土体参数不确定性对软土隧洞掌子面稳定影响分析

岩土体参数取值对于工程设计意义较大,为更好地评估土体参数不确定性对软土隧洞掌子面稳定的影响,采用Monte-Carlo随机模拟方法,分析了土体参数变异性及样本容量水平对掌子面稳定特性的影响,提出了掌子面设计安全系数的确定方法.结合工程实例评估了设计安全系数的合理性,分析结果表明,样本容量较大时,土体参数的不确定性对软土...     

曲率半径对临时支护及核心土的受力影响分析

双侧壁导坑方法开挖面积小,能够将大断面隧道简化为几个小跨度的导洞隧道,增加了隧道的整体稳定性,是特大断面大跨度公路隧道推荐采用的开挖方法之一。但目前并没有统一标准的双侧壁导坑断面的设计方法,核心土临时支护曲率半径形式的设计具有较大的主观性。而实践表明,临时支护的曲率形式对于核心土和导洞的稳定性影响至关重要。以广州龙头山双洞8车道公路隧道为依托,在相同的边界条件下,通过数值计算、实测数据和现场实例,深入分析核心土临时支护的合理曲率形式。其结果旨在为大断面大跨度公路隧道设计的优化提供借鉴和参考。     

近距离重叠隧道盾构施工的纵向效应及对策研究

上下重叠隧道施工时,后挖隧道施工过程对先建隧道是一种“卸载”作用,受此影响,先建隧道的衬砌管片将朝后挖隧道方向变形,但这种影响作用是暂时的。以深圳地铁3号线老街站-晒布路站区间重叠隧道工程为背景,采用三维有限元数值计算和室内离心模型试验相结合的手段,对上部隧道（后挖隧道）施工引起的下方已建隧道纵向变位进行了研究。结果表明,后挖隧道施工引起的先建隧道不均匀沉降主要出现在约掌子面前方3.5D（D为隧道直径）到后方3D的范围内。基于此,探讨了应对这种暂时纵向效应的对策措施,主要包括临时压重和临时内撑。在先建隧道位于掌子面后方(0~1)D、(1~2)D、(2~3)D范围内分别设置20 t/3 m、20 t/6 m、20 t/9 m的临时压重,且在掌子面前方4D和后方4D范围内为先建隧道设置临时内撑,可以较好地减小由于后挖隧道施工引起的先建隧道附加不均匀变形。     

典型隧道断面形态对拟建滇西大理至瑞丽铁路高黎贡山隧道稳定性影响的数值模拟分析

拟建的大理—瑞丽铁路穿越横断山区南段的滇西南地区,地形、地貌和地质条件都极为复杂,其中高黎贡山深埋超长隧道的工程稳定性问题一直是困扰铁路选线、设计和施工的重大工程难点。针对不同形态隧道断面可能对高黎贡山超长隧道工程稳定性产生的影响问题,在充分综合该区野外地质调查、地应力测量、岩石力学实验等成果与资料的基础上,利用ANSYS有限元应力分析软件对不同形态隧道断面的应力分布进行了有限元计算,给出了应力分布图像,分析了断面应力分布的特点和断面形状对应力分布的影响。同时,计算了围岩的应力与强度比,对2种不同断面的围岩稳定性进行了分析对比,最后根据分析结果对不同隧道断面形态下的隧道稳定性进行了综合评价,并据此提出了铁路隧道断面设计与施工中应重点关注的问题。     

典型隧道断面形态对拟建滇西大理至瑞丽铁路 高黎贡山隧道稳定性影响的数值模拟分析

拟建的大理—瑞丽铁路穿越横断山区南段的滇西南地区,地形、地貌和地质条件都极为复杂,其中高黎贡山深埋超长隧道的工程稳定性问题一直是困扰铁路选线、设计和施工的重大工程难点。针对不同形态隧道断面可能对高黎贡山超长隧道工程稳定性产生的影响问题,在充分综合该区野外地质调查、地应力测量、岩石力学实验等成果与资料的基础上,利用ANSYS有限元应力分析软件对不同形态隧道断面的应力分布进行了有限元计算,给出了应力分布图像,分析了断面应力分布的特点和断面形状对应力分布的影响。同时,计算了围岩的应力与强度比,对2种不同断面的围岩稳定性进行了分析对比,最后根据分析结果对不同隧道断面形态下的隧道稳定性进行了综合评价,并据此提出了铁路隧道断面设计与施工中应重点关注的问题。     

隧道围岩稳定性正算反演分析研究——以厦门海底隧道穿越风化深槽施工安全监控为例介绍

为了降低海底隧道施工风险,确保隧道施工顺利穿越海底几处风化深槽和风化囊区域,解决难以获得隧道围岩力学参数的技术难题,采用位移反分析方法建立了动态反演预测模型;作为比较,还简单介绍了弹塑性反演的一种全局优化方法。根据隧道典型断面实际监控量测的围岩拱顶沉降量和周边收敛位移量,结合先行服务隧道揭露的水文地质情况,进行优化反演分析,得到该类围岩初期支护后的等效弹性模量和等效侧压力系数。在相应的同类地质条件下,对后续将开挖的左、右主洞围岩采用边界元法进行正演数值计算,使之能为主洞施工方案比选以及支护设计参数调整与修正提供定量依据,做到信息化动态设计与施工。工程实例分析表明,利用正算反演分析法得出的围岩等效力学参数是可靠的,可据此对类似地质条件下主隧道围岩进行正演计算分析,预测主洞围岩的变形破坏模式,判断其围岩稳定性。位移反分析法是隧道施工变形理论预测分析与工程实际相联系的有效平台,为工程设计施工技术决策提供了一种切实有效的途径。     

地裂缝场地地铁隧道施工C RD工法优化研究

以西安地铁6号线区间隧道浅埋暗挖施工穿越地裂缝场地为研究工程背景,考虑地裂缝场地的特殊性构建了基于传统CRD工法的施工优化工法,并对传统CRD工法和优化CRD工法施工开挖过程进行了三维动态的有限元数值模拟,结合现场监测试验数据,对比分析了两种工法下地裂缝场地地表沉降变形规律和地铁隧道受力变形特征.结果表明:两种CRD工...     

公路隧道V级围岩初支型钢支架受力分布及动态变化研究

随着隧道施工地层条件的复杂化,型钢支架与锚喷网联合支护体系已被广泛应用于围岩较差的隧道初期支护。型钢支架是初支的主要受力结构,其受力分布及其动态变化是支护体系稳定的关键控制因素之一,隧道顶部、拱腰及仰拱连接处型钢支架受力变化能有效地反应围岩压力的变化情况。针对Ⅴ级围岩隧道开挖后复杂的应力状况,采用围岩变形控制理论作为隧道施工的安全控制标准。通过对河北省道京承线滦平过境路棒槌沟隧道初支型钢支架受力的监测与分析,基于大量监测数据对监测断面型钢支架受力分布动态变化状况展开研究。结果表明:(1)隧道偏压现象严重,应根据受力分布规律,及时优化支护参数; (2)隧道掌子面与监测断面距离为0~4m时,型钢支架压力增加显著,是隧道施工中加强支架控制的关键时段; (3)型钢支架连接处及拱脚位置受力较大,设计时应合理调整各段型钢支架的长度及连接位置,确保连接处的刚度。研究结果对指导施工及反馈隧道设计具有重要理论与实际意义,也为类似研究提供参考。     

丹巴水电站引水隧洞高地应力软岩段三维开挖方案优化研究

采用摩尔-库仑弹塑性模型的有限元分析方法和岩体开挖卸荷理论, 并考虑地应力对隧洞的作用机制,建立丹巴水电站双洞四机引水隧洞软岩段三维开挖大型三维模型并进行岩体力学计算,分别以不同的掌子面推进深度进行开挖,从洞口开挖至一定深度。统计不同掌子面推进深度下各步开挖不同关键点处的位移变化情况,进行比选,建议工程实际应当选用的最佳掌子面推进深度;在该推进深度下,统计不同洞段不同位置的各向位移预留量,为超前支护的必要性提供依据和超前支护的施工提供数据支持,以保证工程施工的顺利进行,为后续类似工程设计提供参考。     

Improved Longitudinal Displacement Profiles for Convergence Confinement Analysis of Deep Tunnels

Summary  Convergence-confinement analysis for tunneling is a standard approach for preliminary analysis of anticipated wall deformation and support design in squeezing ground. Whether this analysis is performed using analytical (closed form) solutions or with plane strain numerical models, a longitudinal displacement profile (LDP) is required to relate tunnel wall deformations at successive stages in the analysis to the actual physical location along the tunnel axis. This paper presents a new and robust formulation for the LDP calculation that takes into account the significant influence of ultimate (maximum) plastic radius. Even after all parameters are appropriately normalized, the LDP function varies with the size of the ultimate plastic zone. Larger yield zones take a relatively longer normalized distance to develop, requiring an appropriately calculated LDP. Failure to use the appropriate LDP can result in significant errors in the specification of appropriate installation distance (from the face) for tunnel support systems. Such errors are likely to result in failure of the temporary support. The equations presented here are readily incorporated into analytical solutions and a graphical template is provided for use with numerical modeling. Correspondence: M. S. Diederichs, Associate Professor, Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada     

Tunnel reinforcement via topology optimization

Anchoring is a fundamental method for supporting tunnels. It reinforces the original rock mass and reduces the deformation along the tunnel surface. The topological complexity of its layouts renders a design methodology difficult. A numerical approach to reinforce the host ground becomes desirable. The present paper proposes a topology optimization method based on a two‐phase cell model and finite‐element discretization of the host ground. The element consists of the original rock and the reinforcing material. The design issue involves the distribution of the reinforcing materials. The relative ratios of the two phases in various elements will be optimized to reduce the compliance of the tunnel. The method enables the computer‐aided design for the support of underground structures. The capabilities of the method are demonstrated by the designs to support a deep tunnel under various in situ stresses. The results indicate that oriented reinforcement is needed along the direction of the largest absolute value of the principal stress. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A discrete numerical approach for modeling face stability in slurry shield tunnelling in soft soils

In this paper, a numerical simulation method for evaluating tunnelling-induced ground movement is presented. The method involves discrete element simulation of TBM slurry shield advancement and considers explicitly soil excavation from the face, effects of varying face support pressure, and the influence of tunnel cover depth. For the cases studied, it is found that for tunnel cover depths (C/D) between 0.7 and 2.1, ground deformations inducing by the tunnelling can be controlled within a certain extent and tunnel face stability can ensured, provided the support pressure ratio (N) lies between 0.8 and 1.5. The proposed method is reasonably benefited to modeling the face stability in shield-driven tunnels in soft soils.     

Appropriate Uses and Practical Limitations of 2D Numerical Analysis of Tunnels and Tunnel Support Response

In spite of the gradual development of three-dimensional analysis packages utilizing finite element models or finite difference algorithms for stress–strain calculations, two-dimensional (2D) analysis is still used as the primary engineering tool for practical analysis of tunnel behavior and tunnel support performance for design—particularly at the preliminary stage of a project. The applicability of 2D finite element analysis or analytical convergence confinement solutions to staged support installation depend on the application of an assumed or validated longitudinal displacement profile. Convergence in commonly applied 2D staged models is controlled by boundary displacement or internal pressure relaxation. While there have been developments to improve this methodology, this often assumes independence between the ground reaction curve and the support resistance, independence between the longitudinal displacement profile to support application, and the assumption that non-isotropic stresses and non-circular geometries can be handled in the same way as circular tunnels in isotropic conditions. This paper examines the validity of these assumptions and the error inherent in these extensions to 2D tunnel analysis. Anisotropic stresses and lagged (staged) excavation present a particular problem. Practical solutions are proposed for support longitudinal displacement LDPs in simplified conditions.     

粉砂地层盾构隧道开挖面稳定性离心试验及数值模拟

通过开展离心模型试验,对干粉砂及饱和粉砂中盾构隧道开挖面的失稳破坏特性和极限支护压力进行了研究。通过远程控制开挖面土体位移,获得了支护压力与开挖面位移间的关系曲线及开挖面达到主动极限平衡状态时的破坏模式。2组干砂离心模型试验结果表明,当隧道埋深与隧道直径比从0.5增大到1时,开挖面破坏模式从整体坍塌破坏转变为烟囱状,但极限支护压力变化较小。饱和砂土中的试验表明,开挖面水平方向破坏范围相比在相同埋深干砂中的范围扩大,极限支护压力显著增加。对开挖面破坏过程进行三维弹塑性有限元数值模拟,获得了开挖面极限支护压力和破坏机制,所得结果与试验吻合较好。进一步通过数值模拟,分析了土体强度参数、隧道埋深及渗流对极限支护压力的影响规律。结果表明,渗流条件下开挖面破坏区域及极限支护压力均大于无渗流情况,极限支护压力随内摩擦角增大而减小,随隧道埋深增大而减小。     

Some Attempts for Estimating Rock Strength and Rock Mass Classification from Cutting Force and Investigation of Optimum Operation of Tunnel Boring Machines

Summary. Tunnel face and wall collapse are common during excavations performed by tunnel boring machines (TBMs) due to the difficulty of correctly identifying the properties of the excavated rock. This identification, however, can be simplified by using the cutting force to estimate rock strength, a method that has already proved quite successful in Japanese tunnel excavations. This paper summarizes knowledge relating to the cutting force obtained through tunnel excavation experience, and the relationship between rock strength and TBM operation is discussed. Although TBM operators rely on intuition to set the cutter head speed appropriately, this decision process represents a logical method of operation that takes advantage of the variable speed capability of the cutter head. Selection of appropriate support methods for the excavated face is also a critical issue in tunnel excavation. This selection process is based on the condition of the rock, which is difficult to determine quickly and accurately during tunnel excavation. The present paper uses the excavation of two tunnels to demonstrate that it is possible to assign rock mass classifications accurately based on rock strength when boring a uniform rock type. It is also shown that the rock mass can be classified from the rock strength normalized by the uniaxial compressive strength when boring through mixed rock types.     

近距离下穿在建地铁隧道施工爆破变形及控制方法研究

近距离爆破下穿尚未完成二衬的区间隧道是一种较为特殊的工况,涉及初支破坏、既有隧道下沉等诸多问题。以青岛地铁2号线近距离（250 mm）下穿刚完成初支的3号线隧道工程设计及施工为实例,通过在施工时采用自进式管棚、拱顶部位掏空、辅助中孔掏槽、对既有隧道施加张拉力、限载限行等多项措施,并根据类比给出合理的爆破振速控制指标,控制爆破振速及隧道变形。运用有限元分析软件MIDAS-GTS进行三维模型数值分析,揭示在建隧道爆破施工对既有隧道变形及内力变化规律。经过理论计算与实测分析,采取的各项措施能够达到预期的效果,3号线初支结构未见异常,其研究成果对特殊条件下的爆破下穿设计与施工具有参考价值。     

成都地铁卵石层中盾构施工开挖面稳定性研究

随着我国社会经济的发展,越来越多的城市开始规划和修建地铁,在此期间,部分城市在地铁建设中遇到了地质条件非常复杂的砂卵石土层,特别是正在建设中的成都地铁1、2号线,区间隧道几乎全部从卵石土层中穿越,根据设计,成都地铁1、2号线部分区间隧道采用加泥式土压平衡盾构法施工。利用土压平衡式盾构施工时,开挖面支护土压力控制是保证掘进顺利进行的关键,目前国内外在这方面的研究主要集中于砂土和黏性土,关于卵石土盾构隧道开挖面变形与破坏的研究很少。基于此,根据卵石土具有强烈离散特性的特点,利用颗粒离散元数值方法,对卵石土层土压平衡式盾构施工中开挖面支护应力不足引起开挖面的变形及破坏问题进行了分析研究,探讨了隧道开挖面变形及破坏问题。研究结果显示:（1）开挖面极限支护应力远小于土体原位静止土压力;（2）开挖面失稳后,开挖面前部的滑动块为一曲面体。这为卵石土地层中盾构开挖面控制压力的确定提供参考。     

Face stability analysis of shallow shield tunnels in dry sandy ground using the discrete element method

Controlling the face stability of shallow shield tunnels is difficult due to the inadequate understanding of face failure mechanism. The failure mechanism and the limit support pressure of a tunnel face in dry sandy ground were investigated by using discrete element method (DEM), which has particular advantages for revealing mechanical properties of granular materials. The contact parameters of the dry sand particles were obtained by calibrating the results of laboratory direct shear tests. A series of three-dimensional DEM models for different ratios of the cover depth to the diameter of the tunnel (C/D = 0.5, 1, and 2; i.e., relative depth) were then built to simulated the process of tunnel face failure. The limit support pressure, failure zone and soil arching were discussed and compared with other methods. The results of DEM simulations show that the process of tunnel face failure can be divided into two stages. With the increase of the horizontal displacement of the tunnel face, the support pressure decreases to the limit support pressure and then increases to the residual support pressure. The limit support pressure increases with the rise of relative depth and then tends to be constant. In the process of tunnel face failure, the failure zone is gradually enlarged in size and expands to the ground surface. The numerical results also demonstrate that soil arching occurs in the upper part of the failure zone and the soil becomes loosened in the failure zone. Consequently, the comprehensive analysis of tunnel face failure may help to guarantee safe construction during tunneling.     

Analysis of support requirements for a shallow diversion tunnel at Guledar dam site, Turkey

Engineering geological properties and support design of a planned diversion tunnel at Guledar dam site, which was located at the North of Ankara, Turkey were studied in this article. The main purpose of the construction of the planned tunnel is to regulate, drainage and to provide water for irrigation purposes. The diversion tunnel runs mainly through formations of limestone, sandstone and diabase. Rock masses at the site were characterized using Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Mass Quality (Q), Rock Mass Index (RMi) and Geological Strength Index (GSI). RMR, Q, RMi and GSI were determined by using field data and mechanical properties of intact rock samples, measured in the laboratory. Support requirements for the planned diversion tunnel were determined accordingly in terms of the rock mass classification systems. Recommended support systems by empirical methods were also analyzed using 2D Finite Element method. Calculated parameters based on empirical methods were used as input parameters in the finite element models. The results from both methods were compared with each other. This comparison suggests that more reliable support design could be achieved by using the finite element method together with the empirical methods.     

岩溶隧道开挖对溶洞处治结构影响的数值模拟分析

结合清连高速公路白须公特大岩溶隧道施工过程,采用三维有限元软件(ANSYS)对白须公隧道的处治结构与隧道开挖的相互作用进行了数值模拟。以隧道开挖中处治结构和围岩稳定性为研究对象,从而分析处治结构在隧道开挖过程中的受力特性,以及隧道围岩在隧道开挖过程中的位移。通过计算结果,对处治结构在岩溶隧道中的支护效果进行了评价,采用桩-承台-单边支撑墙-联系梁的处治方式是安全可靠的。在隧道开挖过程中,开挖面附近的桩基应变、支撑墙压力都加速变大,随后逐渐稳定,说明处治结构承担了一部分围岩压力,在岩溶隧道施工开挖中发挥了重要作用。分析结果与工程实测数据比较吻合,可为隧道穿越大型溶洞提供设计和施工方面的借鉴和参考。