一种建筑信息模型与三维数字城市集成方法

BIM的发展为数字城市三维模型提供了更加精确的数据来源,现有研究主要关注BIM空间实体模型向三维表面模型转换,缺少建筑语义信息映射及整体集成方案研究。本文以构成建筑骨架的主要空间构件为研究对象,在参考IFC标准基础上,结合数字城市应用特点设计了具有空间语义一致性的建筑构件信息模型BCM,在此基础上提出建筑信息模型和三维数字城市集成方案。首先,基于CAD图纸开展BIM模型交互式构建,然后,通过空间和语义信息映射将其转换为BCM,并基于ArcGIS Geodatabase建立建筑构件信息库,在三维数字城市场景开展建筑构件信息的集成应用。该方案可实现建筑构件信息与三维数字城市的大规模集成,对推动数字城市向智慧城市发展,进一步开展建筑内外模型集成展示、建筑节能分析、内部设施管理等具有重要价值。     

一种市政道路BIM设计模型与三维GIS数据集成方法

针对现有市政道路模型交换标准的不足,以及道路BIM设计模型与GIS模型集成中的几何、语义信息缺失等问题,提出一种市政道路BIM设计模型与GIS数据集成的方法,其核心是以City GML模型标准为基础,重新定义了扩展后的道路设计模型;通过要素语义解析、几何模型转换等过程实现道路模型和GIS数据的集成存储与表达。以重庆市九龙坡区尹朝社周边市政道路设计工程为例,进行道路BIM设计模型与现状城市三维模型数据的集成实验,结果表明,方法较好地保留了道路设计模型的整体结构、横断面特征、路段拓扑信息等,并且扩展定义的道路设计模型完整地存储和表达了道路设计要素。方法在城市规划设计延伸应用上具有广阔的前景。     

语义约束的RVT模型到CityGML模型的转换方法

建筑信息模型(BIM)与地理信息系统(GIS)集成,不仅使得精细化的三维模型得到极大重用,同时两者的数据集成和共享可实现从几何到物理和功能特性的多尺度综合表达,已经成为新一代数字城市三维建模的关键途径之一。本文选取典型的BIM模型数据格式(RVT),提出语义约束的RVT模型到City GML模型的转换方法,以BIM模型丰富的语义信息为约束实现几何简化及转换,同时实现了几何部件与语义信息的一一映射及语义输出,并以建筑模型、暖通、桥梁模型为例进行了验证。     

地理模型定义XML文档编辑器的设计和应用

地理模型分布式集成是虚拟地理环境研究的主要内容之一。在分布式系统中多采用XML作为数据交换的统一标准,以解决多种信息在网络空间的表达和传输。本文在VisualC#.NET平台下开发了一个通用的模型数据定义编辑器,用XML来统一描述多源异构的地理模型数据,以实现模型的共享和集成。提供了直观式图形界面,可满足无程序背景的设计人员的需求,使智能化的模型集成成为可能。以地下水模型分布式调用为例,验证了此编辑器的有效性和易操作性。     

全国警用空间信息服务互联互通的关键技术

针对大型空间信息服务平台构建过程中的数据互联互通和信息集成问题,从集成框架体系结构、技术路线和关键技术3个方面进行研究,提出了分布式地理空间信息集成框架的5层体系结构模型和原子空间信息服务概念;通过研究分布式空间查询路由算法和虚拟四叉树模型等关键技术,探索实现分布式环境下的空间信息的互联互通.     

区域可持续发展集成模型的分析与应用研究——以黄河三角洲地区为例

 本文在总结国内、外可持续发展指标体系的基础上,按照信息的综合水平将黄河三角洲可持续发展指标体系区分为I级指标体系和II级指标体系,其中I级指标体系对应数据库,II级指标体系对应模型库。在分析多目标决策模型、风险决策模型和系统动力学模型等综合模型优、缺点的基础上,提出了黄河三角洲可持续发展集成模型的研究框架。总结了近几年来黄河三角洲可持续发展集成模型的研究进展和正在进行的研究工作,讨论了进一步需要研究的内容     

基于MapInfo的福建省经济数据可视化研究

通过信息可视化平台的多维显示数据,揭示数据之间的关联以及隐藏在数据后面的信息,使数据为人们提供更多、更有价值的信息,正是信息分析处理的发展趋势。本文结合可视化开发中集成地图的原理、方法和对象模型,对经济数据特点及其可视化系统开发的关键技术、功能进行了分析。     

基于Cubist模型树的城市不透水面百分比遥感估算模型

不透水面是城市区域中一种典型的土地覆盖类型,是衡量城市环境质量和城市化水平的重要标志之一。与传统基于像元级的遥感研究方法相比,不透水面百分比（Impervious Surface Percent,ISP）的估算可以进入像元内部,获得更准确的城市信息。本文应用Cubist模型树,对Landsat TM的原始波段变量（除热红外波段）,建立ISP估算的基础模型（Base Cubist-ISP）。通过基于模型树的集成学习优化算法和加入相邻时相影像的波段变量中值,以削弱噪声的影响。然后,优选热红外波段和各种衍生变量,并进行属性精简,继而应用集成学习算法得到的参数和精简后的变量建立ISP估算的优化模型（Optimal Cubist-ISP）。对广东省广州市海珠区的实验结果表明,Optimal Cubist-ISP模型估算不透水面的整体均方根误差（RMSE）为12.98%,决定系数（R²）为0.90,精度明显优于Base Cubist-ISP模型,RMSE降低约5.03%,ISP在透水面区域被高估和高密度不透水面区域被低估的现象得到改善。本文提出的基于Cubist模型树建立ISP遥感估算的模型及优化方法可以适用于城市区ISP的提取。     

利用XML解决数据集成中若干难题的应用研究

首先分析了业务系统的现状，提出了信息孤岛的概念。数据集成是解决信息孤岛的一种有效方式，详细分析了数据集成面临着异构数据源、数据语义冲突、前端可视化等技术难题。最后，提出了使用XML配置文件作为中间模式来解决数据集成中的难题的一种方案，使数据集成工作能有效的解决信息孤岛问题，大大降低数据集成工作的难度。     

BIM+GIS集成可视化性能优化技术

建筑信息模型(Building Information Model,BIM)和地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)的集成是一个新的快速发展的趋势,近年来已从研究过渡到了工业实践,特别是在建筑行业问题解决方面。由于BIM与GIS数据在应用场景、空间尺度、建模语言等方面的差异,BIM+GIS集成可视化存在语义信息错误与丢失、几何信息耦合度低、表达效率低等问题,因此,完整、高效地描述建筑物本身的物理与功能特性、建筑物外部环境的几何、语义信息,实现从微观到宏观的三维空间数据的管理与可视化分析是具有挑战的。拟从BIM生成、地图切片、数据集成与存储、场景调度与裁剪、高性能渲染等方面,阐述了BIM与GIS集成时可视化效率提升技术,以满足BIM+GIS高性能需求的应用。     

Quantitative Analysis of the Coupling Coordination Degree Between Urbanization and Eco-environment in Mongolia

Mongolia is an important country in the Economic Corridor of China-Mongolia-Russia, a deep understanding of the coupling relationship between urbanization and the eco-environment in Mongolia is meaningful to achieve green development of the Belt and Road. The entropy method and coupling coordination degree model were integrated to evaluate the coupling coordination degree between urbanization and the eco-environment in Mongolia during 2000-2016. The results showed that the coupling coordination degree between urbanization and the eco-environment in Mongolia was generally at the stage of seriously unbalanced development, and that the main contributor of the urbanization and the eco-environment subsystem were demographic urbanization and eco-environment endowment, respectively. The southern part of Mongolia central zone should be paid more attention due to the lower degree of coupling coordination between urbanization and the eco-environment. To promote the healthy urbanization development in Mongolia, six-layer eco-city establishing green development pattern is proposed to provide scientific support for Mongolia.     

面向数据共享的城镇化信息快速提取技术方法与应用——以江苏盐城为例

随着世界经济的发展,全球城镇化进程正在以前所未有的速度进行。城镇化带来的耕地占用、生态环境破坏、水资源短缺等问题日益受到关注。快速获取和共享城镇变化信息对于人地关系研究及可持续发展意义重大。借助遥感手段监测城镇变化信息,已经普遍得到应用,目前,多光谱遥感数据是最经济和可行的遥感监测数据源。本文基于多光谱卫星数据,有效利用城镇地区特有的地物光谱特征,建立不同类别城镇信息的提取模式和技术流程。这些可以通过多光谱遥感数据提取的信息包括城镇建成区、水体和绿地等。选择我国东部沿海区域内城镇化进程明显的江苏盐城主城区作为试验点,基于地物光谱特征分析,依据本文建立的城镇化信息提取流程,采用阈值分析和二值化处理方法,实现了盐城市亭湖区主要城镇区2000、2002、2006年三期城镇信息快速提取,使在更大范围内,促进此类信息的快速获取和共享,具有现实意义。     

面向城市地质信息平台的3维技术研究

利用现代信息技术构建一个集城市地表、地上、地下多维、动态空间信息于一体的大型综合性空间信息平台是解决当前我国城市发展所面临的一系列地质问题的关键,3维地质建模及其前后处理问题是平台建设面临的主要技术瓶颈。本文简述了城市地质信息平台的建设目标与功能特征,探讨了平台建设中的3维技术瓶颈,如3维空间数据模型、3维地质建模和3维地质数据的可视化表达与分析,同时介绍了作者在相关领域的研究进展与最新成果,指出了下一步需要重点研究和解决的技术难题。     

对我国数字城镇建设的几点思考

我国城镇化快速发展迫切需要在全国大中小城市和小城镇加快实施信息化战略,建设具有中国特色的“数字城镇”。本文从“数字城镇”技术构成出发,分析了我国“数字城镇”发展现状及其面临的主要科技问题,提出要加强对“数字城镇”数据平台、综合信息服务平台、业务应用平台构建等关键技术问题的研究,以从整体上提升我国城镇信息化的水平。     

海岸带环境系统与海岸带信息系统

本文提出海岸带环境系统的概念模型,分析了海岸带环境系统动态变化的驱动因素,论述了自然控制和等级调控理论、全球变化和区域调控理论是海岸带环境系统调控的理论基础。阐述海岸带环境系统调控的信息机理。海岸带综合管理是海岸带环境系统调控的一个主要途径。在地理信息系统和遥感技术支持下进行海岸带信息集成与综合,并以此为基础建立复杂的海岸带环境系统动态时空模型,为实施海岸带综合管理和调控提供科学依据。     

基于GIS的多污染因子复合地面浓度场模拟与评价

针对工业大气多因子复合作用的污染物连续地面浓度分布和评价问题,提出了一种基于GIS的地面浓度场模拟和综合评价的新方法,该方法将大气污染物扩散高斯模式和大气质量综合污染指数评价模型在GIS中有机集成,实现了污染物分布空间信息的显示和分析。通过将此方法应用于某一化工厂污染源不同气象条件下污染扩散分析计算,结果表明此种方法简单实用,特别是对多污染因子复合作用的综合评价模型具有任意空间分辨精度,可以满足不同分级需求。     

Measurement and spatio-temporal distribution of urbanization development quality of urban agglomeration in China

Urbanization development quality (UDQ) of urban agglomeration (UA) is one of the important indexes to evaluate if the UA urbanization speed is reasonable, if the population urbanization process is sound, if the economic urbanization process is efficient, if the social urbanization process is harmonious and fair, which is generally composed of three parts, including economic urbanization development quality, social urbanization development quality and spatial urbanization security quality. With the research of evolution rules of UDQ, through the analysis on the interactive coordination relation between UDQ and urbanization level, the paper proposes three dimensional index ball and standard value of comprehensive measures of UDQ, which is composed of three categories of indexes. By introducing Atkinson model, this paper constructs the sub-element measure model and segmental measure model of UDQ, and further makes an overall evaluation on the characteristic of UDQ of UAs in China. Results show that: 1) UDQ of UAs lied at optimization and upgrading phase during 1995–2008 and the quality was low. Population urbanization level did not reflect the UDQ of UAs; 2) the improving speed of the spatial urbanization security quality was higher than the social urbanization development quality, and the improving speed of economic urbanization development quality was the lowest; 3) the coordination between UDQ and urbanization level was not so good; 4) there was a weak correlation relation between UDQ and UA scale, and it was not true that the bigger the UA was, the better the UDQ was.     

Revisiting and rethinking regional urbanization in Changjiang River Delta, China

China is entering a critical and accelerating phase of urbanization.As one of the most urbanized regions in China,the Changjiang(Yangtze)River Delta has experienced dramatic urbanization and urban transformation.However,in the recent years,many changes have taken place in this region and there is limited attention to the regional urbanization path evolution,its problems and the way to solve these problems.Therefore,we should revisit the urbanization process in the Changjiang River Delta again.In this paper,we revisited urbanization paths of the Changjiang River Delta by data analysis,influence factors of urbanization by the Gray Relational Analysis,and major challenges to urbanization of the Changjiang River Delta by theoretical considerations.We found that the urbanization of the Changjiang River Delta had experienced several stages of large-scale spatial and urban system restructuring.Within the Changjiang River Delta,Shanghai,Zhejiang and Jiangshu had experienced different urbanization path with local characteristics.But with their development model gradually converging,their urbanization model is also converging.We also found that the major influence factors affecting the Changjiang River Delta urbanization were dynamic change and urbanization was driven by different key factors in different socio-economic development stages.Meanwhile,the Changjiang River Delta urbanization is facing many problems such as existing institutional arrangements,including the hukou(household registration)system and others which can not meet the needs of current socioeconomic development and urbanization.Therefore,it is imperative to promote institutional innovation and adopt a new urbanization development strategy for the sake of the orderly and sustainable urbanization development in the Changjiang River Delta.     

海口市海岸带土地利用时空格局变化分析

在深入分析土地利用转移矩阵基础上,对单项土地利用类型动态度进行改进,引入信息熵和缓冲区梯度带法,提出了自然生态影响度的土地利用变化程度的概念、含义,并构建计算模型。对海口市南渡江东岸海岸带进行研究,得到以下结论：1991-2010年间建设用地增长最为明显,耕地面积减少量最大;信息熵持续增加,表明均衡度增加,快速城市化过程中各经济产业所需的职能土地类型已逐渐产生,区域发展逐渐走向成熟;土地利用变化程度指数能有效衡量土地利用类型变化的剧烈程度,而且能够测算这种变化对自然生态环境的影响大小,1991-2010年间偏离自然生态方向、较强变化以上的区域占总面积的20.60%,与耕地、林地转变为建设用地,以及林地转变为园地区域重合;趋向自然生态方向、较强变化以上的区域仅占总面积的2.42%;东岸海岸带受城市梯度辐射和开发区、大学城飞地影响,同时也受农业比较利益和土地利用调控政策影响。东寨港红树林面积略微减小,受城市化影响较小。研究表明：分层次、多种算法相结合的研究方法,可有效分析综合型海岸带土地利用时空格局变化特征及其驱动机制。     

Land use intensity dynamics in the Andhikhola watershed,middle hill of Nepal

Land use intensity is a valuable concept to understand integrated land use system, which is unlike the traditional approach of analysis that often examines one or a few aspects of land use disregarding multidimensionality of the intensification process in the complex land system. Land use intensity is based on an integrative conceptual framework focusing on both inputs to and outputs from the land. Geographers' non-stationary data-analysis technique is very suitable for most of the spatial data analysis. Our study was carried out in the northeast part of the Andhikhola watershed lying in the Middle Hills of Nepal, where over the last two decades, heavy loss of labor due to outmigration of rural farmers and increasing urbanization in the relatively easy accessible lowland areas has caused agricultural land abandonment. Our intention in this study was to ascertain factors of spatial pattern of intensity dynamism between human and nature relationships in the integrated traditional agricultural system. High resolution aerial photo and multispectral satellite image were used to derive data on land use and land cover. In addition, field verification, information collected from the field and census report were other data sources. Explanatory variables were derived from those digital and analogue data. Ordinary Least Square(OLS) technique was used for filtering of the variables. Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR) model was used to identify major determining factors of land use intensity dynamics. Moran's I technique was used for model validation. GWR model was executed to identify the strength of explanatory variables explaining change of land use intensity. Accordingly, 10 variables were identified having the greatest strength to explain land use intensity change in the study area, of which physical variables such as slope gradient, temperature and solar radiation revealed the highest strength followed by variables of accessibility and natural resource. Depopulation in recent decades has been a major driver of land use intensity change but spatial variability of land use intensity was highly controlled by physical suitability, accessibility and availability of natural resources.