Support of unstable wedges along the Platamon railway tunnel under construction, in northern Greece

In this paper, support measures obtained with the RMR classification method were used for estimating the support capacity of wedges found in relatively shallow tunnels. This was done for the Platamon railway tunnel, in northern Greece, which is at present, under construction. According to our investigation, the safety factors, which were calculated using the above mentioned support measures, were much higher than the theoretically needed safety factor. In cases where the height of the wedges is much greater than their base and the rockmass quality is very poor, the proposed RMR support measures could be introduced. In these cases, additional techniques, which include steel ribs and shotcrete (together with rock bolts), could be used.     

公路隧道型钢喷射混凝土初期支护安全评价研究

公路隧道常采用复合式衬砌,按“新奥法”原理进行设计和施工。对于软弱围岩段,采用型钢拱架（或格栅拱架）+注浆+锚喷网联合初期支护形式,型钢喷射混凝土初期支护的安全性评价方法是实现支护动态设计的关键。对初期支护安全性评价进行系统研究,建立了型钢喷射混凝土安全性评价数值计算方法。首先,根据监测数据分析围岩最终沉降量、水平收敛值,作为围岩力学参数反演的依据;其次,采用反演的力学参数,通过地层-结构法数值计算型钢拱架喷射混凝土初期支护内力;最后,采用型钢混凝土安全系数计算方法计算和评价初期支护安全性。研究发现,型钢拱架喷射混凝土初期支护能发挥型钢强支护作用,而喷射混凝土达到设计强度后,混凝土起主要支撑作用,型钢间距对提高初期支护安全系数不显著。     

On the Application of the Novel Thin Spray-on Liner (TSL): A Progress Report in Mining Operations

Stability is the main problem in underground excavations that can result in rock-related accidents or closure of mines. This is often controlled by the geological condition of the rockmass and the in situ stress field where excavation is being carried out. Over the years, conventional support systems such as bolts, shotcrete and mesh have been the standard support systems used in difficult ground conditions to maintain stability of underground openings. The novel Thin Spray Liner (TSL) is a technology with an improvement in terms of support capabilities for difficult geological conditions. This technology is predicted to replace conventional support systems, as it offers a significant yielding capacity that is better than that of the traditional techniques of controlling strata. The performance of the TSL lies between that of shotcrete and wire mesh. The TSL has numerous advantages regarding rock reinforcement such as rapid curing period, fast application, high tensile strength, high adhesion properties that prevent movement of rock keyblocks, improved cycle times, reduction in material-handling compared to shotcrete, and a significant ability to penetrate joints. These advantages increase the allowance for mechanisation and improvement of safety in excavations. Despite various benefits of TSLs, there are shortcomings which make end-users to be sceptical about the technology. This study provides a detailed review of the mechanism, properties, composition and types, as well as the general and mining applications of TSLs. It also describes the challenges faced by the mining industry and other end-users in accepting the technology as a solution for stability issues in underground openings. In addition, some insightful suggestions are made as recommendations for future work on the development of suitable, effective and efficient thin surface rock support technology within limitations/constraints.

     

Polygonal patterned ground in central New Jersey

Polygonal patterned ground and associated sediment-filled wedges occur in thin-bedded shale in central New Jersey. During a dry growing season, numerous areas of polygonal ground were visible owing to differential growth of vegetation over the sediment-filled fractures. Construction sites where material was removed from the surface prior to excavation also revealed areas of polygonal ground. Measurements of the patterns show networks of polygons with diameters ranging from about 3 m to over 30 m, with an average of approximately 20 m. The wedges examined in vertical exposures range in depth from 25 to 260 cm (average, 125 cm) and in width from 10 to 240 cm (average, 50 cm). The infilling material of the wedges is mostly a sandy loam, although this material is not homogeneous throughout the wedges. The presence of ventifacts and frosted sand grains within the wedges indicates eolian activity during the formation of these features. The polygonal ground and wedge structures exhibit several characteristics similar to those of ice-wedge casts, and available evidence suggests they may have originated as ice-wedge polygons during the last glacial maximum.     

温度变化对深基坑钢管支撑温度效应影响分析

在基坑围护工程中,大量使用内支撑结构体系,在支撑体系中采用最多的是钢管支撑,因为其属于金属材料,温度变化对支撑结构的影响不容忽视。基于弹性热力学基本原理推导出空心圆筒热应力公式,同时考虑了围护墙的侧向水平位移,定量分析变温对基坑钢管支撑轴力影响,实测轴力值及数值解验证了计算公式的正确性。结果表明:解析解大于数值解,且解析解大于实测值,偏于保守,但差值不大可作为设计安全储备,便于工程师在今后设计过程中作为参考实例。     

基于接触应力反分析的隧道初期支护结构内力研究

利用现场监控量测的数据及时分析和评价支护结构的内力是隧道动态设计和施工的关键问题,对保证隧道施工的安全具有重要意义。根据初期支护中喷射混凝土自身特点,将喷层结构视为弹性地基曲梁,并运用弹性地基曲梁理论,通过喷射混凝土与围岩接触应力推求喷层结构内力的解析解,从而得到喷层结构的应力集中部位,方便后续制定施工安全措施。经台阶法开挖的隧道工程实例分析表明,从喷层与围岩接触应力出发来求解喷层结构内力解析式是隧道内力分析一种新的有效方法,为隧道结构的安全评估提供比较可靠的依据     

From micron-sized needle-shaped hydrates to meter-sized shotcrete tunnel shells: micromechanical upscaling of stiffness and strength of hydrating shotcrete

Knowledge on the stresses in shotcrete tunnel shells is of great importance, as to assess their safety against severe cracking or failure. Estimation of these stresses from 3D optical displacement measurements requires shotcrete material models, which may preferentially consider variations in the water–cement and aggregate–cement ratios. Therefore, we employ two representative volume elements within a continuum micromechanics framework: the first one relates to cement paste (with a spherical material phase representing cement clinker grains, needle-shaped hydrate phases with isotropically distributed spatial orientations, a spherical water phase, and a spherical air phase; all being in mutual contact), and the second one relates to shotcrete (with phases representing cement paste and aggregates, whereby aggregate inclusions are embedded into a matrix made up by cement paste). Elasticity homogenization follows self-consistent schemes (at the cement paste level) and Mori–Tanaka estimates (at the shotcrete level), and stress peaks in the hydrates related to quasi-brittle material failure are estimated by second-order phase averages derived from the RVE-related elastic energy. The latter permits upscaling from the hydrate strength to the shotcrete strength. Experimental data from resonant frequency tests, ultrasonics tests, adiabatic tests, uniaxial compression tests, and nanoindentation tests suggest that shotcrete elasticity and strength can be reasonably predicted from mixture- and hydration-independent elastic properties of aggregates, clinker, hydrates, water, and air, and from strength properties of hydrates. At the structural level, the micromechanics model, when combined with 3D displacement measurements, predicts that a decrease of the water–cement ratio increases the safety of the shotcrete tunnel shell.     

Practical Estimate of Deformations and Stress Relief Factors for Deep Tunnels Supported by Shotcrete

Summary. Even though ground-support interaction in the vicinity of the tunnel face is a typical 3D problem, tunnel support design is usually based on simplified plane strain models, which are strongly dependent on the assumed degree of ground stress relief at the time of lining installation. The paper focuses on tunnels supported by shotcrete close to the face, where the interaction between the loading process and progressive hardening of the green shotcrete makes the problem time-dependent. A constitutive law characterized by the time-dependent stiffness and strength of the shotcrete is employed herein. The results of an extensive parametric study based on 3D axisymmetric models are presented in the form of non-dimensional design charts, which can provide guidance to a preliminary evaluation of convergences and support loadings. Moreover a strategy is proposed to enhance the capability of simplified design methods (2D models, Convergence-Confinement Method). This consists in a “guided estimate” of stress relief factors, which again is based on the results of 3D time-dependent analyses. Finally, by way of example, the proposed method is applied to two well-documented case-histories.     

喷锚支护与管井降水技术在基坑支护中的应用

南阳市文化小区商住楼B座距白河较近,地下水含量非常丰富,水位较高,对基坑开挖的安全性影响很大,施工的主要难点是降水问题。通过制定严格的基坑支护及降水方案,保证了施工的安全。介绍了喷锚支护及管井降水设计和施工工艺在该工程基坑支护中的应用。     

隧道喷射混凝土强度增长规律及硬化速度对初期支护性能影响试验研究

隧道结构的围岩-支护特征曲线理论表明,初期支护强度变化及支护时机将极大地影响隧道周围围岩的变形及应力分布。相应地,作为初期支护重要组成部分的喷射混凝土,其喷射后的强度增长变化规律及硬化速度也极大地影响着围岩的变形及应力重分布。为探明喷射混凝土的强度增长规律及其硬化速度对初期支护性能的影响,结合隧道工程实践,进行了一系列喷射混凝土现场试验,建立了喷射混凝土强度和弹性模量增长规律,确定了喷射混凝土硬化速度对初期支护性能的影响规律。分析表明：（1）隧道喷射混凝土早期强度发展较快、较平稳,24 h抗压强度平均值为6.4 MPa,48 h抗压强度平均值为11.4 MPa。（2）在软弱围岩中提高喷混凝土的早期强度十分重要,是控制围岩变形和稳定的关键,喷混凝土早期强度越大,隧道初期支护作用越明显。（3）喷混凝土硬化速度对控制拱顶沉降变形效果较显著。与慢速硬化相比,喷射混凝土快速硬化时拱顶沉降减少10.4%,拱脚处减小17%,边墙水平收敛减少了30.7%。（4）喷射混凝土硬化速度对控制围岩塑性变形方面差异较小。（5）应充分考虑喷射混凝土的强度硬化过程,不考虑喷射混凝土硬化速度会在一定程度上高估初期支护性能,使其相应支护结构位移明显小于考虑硬化速度时相应的结构位移。     

沂源鲁村煤矿千米混合立井围岩稳定性分析与施工措施

基于沂源鲁村煤矿围岩稳定性差,塑性变形量大的实际情况,采用弹塑性力学分析的方法,分析了鲁村煤矿千米混合立井岩石开挖后围岩应力重新分布情况和塑性变形,进而确定是否采用临时支护措施,以确保施工安全。研究表明鲁村煤矿混合井围岩掘进深度大于780 m时,围岩变得不稳定,需要施加锚喷临时支护,同时增加井筒掘进荒断面,预留围岩变形空间。     

Schotcrete as permanent lining for the Furka base tunnel

Summary The lining concept of the 15.4 km long one-track Furka railway tunnel is described with particular emphasis on shotcrete application as a permanent support Altogether 70000 m³ dry aggregate/ cement mix and 115000 rock bolts have been applied. The tunnel was lined at a rate of approx. 400 tunnel metres per month using up to five shotcrete machines simultaneously. Systematic quality control throughout the construction work indicated an average uniaxial compressive strength of shotcrete of 40 N/mm². The support requirements were grouped into 16 different classes and an additional special class accounting for extreme geological conditions in some relatively short stretches.     

隧道喷射混凝土支护的曲线结构单元模拟

将一种新的曲线结构单元引入到块体一弹簧算法中,对圆形断面隧道围岩表面喷射不同混凝土衬砌的支护作用机理以及开挖速度对喷射混凝上材料早期强度的影响等进行分析,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

Stability analysis of shotcrete supported crown of NATM tunnels with discontinuity layout optimization

For tunnel constructed by New Austrian Tunnelling Method, the crown is the upper part of tunnel section, constructed during excavation process and supported by shotcrete. The stability of the crown has great influence on the safety of tunnel itself and the buildings above, which correlates, among others, with geometrical setup of tunnel and material properties of shotcrete and soil/rock. In this paper, aiming at analyzing the stability of shotcrete supported crown, a recently presented numerical method discontinuity layout optimization is adopted, which introduces a great amount of potential discontinuities cross over one another and provides a wide search space for efficient upper limit analysis. In the analysis, a well‐established hydration model of cementitious material is implemented for accounting the hydration of shotcrete. Then assumptions based on convergence‐confinement method are used for accounting the 3‐dimensional effect in 2‐dimensional analysis, finally providing time‐space–dependent assessments of stability of shotcrete supported crown.     

A Procedure for Determining the Reaction Curve of Shotcrete Lining Considering Transient Conditions

Summary The mechanical behaviour of a shotcrete lining is analysed in this paper using the convergence-confinement approach. A calculation procedure is presented which is able to provide the reaction curve of a lining with increasing stiffness, by taking into account the variability due to time of the shotcrete stiffness and strength, as well as the face advancement rate. The proposed procedure is also able to provide the change of the safety factor of the lining in time. This results to be a very useful tool for understanding the behaviour of this widely used support and for assigning its thickness to guarantee stability (also in transient conditions), with a known safety factor, during tunnel excavation. Received May 25, 2001; accepted July 18, 2002; Published online January 21, 2003 Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Prof. S. Pelizza and Dr. S. Xu for the help given during the preparation of this paper. The help of the Editor G. Barla is also acknowledged. Authors' address: Dr. P. P. Oreste, Department of Earth Resources and Land, Politecnics di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 1-10129 Torino, Italy; e-mail: oreste@polito.it     

双向土钉锚喷技术在重力式挡墙设计中的应用研究

将土钉锚喷技术应用到重力式挡墙的结构施工中,形成双向土钉锚喷重力挡土墙。以北京某奥运室外地下雨水收集池基坑支护工程为例,对它的设计原理、稳定性计算以及使用范围进行了详细说明,特别是对该方法在挡土墙加固方面的设计及施工方法进行了全面阐述。工程实践证明,该方法具有安全性大,施工效牢高,费用低的特点。     

喷锚支护在水工隧洞施工中的应用浅说

简要地介绍了对水工地下洞室施工中对围岩不稳定体,即碎裂岩体、松动岩体、软弱结构面、楔形体结构面等围岩喷锚支护结构的作用,喷锚支护结构的使用。     

不同分布距离的软弱夹层对洞室稳定性的影响研究

软弱夹层等不良结构面对地下洞室的围岩稳定与支护结构安全起着决定性的作用,本文研究了顶部分布有软弱夹层隧洞的围岩稳定性与支护结构安全性,重点研究了夹层分布距离分别为0.2B,0.5B,1.0B（B为洞跨）3种情况,总结了夹层分布距离与洞周关键点位移、围岩应力、围岩塑性区的关系,分析了不同的分布距离下喷层的受力状况,并进一步探讨了常见围岩类型(II类、III类、IV类)中不同分布距离的软弱夹层对地下洞室围岩稳定性的影响,得出了不同分布距离软弱夹层对围岩变形、应力、支护结构受力影响的一些量化成果。研究成果可望对地下洞室选线（址）、支护系统优化以及施工有借鉴意义与指导作用。     

淤泥质地层地铁隧道施工地表沉降预测及分析

南京地铁珠江路站-鼓楼站区间,穿越软~流塑状淤泥质粉质粘土地层和众多地面建筑物及密集地下管线。软~流塑状淤泥质地层压缩性高、强度低、易产生蠕动,围岩无自稳能力。在施工中采用大管棚+小导管超前预注浆+掌子面注浆隧道预支护方案及台阶法开挖与钢架、网、喷混凝土支护的综合措施。为了科学决策、安全施工,根据实际工况进行计算模拟、预测地表沉降,进行施工量测,实现了安全顺利施工,建筑物完好无损。     

隧道复合式衬砌初期支护极限状态模型试验研究

当前既有以及新建的隧道结构大多采用复合式衬砌形式,在长期使用过程中,初期支护不可避免会出现劣化甚至失效的情况,会对隧道结构整体的承载力及耐久性造成影响。通过室内模型试验,采用可劣化的石膏模型制作初期支护的各构件,对其劣化失效过程进行模拟,记录二衬结构的状态变化,再通过增加荷载确定隧道结构整体承载力的变化情况。试验结果显示,钢架和喷射混凝土层的劣化对二衬结构的影响要比锚杆劣化的影响大得多,然而单纯的初期支护失效并不会造成二衬结构的破坏,且二衬结构还有较大的安全余度;初期支护构件劣化都会造成隧道结构整体承载力的降低,锚杆的影响最为明显,钢架及喷射混凝土失效对整体承载力降低影响不大。