层状页岩力学特性及其破坏模式研究

采用MTS815型岩石力学试验机进行了页岩层理面不同角度取芯的力学试验,获得了其力学参数及破坏模式特征。试验表明：层理面不同角度试样力学性质存在较大差异性,平行层理面试样其抗压强度最高,与层理面夹角为30°时抗压强度最低,弹性模量随取芯角度的增加逐渐降低。单轴压缩,夹角为0°时破坏模式主要为沿多个平行层理面竖向劈裂,夹角为30°时沿层理弱面剪切破坏,夹角为60°时为大角度剪切破坏并贯穿60°弱层理面,夹角为90°时主要为层状拉张破坏。三轴压缩,夹角为0°时试样有多条破裂面,呈劈裂与剪切破坏共同作用;夹角为30°时,沿层理面剪切破坏;夹角为60°时,呈现剪切破坏,剪切破裂面与水平面夹角在45°~50°之间;夹角为90°时,以剪切破坏为主,有多条平行开裂层面。页岩层理面表现出明显的弱面特征,研究结果为水力压裂施工设计提供了技术参数。     

The use of the anisotropy of magnetic remanence in the resolution of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility into its ferromagnetic and paramagnetic components

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is often controlled by both ferromagnetic (sensu lato) and paramagnetic minerals. The anisotropy of magnetic remanence (AMR) is solely controlled by ferromagnetic minerals. Jelínek (Trav. Geophys. 37 (1993)) introduced a tensor derived from the isothermal AMR whose normalized form equals the normalized susceptibility tensor provided that the ferromagnetic fraction is represented by multi-domain magnetite. The present paper shows the close correlation between these tensors for a collection of strongly magnetic specimens containing multi-domain magnetite. In addition, acceptable correlation between the tensors was also found for a collection of specimens containing single-domain magnetite. A new method is developed for the AMS resolution into ferromagnetic and paramagnetic components using the AMR. Some examples are presented of this resolution in mafic microgranular enclaves in granodiorite and in gneisses of the KTB borehole.     

三角剪切断层传播褶皱作用理论与应用

基底断层在沉积盖层中传播所形成的褶皱形态难以用平行膝折褶皱理论进行解释,这在于两者的流变学性质有很大差异。Erslev提出了三角剪切断层传播褶皱理论,认为下伏断层的脆性强破裂变形为向上变宽的三角形分布式剪切所调节,三角形顶点固定于断层端点。Hardy和Ford拓展了这一理论并成功地建立数字模拟模型,Allmendinger进一步建立与完善了三角剪切的正演模型与反演方法。通过运动学模型预测结果与天然构造观察和相似模拟实验结果的对比分析,以及通过一系列力学模型对运动学模型的检验,三角剪切断层传播褶皱理论被证实并获得了广泛应用。对前陆盆地、克拉通盆地和走滑盆地的基底卷入型构造与走滑或斜向滑动构造,都可以应用三角剪切断层传播褶皱理论来分析变形样式及其分布特征。该理论可以有效地预测隐伏断层的初始破裂点、断层传播量与发育部位,已成功地应用于工程地质与地震灾害预报等方面。     

Measurement of streambed hydraulic conductivity and its anisotropy

 A method is described for the measurement of streambed hydraulic conductivity. Unlike permeameter methods, this method applies straight and l-shaped standpipes directly to streambeds for measurements of in-situ hydraulic conductivity in the vertical (K _v ) and horizontal (K _h ) directions, as well as in other oblique directions (K _s ). This method has advantages in determination of K _v values over grain-size analysis, permeameter tests, or slug test methods. Also unique to this method is that it provides K _s values of a streambed. The measured results can be used to construct a hydraulic conductivity ellipse and to evaluate the anisotropy of streambed sediments. Field examples from the Republican River, Nebraska, demonstrated the usefulness of this method in the determination of streambed hydraulic conductivity and anisotropy along or across a river channel. Results indicate that the K _h is about three to four times larger than K _v , whereas K _s values are larger than K _v but smaller than K _h . Received: 6 March 2000 · Accepted: 18 April 2000     

三角剪切断层传播褶皱作用理论与应用

基底断层在沉积盖层中传播所形成的褶皱形态难以用平行膝折褶皱理论进行解释,这在于两者的流变学性质有很大差异。Erslev提出了三角剪切断层传播褶皱理论,认为下伏断层的脆性强破裂变形为向上变宽的三角形分布式剪切所调节,三角形顶点固定于断层端点。Hardy和Ford拓展了这一理论并成功地建立数字模拟模型,Allmendinger进一步建立与完善了三角剪切的正演模型与反演方法。通过运动学模型预测结果与天然构造观察和相似模拟实验结果的对比分析,以及通过一系列力学模型对运动学模型的检验,三角剪切断层传播褶皱理论被证实并获得了广泛应用。对前陆盆地、克拉通盆地和走滑盆地的基底卷入型构造与走滑或斜向滑动构造,都可以应用三角剪切断层传播褶皱理论来分析变形样式及其分布特征。该理论可以有效地预测隐伏断层的初始破裂点、断层传播量与发育部位,已成功地应用于工程地质与地震灾害预报等方面。     

以静力触探为主提供土层承载力在淮安地区的初步验证

通过以淮安地区楚州园项目为例,介绍了该工程的概况、工程施工、检测结果、原因分析及其解决措施,从而验证以静力触探数据为土层承载力提供的主要依据而得出结果的准确性。     

Seismic wave velocity and anisotropy of serpentinized peridotite in the Oman ophiolite

Shallow seismic measurements in harzburgite from the Oman ophiolite performed in a zone where the maximum horizontal anisotropy is expected (vertical foliation and horizontal lineation) point to a dominant dependence of seismic properties on fracturing.

Optical microscopy studies show that microcracks are guided by the serpentine (lizardite) penetrative network oriented subparallel to the harzburgite foliation and subperpendicular to the mineral lineation, and that serpentine (lizardite) vein filling has a maximum concentration of (001) planes parallel to the veins walls. The calculated elastic properties of the oriented alteration veins filled with serpentine in an anisotropic matrix formed by oriented crystals of olivine and orthopyroxene are compared with seismic velocities measured on hand specimens.

Laboratory ultrasonic data indicate that open microcracks are closed at 100 MPa pressure, e.g. (J. Geophys. Res. 65, (1960) 1083) and (Proc. ODP Sci. Results Leg 118, (1990) 227). Above this pressure, laboratory measurements and modeling show that P-compressional and S-shear wave velocities are mainly controlled by the mineral preferred orientation. Veins sealed with serpentine are effective in slightly lowering P and S velocities and increasing anisotropy. The penetrative lizardite network does not affect directly the geometry of seismic anisotropy, but contributes indirectly in the fact that this network controls the microcrack orientations.

Comparison between seismic measurements of peridotite and gabbro in the same conditions suggest that P- and S-waves anisotropies are a possible discriminating factor between the two lithologies in the suboceanic lithosphere.     

覆岩离层形成的力学判据研究

采区上覆岩层离层注浆是控制开采沉陷的重要技术,离层的形成和位置判别对正确实施离层注浆具有重要意义。分析认为,可注浆离层的产生需满足3个条件：弱面剪切破坏、岩层完整性和岩层组的岩性差异性条件。利用这3个条件和莫尔-库仑破坏准则,建立了完整的采区上覆岩层离层形成的力学判据。结合采区上方应力计算的解析解或数值方法可以准确地、方便地确定离层是否产生及产生位置。     

隧道单层衬砌设计方法研究及应用

目前,在单层衬砌设计中应用较为广泛的是基于挪威法的Q系统支护设计法,但该方法涉及的参数有6个,在施工前及施工过程中测试这些参数经验性较强,准确性不高,而且费用较高;将Q法直接移植到中国的单层衬砌设计困难较大,不适合中国国情。在此背景下,提出以屈服接近度和围岩松动圈支护理论为基础的单层衬砌设计原则和方法,并结合合武铁路大别山隧道2号斜井进行了工程实践。首先通过地质勘查得到隧道所在地区的工程地质、水文地质特征以及围岩的物理力学指标,确定隧道围岩的屈服接近度,进而提出单层衬砌支护参数及喷射混凝土的力学控制指标,完成结构的预设计;根据隧道施工过程中实测的围岩松动圈范围,运用松动圈支护理论修正设计,从而形成一套完整的单层衬砌设计方法体系。实践表明,提出的单层衬砌设计方法经济适用、对施工干扰小,适合信息化施工,且施作完成的单层衬砌结构安全可靠,具有显著的经济效益和社会效益,有较大的推广前景。     

断层相关褶皱理论与应用研究新进展

自Rich(1934)提出断层转折褶皱的几何学概念以来,Suppe(1983)首次将其定量化,建立了褶皱形态与断层形态和断层滑动之间的定量关系,奠立了断层相关褶皱理论的基本模型。20年来,不但建立了断层传播褶皱、断层滑脱褶皱等基本端员类型的几何学与运动学模型,也建立与完善了断层相关褶皱叠加样式的几何学与运动学模型,例如叠瓦构造、构造楔与干涉构造等。研究同构造沉积作用,建立了生长断层相关褶皱的几何学与运动学模型,将沉积作用与断裂作用、褶皱作用及构造隆升作用等有机地联系起来。考虑地层的力学性质与变形差异,提出与建立了剪切断层转折褶皱理论,并建立了断层相关褶皱的一系列力学模型。20年来,断层相关褶皱的基本研究方法经历了由二维剖面与平面分析向全三维空间分析的转变,由几何学、运动学模型向力学模型的转变,实验模拟技术与数值模拟技术在断层相关褶皱理论模型的建立与检验中发挥了重要作用。断层相关褶皱的理论和方法在工程地质、地震灾害预报与油气勘探开发等领域获得了广泛的应用。中国在天山、祁连山和龙门山等相邻的前陆盆地的活动构造与含油气圈闭研究中,应用断层相关褶皱的理论与方法取得了重要进展。     

Impact of mechanical heterogeneity on joint density in a welded ignimbrite

Joints are conduits for groundwater, hydrocarbons and hydrothermal fluids. Robust fluid flow models rely on accurate characterisation of joint networks, in particular joint density. It is generally assumed that the predominant factor controlling joint density in layered stratigraphy is the thickness of the mechanical layer where the joints occur. Mechanical heterogeneity within the layer is considered a lesser influence on joint formation. We analysed the frequency and distribution of joints within a single 12-m thick ignimbrite layer to identify the controls on joint geometry and distribution. The observed joint distribution is not related to the thickness of the ignimbrite layer. Rather, joint initiation, propagation and termination are controlled by the shape, spatial distribution and mechanical properties of fiamme, which are present within the ignimbrite. The observations and analysis presented here demonstrate that models of joint distribution, particularly in thicker layers, that do not fully account for mechanical heterogeneity are likely to underestimate joint density, the spatial variability of joint distribution and the complex joint geometries that result. Consequently, we recommend that characterisation of a layer’s compositional and material properties improves predictions of subsurface joint density in rock layers that are mechanically heterogeneous.     

冻土与结构接触界面层力学试验系统研制及应用

在天然冻土区或人工冻土工程中存在着大量冻土与结构物接触界面层问题,目前有关此类接触界面层力学变形性能的试验研究手段缺乏。为此,在已研制大型多功能冻土-结构接触面循环直剪系统DDJ-1基础上,改制冻土剪切盒,凸出冻土试样界面层,研发微变形测量系统,组成冻土与结构接触界面层力学试验系统。该系统不仅能实现不同边界条件下接触界面的力学特性试验,而且能测量和分析接触界面层不同位置的冻土体位移,分析研究不同冻土温度、不同结构粗糙度、不同法向荷载作用下界面层冻土体变形特性。试验结果表明,该系统能准确再现冻土与结构接触界面层的力学变形行为,可为系统开展冻土-结构接触界面层的研究提供试验基础。     

Direct measurement of 3D elastic anisotropy on rocks from the Ivrea zone (Southern Alps, NW Italy)

Lower crustal and upper mantle rocks exposed at the earth's surface present direct possibility to measure their physical properties that must be, in other cases, interpreted using indirect methods. The results of these direct measurements can be then used for the corrections of models based on the indirect data. Elastic properties are among the most important parameters studied in geophysics and employed in many fields of earth sciences. In laboratory, dynamic elastic properties are commonly tested in three mutually perpendicular directions. The spatial distribution of P- and S-wave velocities are then computed using textural data, modal composition, density and elastic constants. During such computation, it is virtually impossible to involve all microfabric parameters like different types of microcracking, micropores, mineral alteration or quality of grain boundaries.

In this study, complete 3D ultrasonic transmission of spherical samples in 132 independent directions at several levels of confining pressure up to 400 MPa has been employed for study of selected mafic and ultrabasic rocks sampled in and nearby Balmuccia ultrabasic massif (Ivrea zone, Southern Alps, NW Italy). This method revealed large directional variance of maximum P-wave velocity and different symmetries (orthorhombic vs. transversal isotropic) of elastic waves 3D distribution that has not been recorded on these rocks before. Moreover, one dunite sample exhibits P-wave velocity approaching to that of olivine single crystal being interpreted as influence of CPO.     

基于塑性损伤的黏土岩力学特性研究

一系列三轴压缩试验表明,黏土岩的力学特性与其应力状态相关。主要表现为:围压越大,黏土岩试样应力峰值越大,且峰值出现得越晚。这是因为高围压试样内部微裂纹闭合趋势更加明显,从而对于微裂纹的发展具有一定的抑制作用。但在软化过程中应力的跌落程度受围压影响不大,这是因为软化过程中,不同围压作用下试样内部的微裂纹均逐渐贯通,并发展成同类型的剪切面,对试样力学性能的削弱大致相同。在试验研究基础上,以微裂纹作为损伤基元,引入受应力状态影响的损伤演化方程(因微裂纹的发展受应力变化影响),建立新的本构模型,通过Abaqus及子程序对新模型进行数值实现。模拟结果与试验结果对比表明,该模型可以有效地描述黏土岩的力学特性。研究成果为黏土岩相关地下工程施工提供了更可靠的理论指导。     

Seismic response and anisotropy of a model hcp iron inner core

We present a framework for simulating the measurement of seismic anisotropy in a model inner core by computing travel time residuals of synthetic seismic rays propagated through the model. The method is first tested on simple inner core structural models consisting of layers with distinct anisotropy, as often proposed in the literature. Those models are not consistent with geodynamics. Hence, we extend the method to a numerically grown inner core composed of ɛ-Fe with flow generated from an excess of crystallization in the equatorial belt, inducing polycrystalline textures. The global inner core anisotropy is seven times smaller than that of the single-crystal. Compositional stratification amplifies the global anisotropy by 15% while the addition of solidification textures reduces it by a factor of two. As such, and within the tested geodynamical models, no published elastic model of ɛ-Fe at inner core conditions allows one to reproduce the 3% cylindrical anisotropy reported in seismology publications. In addition, our models demonstrate that additional information, such as the depth dependence and the spread of the observed anisotropy is a key for revealing the dynamics and history of the inner core.     

煤镜质组反射率各向异性特征在构造应力场分析中的应用

煤镜质组反射率各向异性分析,是研究煤田构造应力场的一种有效方法。本文阐述了镜质组反射率各向异性的成因、取样、测量以及资料的处理方法。通过洪山殿煤矿区的镜质组反射率各向异性分析,得出了本区存在多期构造应力场叠加的结论。     

Geometry and evolution of superposed folding in the Zawar lead-zinc mineralised belt,Rajasthan

The lead-zinc bearing Proterozoic rocks of Zawar, Rajasthan, show classic development of small-scale structures resulting from superposed folding and ductile shearing. The most penetrative deformation structure noted in the rocks is a schistosity (S ₁) axial planar to a phase of isoclinal folding (F ₁). The lineations which parallel the hinges ofF ₁ folds are deformed by a set of folds (F ₂) having vertical or very steep axial planes. At many places a crenulation cleavage (S ₂) has developed subparallel to the axial planes ofF ₂ folds, particularly in the psammopelitic rocks. The plunge and trend ofF ₂ folds vary widely over the area. Deformation ofF ₂ folds into hook-shaped geometry and development of another set of axial planar crenulation cleavage are the main imprints of the third generation folds (F ₃) in the region. In addition to these, there are at least two other sets of cleavage planes with corresponding folds in small scales. More common among these is a set of recumbent and reclined folds (F ₄), developed on steeply dipping early-formed planes. Kink bands and associated sharp-hinged folds represent the other set (F ₅). Two major refolded folds are recognizable in the map pattern of the Zawar mineralised belt. The larger of the two, the Main Zawar Fold (MZF), shows a broad hook-shaped geometry. The other large-scale structure is the Zawarmala fold, lying south-west of the MZF. Both the major structures show truncation of lithological units along their respective east ‘limbs’, and extreme variation in the width of formations. The MZF is primarily the result of superimposition ofF ₃ onF ₂.F ₁ folds are relatively smaller in scale and are recognizable in the quartzite unit which responded to deformation mainly by buckle shortening. Large-scale pinching-and-swelling that appears in the outcrop pattern seems to be a pre-F₂ feature. The structural evolutionary model worked out to explain the chronology of the deformational features and the large-scale out-crop pattern envisages extreme east-west shortening following formation ofF ₁ structures, resulting in the formation of tight and isoclinal antiforms (F ₂) with pinched-in synforms in between. These latter zones evolved into a number of ductile shear zones (DSZs). The east-west refolding of the large-scaleF ₂ isoclinal antiforms seems to be the consequence of a continuous deformation and resultant migration of folds along the DSZs. The main shear zone which wraps the Zawar folds followed a curved path. Because of the penetrative nature of theF ₂ movement, the early lineations which were at high angles to the later ones (as is evident in the west of Zawarmala), became subparallel to the trend ofF ₂ folding over a large part of the area. Further, the virtually coaxial nature ofF ₂ andF ₃ folds and the refolding ofF ₃ folds by a new set of N-S folds is an indication of continuous progressive deformation.     

考虑桩侧土软化的单桩性状计算分析

在分析单桩桩侧土工作性状的基础上,提出了一种考虑桩侧土软化效应的荷载传递函数,分析了模型曲线随其中2个参数a和 b的变化规律。将该传递函数应用于单桩性状的分析,与采用常规的双曲线型传递函数的计算结果进行对比分析对比结果表明,采用该模型计算出来的单桩承载力更合理和准确。     

Separation of rifting and lithospheric folding signatures in the NW-Alpine foreland

The development of the Alpine mountain belt has been governed by the convergence of the African and European plates since the Late Cretaceous. During the Cenozoic, this orogeny was accompanied with two major kinds of intraplate deformation in the NW-European foreland: (1) the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS), a left-lateral transtensional wrench zone striking NNE-SSW between the western Mediterranean Sea and the Bohemian Massif; (2) long-wavelength lithospheric folds striking NE and located between the Alpine front and the North Sea. The present-day geometry of the European crust comprises the signatures of these two events superimposed on all preceding ones. In order to better define the processes and causes of each event, we identify and separate their respective geometrical signatures on depth maps of the pre-Mesozoic basement and of the Moho. We derive the respective timing of rifting and folding from sedimentary accumulation curves computed for selected locations of the Upper Rhine Graben. From this geometrical and chronological separation, we infer that the ECRIS developed mostly from 37 to 17 Ma, in response to north-directed impingement of Adria into the European plate. Lithospheric folds developed between 17 and 0 Ma, after the azimuth of relative displacement between Adria and Europe turned counter-clockwise to NW–SE. The geometry of these folds (wavelength = 270 km; amplitude = 1,500 m) is consistent with the geometry, as predicted by analogue and numerical models, of buckle folds produced by horizontal shortening of the whole lithosphere. The development of the folds resulted in ca. 1,000 m of rock uplift along the hinge lines of the anticlines (Burgundy–Swabian Jura and Normandy–Vogelsberg) and ca. 500 m of rock subsidence along the hinge line of the intervening syncline (Sologne–Franconian Basin). The grabens of the ECRIS were tilted by the development of the folds, and their rift-related sedimentary infill was reduced on anticlines, while sedimentary accumulation was enhanced in synclines. We interpret the occurrence of Miocene volcanic activity and of topographic highs, and the basement and Moho configurations in the Vosges–Black Forest area and in the Rhenish Massif as interference patterns between linear lithospheric anticlines and linear grabens, rather than as signatures of asthenospheric plumes.

并联基础隔震体系的隔震层力学特性研究

并联基础隔震结构是由橡胶隔震支座与摩擦滑移隔震支座并联组合形成的隔震结构,结构中两种型式的隔震支座相互取长补短,可以有效地降低隔震结构的造价。由于两种隔震支座竖向刚度的不同,在地震作用下,隔震层发生水平位移时,将引起轴力由橡胶隔震支座向摩擦滑移支座转移,这种轴力的重新分配对整个系统是有利的,使系统可以根据水平地震作用的大小来改变系统本身的耗能能力。根据合理的假设,推导了该种结构隔震支座的轴力随水平位移的变化关系,得出摩擦滑移隔震支座的力与位移曲线呈蝶形的结论。