基于MPI的高性能UVFITS数据合成研究与应用

中国明安图超宽频谱射电日像仪(Mingantu Ultrawide Spectral Radioheliograph,MUSER)进入实际观测后,每3 ms产生一帧100 k B左右的数据,每天的原始观测数据约3.5 TB。由于射电日像仪的原始数据采用自定义格式,为了后续数据分析和共享的需要,有必要根据数据存储需求把这些原始数据转换成天文常用的文件格式。在前期工作中已经实现了原始数据格式到UVFITS文件的转换,在此基础上研究了基于MPI的集群并行环境下UVFITS合成系统的性能优化。通过实验验证,在改进后的并行环境下,UVFITS合成系统的性能达到了需求的2.5倍,可以有效处理当前及未来一定时间内射电日像仪的海量观测数据。同时,改进后的系统具有良好的横向扩展能力,能够为相关项目的数据处理提供借鉴和参考。     

基于QT的MUSER观测数据多屏图形化实时显示的设计与实现

对天文望远镜的观测数据或控制过程状态进行实时的图形化显示,是天文仪器研制过程中的一个重要环节。随着Linux操作系统在天文领域的广泛应用,如何开发基于LINUX图形界面的实时图形化显示系统成为一种迫切需求。针对我国明安图超宽频射电日像仪(Mingantu Ultrawide Spectral Radio Heliograph,MUSER,原名为中国射电频谱日像仪,CSRH)实时观测数据图形化显示的要求,给出了一种利用QT架构进行实时、多屏的图形化展现方法,并以互相关与自相关数据实时展现为例进行了验证。实验表明本方法完全可以满足MUSER实时观测监控的要求,并且具有简单、快捷、可移植性好等优点,克服了LINUX下X-WINDOW编程困难等难题,对其它望远镜设计类似功能有一定的参考价值。     

MUSER可见度数据积分方法与实现

射电观测是研究太阳活动的重要探测手段。我国明安图射电频谱日像仪(Mingant U Sp Ectral Radioheliograph,MUSER)主要用于研究太阳爆发活动初始能量释放区的物理过程,其观测将在太阳射电成像开辟一个新的窗口。成像处理是数据处理的重要组成部分,如何提高成像质量是当前数据处理的研究重点。首先介绍了射电干涉成像的基本理论,随后分析了对观测得到的可见度数据积分的必要性,细致讨论了短时段可见度数据叠加求平均和长时段UV覆盖叠加两种积分方法,并给出了完整的实现。通过实现代码与实验验证,两种积分均可以有效提高信噪比,图像质量明显提高。     

明安图射电频谱日像仪图像的强度定标方法

明安图射电频谱日像仪(Mingantu Spectral Radioheliograph, MUSER)能够在0.4--15GHz超宽频带内实现高时间、高空间、高频率分辨率的太阳射电成像. 而射电亮温度是描述太阳物理过程的一个重要的参数, 在研究不同射电辐射机制、太阳磁场以及太阳爆发过程中非热粒子加速等问题上有着非常重要的作用, 因此必须对MUSER观测的图像进行亮温度定标. 将介绍一种适用于射电日像仪图像强度定标的方法. 太阳射电图像中包含着太阳圆盘的结构信息, 利用射电日像仪短基线的可视度函数拟合第一类贝塞尔函数, 可以得到图像中宁静太阳圆盘的射电半径和强度, 再利用瑞利-金斯定律和每天的太阳射电流量可以计算得到每天图像的定标因子$G_c$, 从而实现对MUSER图像强度的定标. 将该方法应用到MUSER的实际观测数据中, 包括宁静太阳和有太阳射电爆发等不同的情况, $G_c$的误差基本不超过10%, 得到的宁静太阳亮温度与其他宁静太阳的结果具有较高的相关性, 表明了此方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于Spark Streaming的明安图射电频谱日像仪实时数据处理

目前天文观测中对数据的实时处理需求越来越多,性能要求也越来越高,我国明安图射电频谱日像仪(Mingant U Sp Ectral Radioheliograph,MUSER)是同时以高时间、高空间和高频率分辨率对太阳进行射电频谱成像的设备。在低频部分的日常观测中,包含了两方面的需求:(1)对历史数据的处理;(2)5秒钟抽样观测数据的处理。抽样观测数据需要实时处理,并在监控终端显示,数据处理过程包含了数据校验、修正、成图、洁化等多个步骤,传统的单机处理模式已无法满足大数据量下的实时性要求。因此,实时数据计算中,使用Spark Streaming流式计算这一新兴的分布式计算方法,设计了自定义的接收器,并将多个图形处理器节点加入到分布式集群中。通过实验对性能进行评估,结果证明基于内存的高速执行引擎的特点能显著提高性能。期待能通过实验进一步优化算法和配置,获得更好的结果,并最终运用到实际环境中。     

瞬变源快速自动响应观测系统的研究与实现

天文瞬变源后随观测对于瞬变源证认具有重要的意义。瞬变源发生的偶然性和光变的快速性要求后随观测系统具有快速自动响应的能力。介绍了基于Python开发的天文瞬变源快速自动响应观测系统的研究和实现,核心是基于Django架构实现数据库交互与模块调度功能。系统有基于VOEvent的警报消息传递、网络端状态监控与交互平台、数据自动处理和结果自动反馈以及望远镜控制接口等主要功能。通过在北京的中法天文卫星科学中心和兴隆观测基地之间的消息数据传递和实际触发观测测试表明,系统能满足中法天文卫星项目地基观测系统瞬变源后随自动响应观测的基本要求,同时系统还具有良好的可移植性,适用于其他类似的自动响应观测系统。     

IRAF软件在Blazars天体中的CCD测光自动数据处理研究

针对IRAF软件在绝对测光法观测Blazars天体CCD测光中的应用,开发了一套自动数据处理的程序.该程序可以减少人为误操作的干扰,使观测结果更为稳定,提高了数据处理的效率.同时,在长期研究和使用IRAF软件的基础上,给出了我们应用IRAF软件在CCD测光中的一些研究结果,并对在Redhat Linux中的自动测光过程进行了总结.     

水平子午环气象资料自动采集系统

大气折射是天体测量最基本的问题之一，它影响着天体位置测定的精度，气象资料自动采集是自动计算大气折射必不可少的仪器。为观测结果和气象的相关分析提供了可能，本文介绍的气象资料自动采集系统，可实时采集并可用于其它天文观测仪器。     

水平子午环气象资料自动采集系统

大气折射是天体测量最基本的问题之一，它影响着天体位置测定的精度。气象资料自动采集系统是自动计算大气折射必不可少的仪器，为观测结果和气象的相关分析提供了可能．本文介绍的气象资料自动采集系统，可实时采集并可用于其它天文观测仪器．     

CSRH-Ⅰ观测数据接收子系统的设计与实现

中国新一代厘米-分米波射电日像仪(Chinese Spectral Radio Heliograph,CSRH)项目已经完成了硬件建设。为了实现从数字接收机中读取观测数据,并将最新的可用数据状态通知其他子系统如监控系统和实时展现系统等,迫切需要一个稳定可靠的数据接收子系统。针对CSRH-I的特点及要求,在分析数字接收机原始数据格式的基础上,设计并实现了CSRH-I观测数据接收子系统。系统基于Linux环境,采用Boost软件包作为底层开发库,实现了基于TCP协议的网络套接服务器,能够异步接收、过滤数字接收机发送来的数据,经过相应的分析处理后最终以文件方式存储数据,进而采用UDP报文方式通知其它子系统观测数据的更新状态。本系统充分考虑了通信过程中可能的异常情况并采取了相应的对策。测试表明,CSRH-I观测数据接收子系统工作稳定可靠,容错能力强,可以满足CSRH-I的应用需求。     

On the origin of the solar system and the exceptional position of the Sun in the Galaxy

The solar system's position in the Galaxy is an exclusive one, since the Sun is close to the corotation circle, which is the place where the angular velocity of the galactic differential rotation is equal to that of density waves displaying as spiral arms. Each galaxy contains only one corotation circle; therefore, it is an exceptional place. In the Galaxy, the deviation of the Sun from the corotation is very small — it is equal to ΔR/R _⊙≈0.03, where ΔR=R _c ?R _⊙,R _c is the corotation distance from the galactic center andR _⊙ is the Sun's distance from the galactic center. The special conditions of the Sun's position in the Galaxy explain the origin of the fundamental cosmogony timescalesT ₁≈4.6×10⁹ yr,T ₂?10⁸ yr,T ₃?10⁶ yr detected by the radioactive decay of various nuclides. The timescaleT ₁ (the solar system's ‘lifetime’) is the protosolar cloud lifetime in a space between the galactic spiral arms. The timescaleT ₂ is the presolar cloud lifetime in a spiral arm.T ₃ is a timescale of hydrodynamical processes of a cloud-wave interaction. The possibility of the natural explanation of the cosmogony timescales by the unified process (on condition that the Sun is near the state of corotation) can become an argument in favour of the fact that the nearness to the corotation is necessary for the formation of systems similar to the Solar system. If the special position of the Sun is not incidental, then the corotation circles of our Galaxy, as well as those of other galaxies, are just regions where situations similar to ours are likely to be found.     

Perturbations by the oblateness of the Earth and by the planets in the motion of the Moon

Perturbations in the motion of the Moon are computed for the effect by the oblateness of the Earth and for the indirect effect of planets. Based on Delaunay's analytical solution of the main problem, the computations are performed by a method of Fourier series operation. The effect of the oblateness of the Earth is obtained to the second order, partly adopting an analytical evaluation. Both in longitude and latitude are found a few terms whose coefficient differs from the current lunar ephemeris based on Brown's theory by about 0.01. While, concerning the indirect effect of planets, several periodic terms in the current ephemeris seem to have errors reaching 0.05.As for the secular variations of and due to the figure of the Earth and the indirect effect of planets, the newly-computed values agree within 1/cy with Brown's results reduced to the same values of the parameters. Further, the accelerations in the mean longitude, and caused by the secular changes in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbite and in the obliquity of the ecliptic are obtained. The comparison with Brown shows an agreement within 0.3/cy² for the former cause and 0.02/cy² for the latter. An error is found in the argument of the principal term for the perturbations due to the ecliptic motion in the current ephemeris.Proceedings of the Conference on Analytical Methods and Ephemerides: Theory and Observations of the Moon and Planets. Facultés universitaires Notre Dame de la Paix, Namur, Belgium, 28–31 July, 1980.     

On the model of the accumulation of the moon compatible with the data on the composition and the age of lunar rocks

It is suggested that the overall early melting of the lunar surface is not necessary for the explanation of facts and that the structure of highlands is more complicated than a solidified anorthositic ‘plot’. The early heating of the interior of the Moon up to 1000K is really needed for the subsequent thermal history with the maximum melting 3.5 × 10⁹ yr ago, to give the observed ages for mare basalts. This may be considered as an indication that the Moon during the accumulation retained a portion of its gravitational energy converted into heat, which may occur only at rapid processes. A rapid (t < 10³ yr) accretion of the Moon from the circumterrestrial swarm of small particles would give necessary temperature, but it is not compatible with the characteristic time 10⁸ yr of the replenishment of this swarm which is the same as the time-scale of the accumulation of the Earth. It is shown that there were conditions in the circumterrestial swarm for the formation at a first stage of a few large protomoons. Their number and position is evaluated from the simple formal laws of the growth of satellites in the vicinity of a planet. Such ‘systems’ of protomoons are compared with the observed multiple systems, and the conclusion is reached that there could have been not more than 2–3 large protomoons with the Earth. The tidal evolution of protomoon orbits was short not only for the present value of the tidal phase-lag but also for a considerably smaller value. The coalescence of protomoons into a single Moon had to occur before the formation of the observed relief on the Moon. If we accept the age 3.9 × 10⁹ yr for the excavation of the Imbrium basin and ascribe the latter to the impact of an Earth satellite, this collision had to be roughly at 30R, whereR is the radius of the Earth, because the Moon at that time had to be somewhere at this distance. Therefore, the protomoons had to be orbiting inside 20–25R, and their coalescence had to occur more than 4.0x10⁹ yr ago. The energy release at coalescence is equivalent to several hundred degrees and even 1000 K. The process is very rapid (of the order of one hour). Therefore, the model is valid for the initial conditions of the Moon.     

On the theory of the oblateness of the Sun

In this paper we first emphasize why it is important to know the successive zonal harmonics of the Sun's figure with high accuracy: mainly fundamental astrometry, helioseismology, planetary motions and relativistic effects. Then we briefly comment why the Sun appears oblate, going back to primitive definitions in order to underline some discrepancies in theories and to emphasize again the relevant hypotheses. We propose a new theoretical approach entirely based on an expansion in terms of Legendre's functions, including the differential rotation of the Sun at the surface. This permits linking the two first spherical harmonic coefficients (J ₂ and J ₄) with the geometric parameters that can be measured on the Sun (equatorial and polar radii). We emphasize the difficulties in inferring gravitational oblateness from visual measurements of the geometric oblateness, and more generally a dynamical flattening. Results are given for different observed rotational laws. It is shown that the surface oblateness is surely upper bounded by 11 milliarcsecond. As a consequence of the observed surface and sub-surface differential rotation laws, we deduce a measure of the two first gravitational harmonics, the quadrupole and the octopole moment of the Sun: J ₂=−(6.13±2.52)×10⁻⁷ if all observed data are taken into account, and respectively, J ₂=−(6.84±3.75)×10⁻⁷ if only sunspot data are considered, and J ₂=−(3.49±1.86)×10⁻⁷ in the case of helioseismic data alone. The value deduced from all available data for the octopole is: J ₄=(2.8±2.1)×10⁻¹². These values are compared to some others found in the literature. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005238718479     

Accounting for the viscosity of the fluid core in the problem of the physical libration of the moon

A two-component theoretical model of the physical libration of the Moon in longitude is constructed with account taken of the viscosity of the core. In the new version, a hydrodynamic problem of motion of a fluid filling a solid rotating shell is solved. It is found that surfaces of equal angular velocity are spherical, and a velocity field of the fluid core of the Moon is described by elementary functions. A distribution of the internal pressure in the core is found. An angular momentum exchange between the fluid core and solid mantle is described by a third-order differential equation with a right-hand side. The roots of a characteristic equation are studied and the stability of rotation is proved. A libration angle as a function of time is found using the derived solution of the differential equation. Limiting cases of infinitely large and infinitely small viscosity are considered and an effect of lag of a libration phase from a phase of action of an external moment of forces is ascertained. This makes it possible to estimate the viscosity and sizes of the lunar fluid core from data of observations.     

On some problems concerning the calculation of the form of the magnetopause and the electric field on the magnetopause in the framework of the continuum medium model

In order to understand the reason of the existence of the electric field in the magnetosphere, and for the theoretical evaluation of its value, it is necessary to find the solution of the problem of determination of the magnetosphere boundary form in the frameworks of the continuum medium model which takes into account part of the magnetospheric plasma movement in supporting the magnetospheric boundary equilibrium. A number of problems for finding the distribution of the pressure, the density, the magnetic field and the electric field on the particular tangential discontinuity is considered in the case when the form of discontinuity is set (the direct problem) and a number of problems for finding the form of the discontinuity and the distribution of the above-mentioned physical quantities on the discontinuity is considered when the law of the change of the external pressure along the boundary is set (for example, with the help of the approximate Newton equation). The problem which is considered here, which deals with the calculation of the boundary form and with the calculation of the distribution of the corresponding physical quantities on the discontinuity of the 1st kind for the compressible fluid with the magnetic field with field lines which are perpendicular to the plane of the flow in question, concerns the last sort of problems. The comparison of the results of the calculation with the data in the equatorial cross-section of the magnetosphere demonstrates that the calculated form of the boundary, the value of the velocity of the return flow and the value of the electric field on the magnetopause, agree satisfactorily with the observational data.