A Decision Support System for the Evaluation of Eco-engineering Strategies for Slope Protection

A decision support system (DSS) has been developed to assist expert and non-expert users in the evaluation and selection of eco-engineering strategies for slope protection. This DSS combines a qualitative hazard assessment of erosion and mass movements with a detailed catalogue of eco-engineering strategies for slope protection of which the suitability is evaluated in relation to the data entered. The slope decision support system (SDSS) is a knowledge based DSS in which knowledge is stored in frames containing rules that can evaluate the available information for a project, stored as project specific information (PSI) in a data file. The advantages of such a system are that it accepts incomplete information and that the qualitative nature of the information does not instil the user with a sense of unjustified exactitude. By its multidisciplinary and progressive nature, the DSS will be of value during the initial stages of an eco-engineering project when data collection and the potential of different eco-engineering strategies are considered. The accent of the output of the DSS is on the application of eco-engineering strategies for slope protection as an environmentally-friendly solution aiding sustainable development. For its acceptance within the engineering community, the DSS needs to prove its predictive capacity. Therefore, its performance has been benchmarked against successful and unsuccessful cases of slope stabilisation using eco-engineering. The target audience and the areas of application of this DSS are reviewed and the strategies for further development in this area suggested.     

长江防洪决策支持系统总体设计

在分析总结长江中下游防洪经验和防洪决策流程的基础上,充分考虑技术的先进性,针对长江防洪决策支持系统的开发,提出了具有系统结构合理、软件设计先进、实用性强、扩充性好、适应实时要求特点的总体设计,确定了系统的开发原则.据此,拟定了系统的逻辑结构;以数据库、知识库作为信息基础,通过总控程序构筑系统运行环境,实现信息查询和防洪调度的功能.信息查询以灵活多样的查询方式、形象直观的表达形式来实现对实时水雨工情、洪水预报结果等信息的快速查询;防洪调度侧重运用洪水演进和调度模型对预案进行水情仿真,为决策者提供汛情发展事态信息.为对模型库进行有效的管理,提出建立决策方案管理系统的设计方案.为适应软件技术的最新发展趋势,选择了起点高、开发难度大的视窗软件系统作为系统的软件环境,实现了图形用户界面技术,使界面友好直观,操作灵活方便.     

Expert systems for automated correlation and interpretation of wireline logs

CORRELATOR is an interactive computer program for lithostratigraphic correlation of wireline logs able to store correlations in a data base with a consistency, accuracy, speed, and resolution that are difficult to obtain manually. The automatic determination of correlations is based on the maximization of a weighted correlation coefficient using two wireline logs per well. CORRELATOR has an expert system to scan and flag incongruous correlations in the data base. The user has the option to accept or disregard the advice offered by the system. The expert system represents knowledge through production rules. The inference system is goal-driven and uses backward chaining to scan through the rules. Work in progress is used to illustrate the potential that a second expert system with a similar architecture for interpreting dip diagrams could have to identify episodes—as those of interest in sequence stratigraphy and fault detection- and annotate them in the stratigraphic column. Several examples illustrate the presentation.     

Improvement of land suitability assessment for agriculture—application in Algeria

The weighted sum already incorporated into a geographical information system (GIS) makes it possible to identify the best lands useful for sustainable agriculture. However, it does not allow for the inclusion of the decision makers’ preferences so that a choice can be made when there are conflicts between decision makers. Because of their spatial aggregation functions, multicriteria decision analysis methods can facilitate decision making in situations where several solutions are available, various criteria have to be taken into account, and decision makers disagree about one point or another. Combinations between ArcGIS and multicriteria analysis methods in this case Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la Realité (ELECTRE TRI) and a version of the weighted sum method simple additive weighting, applicable to the vector data model, have been established. The parameters and the classification system of Food and Agriculture Organization are used in this work. This approach has been tested on the area of Mleta in Algeria. Land suitability maps for durum wheat have been produced. Through the comparison between results obtained by these two methods and those available in a classical method, based on manual overlay procedures, it appears that optimistic procedure of the ELECTRE TRI method is better suited to the problem of land suitability for agriculture.     

京津唐水资源规划决策支持系统研究

京津唐地区水资源规划是一个影响这一地区工农业发展和人民生活的多目标、大时空跨度的复杂问题.采用系统论的观点对这一问题进行了分析,并采用原型方法建立了京津唐水资源规划决策支持系统.系统由交互式对话子系统、数据库、模型库、方法库和知识库组成.模型库中装有系统动力学和多目标优化等模型;方法库中装有密切值法和两两比较法等,用于方案的排序;知识库中存贮着用于决策支持的知识.重点介绍京津唐水资源决策支持系统的逻辑和结构.     

沉积岩粒度分析专家系统

本文介绍了沉积岩粒度分析专家系统的构成和其知识库、信息库（包括数据库）、扩展表格条件、文本文件等，推理机及知识获取部分的特性。该系统建立在ＩＢＭ及其兼容微机上，模仿专家解答问题的方式，采用良好的人机交互界面，对沉积岩粒度分析结果进行综合分析。经该专家系统咨询后，用户能得出沉积岩的名称、沉积环境和沉积相。     

汾河防洪专家系统的设计与应用

汾河中游防洪决策支持系统是以管理科学、运筹学、控制论和行为科学为基础,以计算机、仿真技术和信息技术为手段,是辅助管理决策人员在防洪决策活动中,具有智能作用的人一机网络系统。系统由图文信息系统、历史暴雨洪水、雨情水情测报、洪水预报调度、人工演绎系统、智能辅助系统、数据管理系统、操作使用说明等8个部分组成。汾河防洪专家系统是该系统的智能分析部分。本文着重阐述了汾河防洪专家系统的设计思想和实现途径、建立防洪专家知识库的步骤和技巧,以及系统的运行和扩展。     

Decision support system based on the history of flood and flash flood events in Romania

A lightweight decision support system is presented, oriented also to statistics, useful for assisting weather forecasters and other parties interested in hazard assessment associated with extreme weather. The system can be used in enhancing the warning procedures, ahead of a flood or a flash flood whose probability of occurrence is based on the history of such events in a particular region. A software application has been built that integrates meteorological data with Geographical Information Systems procedures, in a unified informational aggregate. This system stores various types of data related to flood and flash flood events, so it is able to provide the user with any piece of information related to a documented event. It also catalogues any information that users provide it with, to further document a past, or an ongoing event. The system can be used to raise awareness of forecasters over a particular context, before a possibly hazardous situation, and it can also offer automatic warnings and suggestions to those interested in disaster mitigation.     

Site Soundings Density for Geotechnical Investigation with Combined Fuzzy and Probabilistic Input Information

A fuzzy sets decision support system is proposed for geotechnical site investigation. The system considers parameters such as geology and soil variability that affect the required number of soundings to adequately characterize a site. It permits also to consider vagueness and lack of information. On the basis of available qualitative and quantitative information, the system allows estimating, for common projects, the number of site soundings. Monte Carlo simulations of entry ranges, where each point has a uniform probability distribution, permit to arrange the output in form of histograms fitted with probability functions. The cases presented show that the fuzzy inference system can be used as a systematic decision support for engineers dealing with site characterization.     

Utilizing fuzzy set theory to assure the quality of volunteered geographic information

This paper presents a fuzzy system to assure the quality of volunteered geographic information (VGI) collected for the purposes of species surveillances. The system uses trust as a proxy of quality. It defines the trust using both the provenance of user expertise and the fitness of geographic context and quantifies it using fuzzy set theory. The system was applied to a specific scenario—VGI-based crop pest surveillance—to demonstrate its usefulness in handling VGI quality. A case study was conducted in Jiangxi province of China, where location-based rice pest surveillance reports generated by the local farmers were collected. A field pest survey was conducted by the local pest management experts to verify the farmer-generated reports, and the survey results were used as ground truth data. The quality of the farmer-generated reports were also assessed through the fuzzy system and compared to the pest survey results. It was observed that the degree to which these two sets of results agreed to each other was satisfactory.     

3S——应用领域十分广泛的高新技术

遥感（ＲＳ）、地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）和全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）统简３Ｓ，是近年来发展迅猛、应用广泛的高新技术。本文介绍了应用遥感技术对黄土高原信息系统的研究工作。阐述了支持区域规划与辅助决策的智能地理信息系统的数据模型和物理数据结构的设计与实现。说明了将ＧＰＳ与ＲＳ和ＧＩＳ组成的信息系统相结合，提高系统性能的方法     

基于ARCGIS的地质灾害防治信息与决策支持系统的研制

提出以四库一体模式实现基于ARCGIS的地质灾害防治决策支持的思路,即以模型为主导,调用方法,提取相关数据计算,对模型进行求解;利用ES对系统判识进行匹配、分析,辅助专家进行决策;将专家决策结果作为知识源提取而存入知识库中.信息系统是整个系统的事务管理层,决策支持系统则是系统应用处理层,两者互为依托.信息系统是决策支持系统的信息源,决策支持系统所产生的结果进入信息系统并对其进行管理,当决策支持系统的模型、方法、知识运作成熟,数据结构化后,又将进入信息系统中,成为信息系统的组成部分.     

Site selection for drinking-water pumping boreholes using a fuzzy spatial decision support system in the Korinthia prefecture,SE Greece

The implementation of a geographic information system (GIS)/fuzzy spatial decision support system in the selection of sites for drinking-water pumping boreholes is described. Groundwater is the main source of domestic supply and irrigation in Korinthia prefecture, south-eastern Greece. Water demand has increased considerably over the last 30 years and is mainly met by groundwater abstracted via numerous wells and boreholes. The definition of the most “suitable” site for the drilling of new boreholes is a major issue in this area. A method of allocating suitable locations has been developed based on multicriteria analysis and fuzzy logic. Twelve parameters were finally involved in the model, prearranged into three categories: borehole yield, groundwater quality, and economic and technical constraints. GIS was used to create a classification map of the research area, based on the suitability of each point for the placement of new borehole fields. The coastal part of the study area is completely unsuitable, whereas high values of suitability are recorded in the south-western part. The study demonstrated that the method of multicriteria analysis in combination with fuzzy logic is a useful tool for selecting the best sites for new borehole drilling on a regional scale. The results could be used by local authorities and decision-makers for integrated groundwater resources management.     

专家系统中的语义及其可信度

针对淮河中游防洪调度决策的实例，用最高低水位经分段折算，作了语义量化；根据方法库模拟结果来判断某种状态的语义可信度，由半正态分布隶属函数来确定；对各种 状的语义可信度间的转换，采用了模糊聚类的方法。     

Evidence of self-organization in Sumatra earthquakes: recurrence time and its geodynamical implications

Risk reduction as an outcome only takes place if results of risk estimation studies are used to develop action plans for risk-management and risk-reduction strategies. This paper describes an automated model that uses the output of existing earthquake loss estimation methodologies to support decision makers in evaluating a set of competing seismic mitigation strategies and exploring their impact in reducing socio-economic losses of urban settlements. The proposed model is structured to quantify the monetary value of earthquake losses and to find an optimal budget allocation assigned to each mitigation strategy based on user input. The optimization method takes into account both pre- and post-earthquake expenditures, such as costs of building upgrades, critical facility enhancement, temporary shelter provisions, debris removal, hospitalization and human casualty. The system consists of five main modules: (1) building damage function; (2) mitigated damage function; (3) cost estimation function; (4) optimization function; and (5) user interface function. Whereas the optimization function provides the optimal values assigned to each mitigation alternative based on the estimated costs and a defined budget, the user interface allows the decision maker to interact with the software in each step and plan mitigation strategies that best suit the user’s socio-economic requirements and limitations. The outputs of the proposed model are presented with respect to an application in a pilot study area within a vulnerable city district of Tehran, Iran.     

Siting MSW landfills with a weighted linear combination methodology in a GIS environment

Landfill has been taken to the bottom of the hierarchy of options for waste disposal but has been the most used method for urban solid waste disposal. However, landfill has become more difficult to implement because of its increasing cost, community opposition, and more restrictive regulations regarding the siting and operation of landfills. Land is a finite and scarce resource that needs to be used wisely. Appropriate allocation of landfills involves the selection of areas that are suitable for waste disposal. The present work describes a type of multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method called weighted linear combination (WLC) in a GIS environment to evaluate the suitability of the study region for landfill. The WLC procedure is characterized by full tradeoff among all factors, average risk and offers much flexibility than the Boolean approaches in the decision making process. The relative importance weights of factors are estimated using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). In the final aggregated suitability image, zones smaller than 20 hectares are eliminated from the allocation process. Afterwards, the land suitability of a zone is determined by calculating the average of the suitability of the cells belonging to that zone, a process called zonal land suitability. The application of the presented method to the Gorgan city (Iran) indicated that there are 18 zones for landfill with their zonal land suitability varying from 155.426117 to 64.149024. The zones were ranked in descending order by the value of their zonal land suitability. The results showed the use of GIS as a decision support system (DSS) available to policy makers and decision makers in municipal solid waste (MSW) management issues.     

GIS-based analytic hierarchy process as a multicriteria decision analysis instrument: a review

Information and communication technology, which has been incorporated and provided in the Geographic Information System (GIS), is valuable and effective geospatial information for the decision makers in improving their decisions in planning and development. The integration of this GIS using the multicriteria decision analysis approach provides an environment to the decision makers in citing areas using land suitability analysis procedures. This review paper particularly examines the GIS-based analytic hierarchy process as a multicriteria analysis/evaluation technique in land suitability analysis by means of literature reviews and surveys.     

Geography of advice seeking

Despite limited research on access to advice services, it has long been assumed that access is related to geographic proximity [e.g. Blacksell, M., 1990. Social Justice and access to legal services: a geographic perspective. Geoforum 21 (4), 489–502]. The current study uses data from the English and Welsh Civil and Social Justice Survey, a large-scale nationally representative survey of respondents’ experience of and response to civil and social justice problems [Pleasence, P., 2006. Causes of Action: Civil Law and Social Justice, second ed. TSO, Norwich], to examine the impact of proximity to mainstream advice services on awareness and utilisation of services. In general, proximity of advice services had a relatively modest impact on both awareness and advice seeking. However, proximity did impact upon mode of contact and there was some evidence of difference in strategy (particularly more inaction) for isolated individuals without use of motorised transport. The suitability of different modes of advice provision for particular demographic groups are discussed, as well as implications for service delivery.     

专家系统在钻头设计及使用中的应用

运用人工智能技术、创造性地将设计及使用小口径金刚石钻头和大口径工程施工钻头的知识与经验编制成相应的专家系统，具有较高的实用价值。