近海热带气旋迅速加强的气候特征

根据我国近海热带气旋发生、发展的气候特点，规定12小时热带气旋中心附近最大风速增值≥10 m/s为迅速加强。通过1949～1990年近海发生迅速加强的84个热带气旋个例分析，阐述了迅速加强时段的时间分布、地区分布及迅速加强前后气象要素变化的气候特征。     

华东沿海ASCAT反演风速的检验和订正

基于2010—2014年ASCAT反演风速、华东沿海14个浮标站和浙江沿海249个自动气象站资料,对华东沿海ASCAT反演风速进行检验和订正。研究表明:站点ASCAT风速误差不仅与离岸距离相关,而且与站点周围地形有关,误差较大的5个浮标站均位于舟山群岛附近海区,平均偏大4.79 m·s-1,其他海区浮标站的ASCAT反演风速平均偏差仅为0.46 m·s-1。ASCAT反演风速与浮标站风速的线性回归可有效减小反演风速误差,订正后误差大幅减小,误差越大的站点订正效果越好。相距160 km内的浮标站点间风速误差呈正相关,且站点间距越小,误差正相关越明显。考虑带影响半径的反距离权重,采用邻站方程订正法和邻站误差订正法分别对华东沿海ASCAT反演风速进行订正,均能明显减小平均偏差和均方根误差,两种方法订正效果接近,即两种方法均有较好的订正效果,可用于实际业务。     

Vertical Structure Of Turbulence In Offshore Flow During Rasex

The adjustment of the boundary layer immediately downstream froma coastline is examined based on two levels of eddy correlation data collected on a mast at the shore and six levels of eddy correlation data and profiles of mean variables collected from a mast 2 km offshore during the Risø Air-Sea Experiment. The characteristics of offshore flow are studied in terms of case studies and inter-variable relationships for the entire one-month data set. A turbulent kinetic energy budget is constructed for each case study.The buoyancy generation of turbulence is small compared to shear generation and dissipation. However, weakly stable and weakly unstable cases exhibit completely different vertical structure. With flow of warm air from land over cooler water, modest buoyancy destruction of turbulence and reduced shear generation of turbulence over the less rough sea surface cause the turbulence to rapidly weaken downstream from the coast. The reduction of downward mixing of momentum by the stratification leads to smaller roughness lengths compared to the unstable case. Shear generation at higher levels and advection of stronger turbulence from land often lead to an increase of stress and turbulence energy with height and downward transport of turbulence energy toward the surface.With flow of cool air over a warmer sea surface, a convective internal boundary layer develops downstream from the coast. An overlying relatively thick layer of downward buoyancy flux (virtual temperature flux) is sometimes maintained by shear generation in the accelerating offshore flow.     

台风“海高斯”和“天鸽”快速加强成因的对比分析

利用欧洲中心ERA-Interim逐6 h再分析资料和国家气象中心提供的逐小时台风业务资料,对比分析了2020年第7号台风“海高斯”和2017年第13号台风“天鸽”的环流形势和强度结构特征,发现二者的尺度都比较小;生成的时间和移动路径比较相似;并且都出现了近海快速加强的过程。从对比分析来看,造成两个台风近海快速加强的共同原因主要有海温异常偏高、环境风的垂直切变较小以及有利的高低层环流配置等,而造成两个台风近海快速加强的不同原因也较为显著,分别从位涡垂直分布、涡度收支和涡度拟能等方面进行诊断分析,得到一些有利于台风强度快速增长的不同因素。     

南海近海热带气旋降水的气候特征分析

利用２８°Ｎ以南我国５０个测站３７ａ的资料对南海近海生成的热带气旋引起的年降水量和月降水量进行主要分量分析,发现年降水量在广东西南部和广西西南部最大,具有准９ａ的年际变化;月降水量在７月份范围最大、位置偏北,１０月份降水量最集中、位置偏南,９月份最分散。     

中国近海航空危险天气的气候特征

利用ICOADS和LIS OTD资料分析了中国近海航空危险天气—低能见度和海雾、低云和积雨云、大风和雷暴的气候特征。中国近海低能见度和海雾主要发生在5—7月黄海以及东海北部。渤海海雾发生频率较低,且大多限于渤海海峡附近,仅在7月扩展至渤海湾内。东海温州以南和南海海雾发生频率亦较低,且主要集中在1—5月沿岸海区。低云主要发生在东海,低云频发时段为11月至次年4月,其中1月低云频率最高,范围最广,分别向北和向南扩展至黄海北部和南海东北部。积雨云高频区主要位于西太平洋暖池所在区域,中国沿海积雨云出现频率较低。大风主要发生在东海和南海东北部,特别是台湾海峡和巴士海峡,大风频发时段为10月至次年3月。雷暴主要发生在沿岸海区,包括渤海西北部沿岸、山东南部和江苏北部沿岸以及南海北部沿岸。     

台风“巨爵”近海急剧加强的特征及成因分析

源自东风波动的0915号台风"巨爵"在自东向西靠近广东沿海时出现了近海急剧加强的异常现象。利用热带气旋定位资料、NCEP全球同化分析资料、卫星云图以及海上平台自动站探测资料等对"巨爵"近海加强特征和成因进行了诊断分析。结果表明:"巨爵"形成源自于西太副高南侧的东风波动,副高演变及引起的"北高南低"和"东高西低"的形势与"巨爵"环流增强发展密切相关;弱的垂直风切变、高空明显的辐散出流以及台风中心正涡度增大并向对流层中上层拓展有利于"巨爵"强度增强;低层弱冷空气南下,一方面从增加气压梯度和温度梯度来加强台风环流和暖心结构,另一方面通过触发外围对流云团发展并往台风中心输送进而对"巨爵"近海加强产生重要的触发作用;孟加拉湾西南季风气流、105°~110°E附近越赤道气流和西太副高西侧东南气流3支气流汇合为"巨爵"近海加强提供了充沛水汽条件。     

宁波近海雾预报的研究

本文用日本FSAS地面24小时数值预报输出图，建立了逐日格点最佳相似和各级雾平均气压场相似两种方案，作宁波地区近海24小时雾的分级预报，并对1987年独立样本资料进行试报，1988年投入业务检验。     

Inland Propagation of Sea Breeze under Opposing Offshore Wind

Summary  According to past experience, the nearly stagnant conditions caused by the presumed equilibrium between the Saronikos Gulf sea breeze and an opposing synoptic flow is identified as the principal mechanism leading to high pollution episodes in Athens during the summer. However, previous experimental work has not examined in detail the interaction of the sea breeze flow with the opposing background flow. In this context, recent experimental work covering the basic key-locations of the Athens Basin focused on the inland propagation of the southerly sea breeze from the coast to the northern part of the basin mainly under moderate northerly background wind. During this campaign, a network of four meteorological stations established along the Athens Basin and a high range acoustic sounder at the centre of Athens operated over a two months time period in the summer of 1993. In addition, tethered balloon flights in the centre of Athens and on a sea vessel about 15 km offshore were employed during an experimental day with moderate opposing background wind. The results from this experimental campaign include the documentation of the sea breeze delay and its intensity as a function of a sea breeze index and features of the vertical structure of the sea breeze over land as well as over sea. Received March 20, 1998 Revised October 12, 1998     

东中国海海温的一维模式研究

根据近海深度浅、热容量小的特点，建立了一个一维能量平衡模式，对东中国海年平均海温进行了模拟。模式较好地模拟出了平均海温的经向分布与纬向分布情况，结果与观测基本相符。同时还检验了模式对海温年际变化的模拟能力，得到了较好的结果。最后简要分析了能量平衡模式应用在近海上的优缺点。     

近海台风结构和能量平衡的对比研究

本文以8006和8309两个台风为例，分析了近海台风的结构，指出其重要特点是运动场和热力场的显著不对称和只有弱的暖心。本文还着重对它们在近海及登陆后的总动能和涡动动能收支及加热场情况，进行了对比诊断研究。指出近海台风的不对称结构中，隐含着消亡机制，这是由于不对称的暖区和上升区都偏离台风中心且不相一致，使台风区有效位能向动能转换的过程很弱甚至反向。另外，如台风登陆后继续维持热带系统特点，未能迅速将主要能源由潜热释放转变为斜压过程，也易迅速消亡。在加热场方面，登陆后迅速减弱的台风，最大加热强度较大，其所在层次也较高。     

广东近海台风路径异常的统计特征

对1949~2000年的52年间在广东沿海近岸转折或沿海岸移动的热带气旋异常路径进行了统计分析，同时还研究了广东沿海的地形特征。结果发现，转折点 (或靠岸点) 主要集中在有明显山脉地形的区域，同时靠岸前热带气旋有移速减慢的特征。另外还发现，转折前强度越强，则转折点离岸越近；靠岸前平均移速越小，则转折角度越大；靠岸前强度越强，则其沿海岸移动所需入射角越小。     

Sensitivity of Offshore Surface Fluxes and Sea Breezes to the Spatial Distribution of Sea-Surface Temperature

A series of numerical sensitivity experiments is performed to quantify the impact of sea-surface temperature (SST) distribution on offshore surface fluxes and simulated sea-breeze dynamics. The SST simulations of two mid-latitude sea-breeze events over coastal New England are performed using a spatially-uniform SST, as well as spatially-varying SST datasets of 32- and 1-km horizontal resolutions. Offshore surface heat and buoyancy fluxes vary in response to the SST distribution. Local sea-breeze circulations are relatively insensitive, with minimal differences in vertical structure and propagation speed among the experiments. The largest thermal perturbations are confined to the lowest 10% of the sea-breeze column due to the relatively high stability of the mid-Atlantic marine atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) suppressing vertical mixing, resulting in the depth of the marine layer remaining unchanged. Minimal impacts on the column-averaged virtual potential temperature and sea-breeze depth translates to small changes in sea-breeze propagation speed. This indicates that the use of datasets with a fine-scale SST may not produce more accurate sea-breeze simulations in highly stable marine ABL regimes, though may prove more beneficial in less stable sub-tropical environments.     

粤东海区海雾的气候特征分析

本文根据历史资料，统计得出粤东海区出现海雾的气候特征；粤东海区的海雾主要出现在1-5月，其中4月为雾的旺季；务的生成主要在夜间，早晨出现最多，日出后开始消散；海雾生成时的水文气象条件，一般以东北-东南风向，风速3-6m/s，平均气温20℃以下，相对湿度80%以上最易出雾，其次，结合统计资料和天气形势，总结出粤东海区雾生的预报着眼点。     

Nesting Turbulence in an Offshore Convective Boundary Layer Using Large-Eddy Simulations

The applicability of the one-way nesting technique for numerical simulations of the heterogeneous atmospheric boundary layer using the large-eddy simulation (LES) framework of the Weather Research and Forecasting model is investigated. The focus of this study is on LES of offshore convective boundary layers. Simulations were carried out using two subgrid-scale models (linear and non-linear) with two different closures [diagnostic and prognostic subgrid-scale turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) equations]. We found that the non-linear backscatter and anisotropy model with a prognostic subgrid-scale TKE equation is capable of providing similar results when performing one-way nested LES to a stand-alone domain having the same grid resolution but using periodic lateral boundary conditions. A good agreement is obtained in terms of velocity shear and turbulent fluxes, while velocity variances are overestimated. A streamwise fetch of 14 km is needed following each domain transition in order for the solution to reach quasi-stationary results and for the velocity spectra to generate proper energy content at high wavelengths, however, a pile-up of energy is observed at the low-wavelength portion of the spectrum on the first nested domain. The inclusion of a second nest with higher resolution allows the solution to reach effective grid spacing well within the Kolmogorov inertial subrange of turbulence and develop an appropriate energy cascade that eliminates most of the pile-up of energy at low wavelengths. Consequently, the overestimation of velocity variances is substantially reduced and a considerably better agreement with respect to the stand-alone domain results is achieved.     

近百年中国近海海温变化

使用Hadley中心1901～2004年1°×1°海表温度(SST)资料,在渤海、黄海、东海和南海选择代表区域研究中国近海海温的长期变化.研究发现,近100年多来各海区呈增温趋势,20世纪80年代以后增暖明显,90年代至今最暖.渤、黄、东海年平均和1月海温、东海7月海温变化基本呈阶梯型,20世纪初至30年代冷、50年代较暖、60年代略有下降,80年代上升;7月渤、黄海海温呈2波型,20世纪第一个10年和80年代冷,30～50年代和90年代暖;南海20世纪初至70年代海温变化不显著.除东海年平均海温外,各海区年、季海温均具有2～4年的显著变化周期和准7年的变化周期.     

基于漂浮式测风激光雷达观测数据的海上预报风速订正

本文阐述了海上漂浮式测风设备对数据的测量方式和校准方法后,利用三部漂浮式测风激光雷达 50、80和100m三个高度的风速数据,对同地点和高度的GFS全球天气预报模式的风速数据进行预报订正。结 果表明,直接采用滑动自适应权重的Kalman滤波方法产生累积的滞后平均偏差对风速进行订正的结果并不理 想,统计发现通过降低预报订正公式中的滞后平均偏差项的比值,可以获得更好的标准偏差结果。滞后平均偏 差比值减小至0.1~0.5后经Kalman滤波方法订正后的风速标准偏差整体要低于订正前的风速标准偏差,其中最 佳的比值为0.3。利用这一滞后偏差比值对三部雷达不同预报时刻和预报时效的风速样本组进行订正后发现, 除了个别数据样本组外,超过90%数据样本组的风速标准偏差较订正前是减小的。经改进的算法订正后各高 度层风速预报值的改善率大致在5~20%范围内。     

The Statistical Prediction Of Offshore Winds From Land-Based Data For Wind-Energy Applications

Land-based meteorological measurements at two locations on the Danish coast are used to predict offshore wind speeds. Offshore wind-speed data are used only for developing the statistical prediction algorithms and forverification. As a first step, the two datasets were separated into ninepercentile-based bins, with a minimum of 30 data records in each bin. Next, the records were randomly selected with approximately 70% of the data in each bin being used as a training set for development of the prediction algorithms, and the remaining 30% being reserved as a test set for evaluation purposes. The binning procedure ensured that both training and test sets fairly represented the overall data distribution.To base the conclusions on firmer ground, five permutations of these training and test sets were created. Thus, all calculations were based on five cases, each one representing a different random selection from the same data, but maintaining the (approximate) 70-30 split in each bin. This procedure served to ensure that conclusions were not based on a single randomly-selected case. Two statistical methods are employed:multiple linear regression (MLR), and Classification and Regression Trees(CART). MLR produces excellent results using only land-based predictors.The CART results are similar to those from MLR, and tend to be slightly better.Retired     

近海台风雷达定位方法应用研究

对于近似轴对称与类似兰金涡旋特性的台风近中心环流而言, 其多普勒雷达径向速度场具有相当特殊的偶极型态分布特征.在假设台风环流存在最大风速半径的前提下, 利用多普勒雷达径向速度场的这种分布特性和型态识别技术, 进行近海台风的雷达定位客观方法的应用研究, 并选取两种客观定位方法对台风中心位置进行估计.两种客观方法分别为几何轴对称中心定位法和速度距离方位显示中心定位法, 前者直接应用多普勒径向速度场进行定位估计, 后者则应用观测的多普勒径向速度场与观测点至雷达中心距离的乘积来估计台风中心位置.利用 "兰金" 涡旋模式模拟的多普勒雷达径向速度场和实际观测的台风环流的多普勒雷达径向速度场以及台风年鉴资料, 对这两种定位方法进行模拟和实际测试的结果表明: 模拟测试的定位误差在0.5 km以下, 最大风速半径的误差在0.12 km以下; 而实际测试的定位误差在3～13 km以内, 有些时次甚至在3 km以下.因此, 对近海台风而言, 利用多普勒雷达径向速度场资料进行实时业务定位是可行的, 且其定位结果将对台风实时业务预报和警报具有重要的参考价值.     

近海热带气旋强度突变的垂直结构特征分析

应用1949～2003年共55年的《台风年鉴》和《热带气旋年鉴》资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 给出热带气旋强度突变标准, 对中国近海突然增强和突然减弱的两组热带气旋进行合成分析和对比分析。结果表明, 近海热带气旋强度变化与南亚高压、 副热带高压的强度变化呈反相变化关系; 环境风垂直切变小于5 m/s是南海近海热带气旋突然增强的必要条件, 热带气旋强度突变对环境风垂直切变变化的响应时间为18～36 h; 热带气旋中心附近存在数值在 -6～6 m/s之间纬向分布的环境风垂直切变密集带, 在热带气旋突然增强时刻, 中心附近环境风垂直切变经向梯度最大; 风垂直切变在热带气旋突然增强过程中逐渐减弱, 而在热带气旋突然减弱过程中逐渐增强; 热带气旋中心附近是高低层相对涡度垂直切变的强负值区, 在热带气旋突然增强过程中相对涡度垂直切变逐渐减小, 在突然增强时刻最小。