath the SSVZ is significantly different from that of most recent SSVZ volcanic rocks.     

Inverse steptoes in Las Bombas volcano,as an evidence of explosive volcanism in a solidified lava flow field. Southern Mendoza-Argentina

Here we describe the unusual genesis of steptoes in Las Bombas volcano- Llancanelo Volcanic Field (LVF) (Pliocene – Quaternary), Mendoza, Argentina. Typically, a steptoe forms when a lava flow envelops a hill, creating a well-defined stratigraphic relationship between the older hill and the younger lava flow.In the Llancanelo Volcanic Field, we find steptoes formed with an apparent normal stratigraphic relationship but an inverse age-relationship. Eroded remnants of scoria cones occur in “circular depressions” in the lava field. To express the inverse age-relationship between flow fields and depression-filled cones here we define this landforms as inverse steptoes.Magnetometric analysis supports this inverse age relationship, indicating reverse dipolar magnetic anomalies in the lava field and normal dipolar magnetization in the scoria cones (e.g. La Bombas). Negative Bouguer anomalies calculated for Las Bombas further support the interpretation that the scoria cones formed by secondary fracturing on already solidified basaltic lava flows.Advanced erosion and mass movements in the inner edge of the depressions created a perfectly excavated circular depression enhancing the “crater-like” architecture of the preserved landforms.Given the unusual genesis of the steptoes in LVF, we prefer the term inverse steptoe for these landforms. The term steptoe is a geomorphological name that has genetic implications, indicating an older hill and a younger lava flow. Here the relationship is reversed.     

西藏南部郎杰学群碎屑物质来源的古水流证据

新近对西藏山南琼果和贡嘎地区(特提斯喜马拉雅北亚带)弱变质的上三叠统深海—半深海沉积地层——郎杰学群地质填图调查,在出露槽模沉积构造的37个古水流点获得了43组数据。赤平投影数据恢复后发现,这一地区主力古水流有南东140°～160°和南西190°～210°两个方向。这一分析结果为郎杰学群沉积物来自北边(未知块体)而非印度次大陆的观点提供了有力证据。     

Characterization of Quartzites in the Southern Korean Peninsula

In the southern Korean Peninsula twelve quartzite strata occur in the Gyeonggi massif and Okcheon belt. Their geologic ages range from Precambrian to Upper Paleozoic. All quartzites in the Gyeonggi massif are of Precambrian in age and are characterized by high-grade metaquartzites; they are Seosan, Anyang, Yongmunsan and Uiam quartzites from west to east. Quartzite types occurring in the Okcheon belt are diverse from orthoquartzite to medium-grade metaquartzite. Orthoquartzites are all Paleozoic in age and are distributed mainly in the eastern Okcheon belt (Taebaeksan Basin) (Jangsan, Dongjeom and Jeongseon quartzites) with one in the central Okcheon belt (Mungyeong Quartzite). Low-grade metaquartzite is Hwasan quartzite in the western part and medium-grade metaquartzites are Daehyangsan and Geumsusan quatzites in the central part, and Yongamsan quartzite in the southwestern part of the Okcheon belt. Distribution of quartzite types in the southern Korean Peninsula is not related to the geologic age of quartzites. As a case study, quartzite characteristics were applied to a provenance study of quartzite clasts in the northwestern part of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin. Quartzite clasts in the study area are interpreted to have been mostly derived from source quartzites in the Okcheon belt, which is consistent with the results of previous studies.     

Andean tectonics as a consequence of sea-floor spreading

The evolution of sea-floor spreading (directions and rates) in the Southeast Pacific, shows a close relationship with the Andean structural directions and the plutonic episodicity, as well as the succession of short compressive orogenic phases alternating with relatively longer periods of extension.The orogenic periods coincided with the beginning of periods of relatively higher rates of plate convergence, immediately after periods of relative “quiescence”, with the following periodicity: 110-85, 76-70, 63-60, 49-45, 35-33, 16-13, 7, m.y.The presence of oceanic structures as aseismic ridges or fracture zones produces “weak” Benioff zones (shallow and poorly defined), without a corresponding active volcanism. On the other hand, ancient continental structures such as the Precambrian-Paleozoic orogenic belts have active volcanism and neat, deep, and well developed Benioff zones.     

Characterization of Quaternary faults by electric resistivity tomography in the Andean Precordillera of Western Argentina

El río San Juan, situado en la Provincia de San Juan (Argentina) cruza la Precordillera y otras unidades geológicas incluyendo la Depresión de Ullum y la Zona de La Laja, entre las latitudes 31°S y 32°S. El curso del río tiene un cierto caracter antecedente como puede deducirse por sus dos trazas perpendiculares unidas por otra casi paralela a las alineaciones estructurales principales. En la zona de la Precordillera, el valle del río San Juan muestra numerosos abanicos aluviales, situados en las zonas de confluencia entre el río principal y sus tributarios. Las superficies de los abanicos aluviales cuaternarios estan cortadas por una serie de escalones que consideramos como terrazas aluviales generadas por episodios repetitivos de agradación y degradación. El sector estudiado incluye una zona con una importante actividad sísmica reciente(La Laja), otra sin una importante actividad sísmica reciente (Precordillera), y una zona subsidente (Ullum) donde se formó un gran lago natural hace unos 6500 años. El antiguo río San Juan fue capturado por el valle de la Quebrada de Ullum mediante una incisión del orden de 25 m, que implicó una nueva adecuación del gradiente del río mediante los efectos de la erosión remontante. El gradiente del río San Juan muestra algunas irregularidades que, aunque no se presenten relacionadas directamente con las estructuras principales, estan relacionadas con la propia dinámica fluvial que acentúa la diferenciación litológica. La anchura del valle del río principal, la geometria y el gradiente de cada tributario, junto a las litologias del basamento y a las dimensiones de cada area fuente local, son los factores principales que controlan los procesos de la generación de las terrazas aluviales. En la zona de La Laja, donde la terraza mas alta soporta un nivel de travertino, la datación de los depósitos travertínicos proporciona datos como para suponer una tasa de incisión del orden de 0,9–1 mm/año, asociada a la actuación periódica de la falla de La Laja.

中国南方岩溶地下水面源污染风险评价及防控对策

我国南方发育分布了约80万km2的碳酸盐岩地层、3620个岩溶地下水系统,赋存了1806×108 m3/a岩溶水资源,为南方69个城市约5000万城市居民及8000多万农村人口提供了供水水源.但是岩溶水受到了程度不同的污染,而农业面污染源对岩溶水所产生的污染已经远远超过非面源污染,威胁着岩溶地区供水安全.岩溶地下水污染风险评估研究意义重大.作者在全面系统地分析了南方岩溶水特点、污染类型及污染途径等的基础上,结合已有的实验研究结果总结了岩溶地下水污染的防护能力,提出了污染风险识别、污染概率估算、污染风险评价与防控的理论方法,并以贵阳为例,对岩溶地下水面源污染风险进行了评价,针对岩溶地下水面源污染特点提出了防控对策.     

Soil Paleocatenas,Prehistoric Land Use,and Coastal Landscape Dynamics at Druridge Bay,Northeast England

Coastal erosion of sand dune systems along Druridge Bay, northeast England, has progressively exposed parts of the subdune mid‐Holocene landscape, including paleocatenas, indicating former soil hydrosequences with localized wetland habitats, and archaeological evidence of human activities and land use from the Late Mesolithic to the Romano‐British period. Archaeological investigations and pedostratigraphic studies of paleosols provide a unique spatial–chronological framework to interpret soil and land use change over several millennia in the context of a changing coastal environment. Evidence includes dating of archaeological remains, the stratigraphy, morphology and micromorphology of buried soils and sediments, and the palynology and radiocarbon dating of subdune peats. Early Bronze Age burial sites were preferentially located on well‐drained hillocks also used for grazing. Adjacent wetland depressions provided areas of marshy grassland and swamp over deep fen peat soils that started to develop c. 5435 cal. yr B.P. in response to a rising groundwater table stimulated partly by slow sea‐level rise. The backslopes of the paleocatena were occupied by imperfectly to poorly drained soils that supported open oak‐hazel woodland with evidence for progressive clearance and use for agriculture. Windblown sand started to accumulate on the study site sometime between 3930 and 3670 cal. yr B.P., well before the Little Ice Age date for dune formation suggested by previous researchers.     

Obsidian from the northern sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift: implications for archeology

Obsidian is abundant in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Petrological and geochemical features of obsidian from four volcanic centers in the MER, namely Birenti, Dofen, Fentale and Kone, are presented. Compositional and petrological variability is noted among the Dofen and Fentale obsidian, but not in those from Kone and Birenti where each have separate but uniform elemental composition. The Fentale and Kone obsidian were source materials for the artifacts of a number of Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age/Neolithic sites in the region. We have yet to determine whether Dofen and Birenti were sources for archeological artifacts. The study also shows that volcanic episodes from a single center do not necessarily result in compositional variability.     

Submarine Groundwater Discharge as a Source of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorus to Coastal Ponds of Southern Rhode Island

Measurements of groundwater-dissolved inorganic nitrogen (nitrate?+?nitrite?+?ammonia) and phosphate concentrations were combined with recent, radium-based, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) fluxes and prior estimates of SGD determined from Darcy’s Law, a hydrologic model, and total recharge to yield corresponding SGD nutrient fluxes to Ninigret, Point Judith, Quonochontaug, and Winnapaug ponds, located in southern Rhode Island. Results range from 80 to279 mmol N m^?2 year^?1 and 4 to 15 mmol P m^?2 year^?1 for Ninigret, 48 to 265 mmol N m^?2 year^?1 and 4 to 23 mmol P m^?2 year^?1 for Point Judith, 31 to 62 mmol N m^?2 year^?1 and 1 to 2 mmol P m^?2 y^?1 for Quonochontaug, and 668 to 1,586 mmol N m^?2 year^?1 and 29 to 70 mmol P m^?2 year^?1 for Winnapaug ponds, respectively. On a daily basis, the SGD supply of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus is estimated to represent ～1–6 % of the total amount of these nutrients in surface waters of Ninigret, Point Judith, and Quonochontaug ponds and up to 84 and 17 % for Winnapaug, respectively, which may reflect a greater SGD nutrient supply to this pond because of the proximity of fertilized golf courses. With regard to the total external input of these essential nutrients, SGD represents 29–45 % of dissolved inorganic nitrogen input to Ninigret, Point Judith, and Quonochontaug ponds and as much as 93 % for Winnapaug pond. For phosphorus, the contribution from SGD represents 59–85 % of the total external input for Ninigret, Point Judith, and Quonochontaug ponds and essentially all of the phosphorus input to Winnapaug pond. Estimated rates of primary productivity potentially supported by the average supply of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from SGD range from 10 g C m^?2 year^?1 for Ninigret, 13 g C m^?2 year^?1 for Point Judith, 4 g C m^?2 year^?1 for Quonochontaug, and as high as 84 g C m^?2 y^?1 for Winnapaug pond. The imputed SGD-derived rates of primary productivity represent 4–9 % of water column primary production for Ninigret, Point Judith, and Quonochontaug ponds, and 74 % for Winnapaug pond, a result that is reasonably comparable to several other coastal environments where estimates of SGD nutrient supply have been reported. The implication is that SGD represents an ecologically significant source of dissolved nutrients to the coastal salt ponds of southern Rhode Island and, by inference, other coastal systems.     

Siltstone from Southern Patagonia: Its Source and Archaeological Artifact Distribution in Santa Cruz Province,Argentina

Hunter‐gatherer mobility and spheres of interaction are important characteristics worthy of investigation in Patagonian archaeology. One way to approach these is by studying the distribution of lithic archaeological materials. Siltstone (limolite) artifacts are found along the western strip of southwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Based on geomorphological studies and the high density of archaeological material, a source was located along the western margin of Cardiel Lake. Neutron activation analysis of samples from the source and archaeological sites in several neighboring basins allowed us to model its circulation. Siltstone's archaeological distribution indicates that its regional circulation had a southerly direction dating from the early Holocene. This southern vector shows an important difference when compared to the distribution of obsidian from Pampa del Asador, which has a broader circulation pattern. This could be related to a greater availability of high‐quality lithic materials north of the siltstone source. This work also contributes to the construction of a lithic source database for southern Patagonia.     

Source component mixing controls the variability in Cu and Au endowment along the strike of the Eastern Andean Cordillera in Peru

Mississippian arc magmatic suites of the Au-rich Pataz and Cu-dominated Montañitas regions in Peru reveal distinct modes of magmatic-hydrothermal petro- and metallogenesis. The distinction is remarkable due to their broad contemporaneity (336–322 Ma), arc-parallel position, and close distance (<?50 km) to each other. In both arc regions, petrography, geochemistry, and the tectonic setting of magmatic suites suggest a rapid switch from syn-collisional/compressional to post-collisional/extensional (with ‘A₂-type’ signature) emplacement regime. Rocks of the Au-rich Pataz region originate from mixed sources with a contribution from the mantle (εHf?>?0 and δ¹⁸O of ~?5.3‰) and assimilated old crust (variously low εHf and δ¹⁸O >?5.3‰). The ultimate source of Au in the mineralised Pataz batholith was oxidised (fO₂ at FMQ buffer; based on zircon trace chemistry) and alkali-, LILE- and HFSE-enriched, most likely represented by the metasomatised mantle. The syn-extensional emplacement of the relatively reduced (ΔFMQ?<?0), but unmineralised, A₂-type suite involved assimilation of reduced crust. Associated, reduced, magmatic-hydrothermal fluids infiltrated the Au-bearing batholith suite and effectively mobilised and transported and concentrated Au. In the Montañitas region, rocks are oxidised (ΔFMQ?>?0) and dominantly mantle derived without significant incorporation of crustal material. Samples from the Cu-mineralised suites indicate the additional contribution of a δ¹⁸O <?5.3‰ source, potentially melted layer-2 gabbro. In addition, the elevated whole-rock La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios are compatible with minor addition of slab-derived material, which may have enhanced Cu endowment in this region. Late-magmatic, oxidised fluids derived from the younger A₂-type suite controlled Cu mobilisation and concentration, while Au behaved largely refractory. In general terms, it is postulated that source mixing in continental arcs is a first-order control of contrasting Cu and Au endowment and that sequential intrusion processes facilitate late-magmatic-hydrothermal mobilisation and concentration of specific metal assemblages.     

Altiplano comestible earths: Prehistoric and historic geophagy of Highland Peru and Bolivia

Research on comestible earths utilized in the Andes indicates that they have a history of use of at least 2500 years. A hypothesis proposed for the origin of geophagy suggests a considerably greater time depth. Comestible earths discussed involve those with physiological, cultural, or medicinal components. This analysis includes 27 indigenously recognized earths. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

赣南中侏罗世玄武岩的Pb-Nd-Sr同位素地球化学研究：中生代地幔源区特征及构造意义

赣南龙南—寻邬地区余田群菖蒲组底部的玄武岩形成于中侏罗世(172．6～175．6Ma)，其Pb，Nd，Sr同位素组成的特征为：富放射性成因铅((^206Ph／^206Ph)i=17．872～18．653，(^207Pb／^204Pb)i=15．434～16．131，(^208pb／^204pb)i=37．837～39．194)，中等的εNd(t)(-0．4～+1．1，平均值为0．1)及较高的ISr(0．70835～0．71115)。玄武岩在Ph-Ph图解上均投影于NHRL上方，A7／4Pb值为0．19—61．7(平均值为22．1)，AS／4Pb值为59．2～101．5(平均值为71．03)，△Sr值为80．0～111．5(平均值为91．5)，表明存在典型的Dupal同位素异常。根据Sr-Nd，Sr-Ph，Nd-Pb和Pb-Pb相关特征，判明赣南玄武岩是由亏损地幔端元(DMM)和EMⅡ型富集地幔端元在源区混合形成的。按Sr-Nd双变量二元混合模型计算得出源区物质中亏损地幔端元和EMⅡ富集地幔端元所占份额分别为58％～64％和42％～36％。赣南地区呈东西向展布的中侏罗世双峰式火山岩带反映了华南板块内部在燕山早期发生的一起重要伸展构造事件。根据Ph-Nd-Sr同位素地球化学及构造特征，推测赣南中生代地幔源区中的EMⅡ富集地幔端元组分可能源自冈瓦纳古陆。     

A note on the petrology and geochemistry of Obsidian and Bumice from Iceland

Summary The petrography and major and trace elements of five samples of lcelandic neovolcanic rocks have been studied. The results are discussed with respect to the literature.

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Notiz zur Petrologie und Geochemie der isländischen Obsidiane und Bimssteine

Zusammenfassung Fünf Proben neovulkanischer Gesteine Islands wurden petrographisch und auf Hauptund Spurenelemente untersucht. Die erhaltenen Resultate wurden anhand der Literatur diskutiert.

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With 2 Figures

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Dedicated to Univ. Prof. Dr.H. Meixner on the occasion of his 70th birthday