新型多柱桁架式Spar平台水动力性能研究

Spar平台以其较大的水深适应范围,较好的运动性能和稳定性,在深海油气资源开采中得到广泛的使用。随着技术的进步,各种新型的Spar平台形式不断涌现,其各方面的性能也得到大量的研究。结合前几代Spar平台形式的特点,提出了一种新型的多柱桁架式Spar平台概念,希望通过桁架的使用,保持Spar良好的运动和受力总体性能,同时采用多柱式的硬舱结构,降低建造难度和成本。并对该Spar平台的水动力特性,载荷以及运动响应进行了数值建模计算,分析结果表明,其运动响应较小,水动力性能良好。     

新型深水半潜式生产平台发展综述

干式采油树具有修井方便、操作成本低、停机时间短和流动安全性好等优势,然而由于它要求平台具有较低的垂荡运动幅度,目前仅有张力腿平台和Spar平台能够支持干式采油树.相比这两种平台,半潜式生产平台不受水深限制,可变载荷大,且可实现整体拖航和上船体码头安装,但运动幅度相对较大.近年来,海洋工程界致力于通过改善半潜式平台的运动性能,使其可支持干式采油树.介绍了深水油气开发领域中可采用干式采油树的几种新型半潜式生产平台概念,分别从结构型式、安装方法和性能特征等方面进行了综述,总结了新型平台的技术发展趋势以及所带来的新问题,最后提出了我国发展新型半潜式生产平台的目标和需要解决的问题.     

西方大力神深水钻井平台国内首次应用介绍

介绍了深水半潜式钻井平台发展现状和西方大力神深水钻井平台在中国南海首次应用情况,主要包括:西方大力神深水钻井平台的主要工具设备、工艺流程等。西方大力神深水钻井平台是第6代半潜式钻井平台,在国内外处在先进地位,此平台能够很好解决在100~3 000 m水深钻井问题。     

墨西哥湾深水油气勘探对我国的启示

为了借鉴墨西哥湾深水油气勘探的经验,我们对墨西哥湾深水油气勘探的现状进行了初步归纳和总结。结合我国南海深水油气勘探的现状,分析认为,墨西哥湾成功的勘探经验和技术可以指导我国南海深水油气的勘探和开发,其次,第三系深水浊积砂岩或三角洲砂岩可能是南海深水油气勘探的重要目标。     

中国深水海域油气及相关资源勘探开发进展及关键技术

深水油气及相关资源的开发是我国解决能源紧缺问题的关键,我国南海深水海域蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,天然气水合物资源赋存也有着良好的前景.本文探讨了深水油气及相关资源开发勘探技术的进展和技术发展方向.     

南海深水区工程水文气象参数研究取得新进展

近10年来,全球海洋石油勘探领域已从水深300 m的浅海区扩展到3 000 m的深海区;但是,由于海况条件及技术方法的限制和投资的风险,目前世界上只有少数发达国家的石油公司能够开采这些深水区的油气资源。随着我国对能源需求量的不断飙升,加快我国南海深水区油气资源的勘探和开发成     

Spar平台与刚性立管及浮力罐耦合动力研究综述

Spar平台是深水和超深水海域中极具竞争力的平台类型。Spar平台中刚性立管顶端所需的张力由月池内部的浮力罐提供,浮力罐在水平方向由导向架支撑。平台运动过程中,浮力罐及立管与平台主体发生相对运动和相互动力作用,在水平方向上发生带有空隙效应的碰撞现象,在垂向产生库仑摩擦效应。这是一种复杂的非线性多点接触耦合动力现象,对平台主体和浮力罐的运动及性能都有着重要影响。因此,无论从平台主体设计及水动力性能方面,还是从浮力罐疲劳分析及安全性方面考虑,都有必要对Spar平台与浮力罐之间的耦合动力作用进行深入的研究。在介绍目前国际上Spar平台与浮力罐相关研究情况及进展的基础上,提出了今后研究的有关建议。     

“南海挑战号”半潜式平台原型测量系统

深水海洋平台的现场原型监测是对其最直接的研究方法和安全保障措施,是我国深水油气开发研究中的必要技术。为了改变我国缺乏南海半潜式浮体实测经验的现状,为半潜式浮体设计与安全保障提供实测数据支持,在南海LH11-1油田"南海挑战号"半潜式平台上进行了台风期的原型测量工作。原型测量工作采用针对南海浮式平台应用所研发的原型测量系统,对平台工作海域的环境参数、平台姿态以及水下系泊和立管系统进行了监测,获得了跨台风期中大量的实测数据,最终对所获得的数据进行了初步的分析。分析结果显示原型测量系统在海洋平台上使用具有很高的稳定性,捕获了台风期中所有过境平台的台风数据,获得的数据能够为平台性能评价和新平台设计提供第一手资料。     

深水油气田开发工程中的基础应用探讨

在对国内外深水油气田开发中的张力腿平台（TLP）、深水柱筒平台（SPAR）、半潜式生产平台、浮式生产储油卸油装置（FPSO）和水下生产系统（SBS）所采用的基础型式进行较详细调研的基础上,讨论了常见的基础型式的特点,考虑其实际应用情况并结合我国南海深水油气开发中可能采用的工程开发模式,探讨我国深水油气田开发适用的基础型式,为我国深水油气田工程设施及基础的前期研究和工程设计提供参考。     

南海深水油气开发顶层设计“亮剑”

10月18日,南海深水油气开发顶层设计在北京“亮剑”。四个深水技术研究室、—三个深水中心将共同构成国家能源深水油气工程技术研发中心（下称国家深水工程研发中心）,具有我同自主知识产权的深水油气田开发工程技术体系已现雏形。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.