中国剑龙类恐龙化石

我国中生代陆相沉积地层发育、分布广泛,有近百个恐龙化石产地分布,从东部的山东半岛到西部的甘肃、新疆;从云南、四川到内蒙古和黑龙江。目前,我国已经成为世界上发现恐龙化石最多的国家,已研究命名的恐龙种类达210多个。其中剑龙类恐龙化石9属10种,包括在国内外都享有盛名的华阳龙、沱江龙、嘉陵龙、巨棘龙、将军龙。太白华阳龙化石的发现为剑龙类起源于东亚提供了佐证,四川巨棘龙副肩棘原始埋藏状态的发现使研究人员对其功能和意义有了新的认识,四川巨棘龙皮肤印模化石的发现对认识剑龙类表皮结构提供了新的证据。     

中国剑龙类的发展史和演化

剑龙类恐龙是一类长有骨板的中-大型有甲类恐龙。其最明显的特征是从颈部到尾部沿背脊有两列直立的骨板,呈对称或交错排列。已知最早的剑龙类恐龙发现于中侏罗世的欧洲和中国,在侏罗纪末期剑龙类迅速繁衍,在全球都有分布,但随后在白垩纪早期开始消亡。中国至今所发现的剑龙类恐龙化石有几十个个体材料,发表的属种共计9属10种,分别为嘉陵龙、乌尔禾龙、芒康龙、营山龙、华阳龙、沱江龙、重庆龙、巨棘龙,将军龙。从地层分布、头部、腰带、肢骨比值和骨板几个特征来看,中国剑龙类应该有一个从华阳龙-重庆龙-巨棘龙-沱江龙-营山龙-芒康龙-乌尔禾龙的演化过程。     

四川盆地剑龙类腰带演化

四川盆地是中国剑龙类恐龙化石产出的集中地,主要包括华阳龙、沱江龙、巨棘龙、重庆龙、嘉陵龙、营山龙6属。除嘉陵龙外,另外5属均有腰带结构保存。剑龙类腰带是除了骨板外另一个重要的鉴定特征。该五属分布在4个连续的化石层,形成四川盆地的侏罗纪剑龙一条连续生长线。剑龙类腰带特征主要体现在髂骨、坐骨和耻骨的形态,根据其特征,可找到剑龙类从比较原始类型到进步类型的演化关系。四川盆地剑龙类有一个从华阳龙-重庆龙-巨棘龙-沱江龙-营山龙的演化过程,太白华阳龙是最原始的剑龙类,巨棘龙继承了部分原始性状,但它比华阳龙更为进步,巨棘龙应该是处于华阳龙和沱江龙之间的一个过渡类型,且与沱江龙的亲缘关系更近,是一类进化中的剑龙,营山龙位于四川盆地剑龙类演化的顶端。     

四川省旺苍县沙溪庙组恐龙化石的发现及其沉积环境

四川省是我国重要的恐龙化石遗迹产地,长期以来的发掘工作发现了丰富的恐龙化石种属。2021年,在广元市旺苍县中侏罗统沙溪庙组上段发现了一组以蜥脚类恐龙为主,虚骨龙类、肉食龙类、剑龙、龟类等为辅的化石,为目前国内罕见的化石种群丰富、密集度大、分布集中的恐龙化石埋藏点。通过地质填图、剖面揭露、化石统计、微相分析等手段,综合分析了岩性组合、构造特征等因素,认为研究区的碎屑物源来自龙门山、大巴山、米仓山方向,沉积环境为三角洲平原亚相河道微相和河道间微相;埋藏特征显示研究区内化石为异地埋藏,但未经过远距离搬运。旺苍县恐龙化石的发现再次证实四川盆地具有考察、研究和发掘恐龙化石的优越条件,研究可为深入研究四川盆地古环境与古生态变迁、盆地恐龙的系统演化提供参考。     

黑龙江嘉荫地区晚白垩世兽脚类恐龙牙齿的发现及其意义

黑龙江嘉荫地区是中国最早发现恐龙化石的产地,在我国晚白垩世恐龙的研究史上具有极其重要的意义。该地区曾发掘出土大量鸭嘴龙类化石,是研究大型鸟脚类恐龙尤其是鸭嘴龙类系统分类和演化的理想地区。但相对应于鸭嘴龙类化石来说,兽脚类恐龙化石在该地区的发现却较为鲜见,主要以牙齿的形式出现。本文主要对最近在该地发现的一批兽脚类恐龙的牙齿化石进行详细描述对比,初步研究显示含有霸王龙类、驰龙类、白鲨齿龙、福井盗龙以及可能为新的兽脚类恐龙的牙齿。     

四川珙县发现罕见的恐龙化石群

1997年5月,四川地勘局202地质队在川南进行1：5万区调过程中,在测制洪县石碑乡保罗系自流并组东岳庙段地层剖面时,发现大量恐龙化石。经研究表明,这批化石为距今大约1．9亿年前的恐龙动物群,排列有序地埋藏于低能极浅湖沼环境之中,其中以原始的螨脚类恐龙化石为主,还有兽脚类等其他恐龙化石伴存。古生物学家已把软脚类恐龙命名为石碑供县龙。这次发现的恐龙化石数量大,类型多,保存良好,无论在国内还是在国外都是罕见的,它为研究螨脚类恐龙的起源和进化提供了重要的史实资料。四川珙县发现罕见的恐龙化石群     

论敦达古鲁巴哈里亚地区的陆相夹层及非洲其他地层中早白垩世恐龙化石的时代

列举并尝试对比了非洲早白垩世脊椎动物化石的主要产地。晚侏罗世(坦桑尼亚的敦达古鲁基默里奇期提塘期)至白垩纪最早期(南非的阿尔戈阿盆地凡兰吟期)的组合中含有剑龙、腕龙和梁龙,到前阿普特期(欧特里沃期巴列姆期?)被另一组合所取代。这一更年轻的组合中含有重爪龙亚科棘龙类、大头鳄类鳄鱼Sarcosuchus以及大型禽龙,它们主要来自尼日尔(ElRhaz组和喀麦隆(Koum组),部分来自利比亚(Cabao组)和突尼斯(Douiret组),后两组中还含有鲨鱼Priohybodus ar ambourgi。阿普特期(?)至早阿尔必期组合中仍含有禽龙,但是棘龙科棘龙类取代了重爪龙亚科。早塞诺曼期组合(Bahariya,Kem Kem)以恐龙Spinosaurus、Carcharodonto saurus,鲨鱼(Onchopris tisnumidus)和鳄鱼(利比亚鳄类、无棘腔鳄类)为特征。由此可知,中非的一些原先被认为是早白垩世的地层(坦桑尼亚的Galula组、马拉维的含恐龙层)为晚白垩世。脊椎动物化石在非洲陆相地层的对比中具有重要作用。     

山东诸城晚白垩世恐龙动物群研究进展

自从20世纪60年代初在山东诸城发现第一具恐龙骨架“巨型山东龙”以来,一系列具有代表性的恐龙骨骼化石在诸城白垩纪地层中被发现,特别是埋藏于诸城晚白垩世地层中恐龙骨骼化石群,最为引人注目。目前研究发现了包括鸭嘴龙类、角龙类、暴龙类等在内的多种恐龙类型,为丰富我国东部白垩纪恐龙动物群的研究提供了新的宝贵材料。该文系统总结和归纳了近些年来在诸城晚白垩世地层中发现的恐龙骨骼化石及其所代表的恐龙动物群类型的研究成果,同时又提出了目前依然存在的一些亟待解决的关键问题和研究意义,有助于下一步更好的深入研究诸城晚白垩世恐龙动物群。     

四川自贡地区晚侏罗世剑龙类皮肤印痕化石新观察

重新观察了四川自贡晚侏罗世上沙溪庙组巨棘龙皮肤印痕化石。化石材料清楚地显示了巨棘龙体被鳞片。这些鳞片总体镶嵌排列成网状。大多数鳞片呈五边形,少数呈四边形或六边形。鳞片之间以沟缝相接。小鳞片中散布有少量五边形或六边形的大鳞片,每枚大鳞片被13～14枚鳞片所环绕。鳞片表面粗糙,不存在“瘤状小突”,有条索状隆突。条索状隆突可降低环境光线造成的眩光,降低鳞片表面整体亮度水平。据原始埋藏的位置和鳞片的分布推测,四川巨棘龙皮肤印痕化石的身体位置可能为前肢的肘关节及其邻近的上臂、体侧的皮肤     

浙江白垩纪恐龙化石

浙江白垩系朝川组、中戴组、金华组、赖家组和赤城山组等地层中,已发现了数以千计保存完好的蛋化石,而恐龙骨骼化石却很少而且大多很残破。其中,目前能鉴别的恐龙有暴龙类（tyrannosaurs）、伤齿龙类（troodontids）、盗蛋龙类（oviraptorids）、鸭嘴龙类（hadrosaurs）、慢龙类（segnosaurs）、泰坦巨龙类（titanosaurs）、甲龙类（ankylosaurs）和结节龙类（nodosaurs）等,分布在天台、永康、东阳、丽水、缙云、金华和江山等广大区域,说明当时浙江存在过种类繁多的恐龙动物群。根据化石埋藏和沉积特征,在白垩纪时期浙江有诸多气候炎热、四面环山的大小盆地,恐龙多沿湖泊、河流筑巢生息,季节性的暴雨导致山洪泛滥,淹没了恐龙巢穴,因泥沙的快速掩埋封闭,巢穴里的蛋形成化石后保存较好。而恐龙或逃离,或尸骨被洪水搬运散落,所以、迄今除了已发现的4具不完整的骨架化石外,绝大多数是零散的骨骼。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861