夏季风数值模拟的最新研究

综述各国研究机构用各种模式对１９８７、１９８８年夏季风做数值模拟研究的结果。     

1998年东亚夏季风过程的数值模拟

The 1998 East Asian Summer Monsoon is simulated by use of an improved nine-level p-σ model, the boundary forcing is the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) reanalysis data from May 1 to August 31, 1998. It is found that basic features of the atmospheric circulation (such as the South Asia high and the West Pacific subtropical high) can be simulated fairly. However the South Asia high is a little stronger than the observed, while the West Pacific subtropical high a little weaker. Seen from variations of the time correlation coefficient, this model is good for the short-time climate simulation (less than two months), while for the long-time simulation, its climate drift is a little obvious. It can be also seen from the spatial distribution of correlation coefficient that the worse simulation areas of the model are located in the Tibetan Plateau and the adjacent northwest Indo-China Peninsula. For the simulation of precipitation, the movement of rain belt from May to June can be simulated, but the simulation of July and August precipitation shifts obviously to north of the observed. It is also found from the analysis of sensitive experiment that the improvement of the nested boundary condition has a great impact on the simulation results, especially on the precipitation, so the model and the nesting technique need further improvements.     

1998年东亚夏季风过程的数值模拟(英文)

利用改进的九层 Ｐ－σ模式和 １９９８年南海季风试验从 ５月 １日到 ８月３１日共 １２３天的再分析资料对该年的东亚夏季风进行模拟,发现基本的大气环流形势（南亚高压和西太平洋副高）均能模拟出来,但南亚高压模拟偏强,西太平洋副高模拟偏弱。由时间相关系数分析可以发现,该模式对于短期气候模拟（约２个月）效果较好,对于长期积分,则气候飘移较明显;由空间相关系数分析发现,模拟的较差区域位于青藏高原及其相邻的中南半岛西北部等地区。降水的模拟是较差的,五、六月份能模拟出雨带的大致移动,七、八月份模拟的降水明显较观测场偏北。由敏感性试验的分析结果发现,嵌套边界条件的改善对于降水的模拟影响较大。     

西南季风与登陆台风耦合的暴雨增幅诊断及其数值模拟

以登陆内陆后维持时间长、暴雨增幅的热带气旋＂碧利斯＂（0604）为研究对象,利用＂CMA-STI＂热带气旋最佳路径数据集、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及地面加密观测资料,讨论了西南季风与登陆台风耦合的暴雨增幅,分析了台风涡旋周围的水汽收支特征,发现净西风、净南风输送为暴雨提供了充足的水汽,在＂碧利斯＂登陆大陆减弱西行的过程中,西南季风对登陆台风的维持和暴雨增幅有重要影响。利用WRF（weather research and forecasting）模式模拟＂碧利斯＂登陆后的降水表明,该模式能够较好地模拟降水强度和暴雨落区,模拟路径与台风实际路径走向大体一致,但存在一定偏差;季风涌爆发时,台风中心南侧降水出现明显增幅。敏感性试验结果表明,降水强度对水汽输送大小较敏感,水汽输送减弱致使降水强度明显减弱,可见西南季风的水汽输送对暴雨的影响至关重要。     

青藏高原冬季积雪异常对东,南亚夏季风影响的初步数值模拟研究

利用一个耦合了简化的简单生物圈模式的大气环流谱模式（ＳＳｉＢ－ＧＣＭ），初步探讨了青藏高原冬季积雪异常对东、南亚夏季季风环流和降水的影响及其机理。结果表明，高原地区积雪增加将使随后地夏季东、南来季风明显减弱，主要表现为东、南亚季风区降水减少，索马里急流、印度季风的印度西南气流弱弱。另外，还提出欧亚大陆雪盖与整个高原雪盖和高原东部雪盖对东、南亚夏季风影响的敏感问题。与欧亚大陆雪盖相比，高原雪盖是影响     

南海夏季风爆发的数值模拟

利用高分辨率的区域气候模式 (RegCM_NCC) 对南海夏季风爆发进行模拟研究。研究表明:该模式对积云对流参数化方案的选择十分敏感, 其中以Kuo积云参数化方案为最好, 可以比较成功地模拟出南海夏季风的爆发时间、爆发前后高、低层风场的剧烈变化以及季风与季风雨带的向北推进。然而该方案对于雨量和副热带高压位置的模拟, 与观测相比尚存在一定的偏差, 主要表现为副热带高压位置模拟偏北、偏东; 南海地区的降水量模拟偏少、降水范围偏小。此外, 采用4种参数化方案 (Kuo, Grell, MFS, Betts-Miller) 集成的结果在某种程度上要优于单个方案的结果, 这种改善主要体现在对南海地区季风爆发后降水的模拟上。     

一个能反映梅雨现象的东亚夏季风指数

分析了东亚中纬度地区气候特点的特殊性,并针对此特性定义了一个衡量夏季风强度的指数.对其他东亚季风指数也进行了比较和分析,并针对1998年梅雨个例进行了讨论.这个新的东亚季风指数基本上满足了由Lau等提出的最佳季风指数的原则.该指数的特点为:(1)可以反映逐年季风活动的南北分布;(2)可以较好地描述梅雨现象,尤其对中国江淮梅雨有良好的指示意义,季风指数偏强时,梅雨量大,反之亦然;(3)它与东亚地区大范围的环流变化密切相关,当副高西伸,高纬度地区有阻高(或强脊)活动时属高季风指数,反之为低指数;(4)它也与前期厄尔尼诺现象有密切关联.     

0604和0605号台风的数值模拟与暴雨成因对比分析

利用MM5模式对0604号强热带风暴“碧利斯”和0605号台风“格美”进行数值模拟和水汽、动力、热力学分析。分析结果表明,“碧利斯”与“格美”前期都没有与北方冷空气发生作用,后期前者受到西南季风槽的影响得到大量水汽能量补充,在台风路径左侧产生强降水,后者的水汽、动力和能量条件较差,在华南产生的降水相对弱一些,但在北方冷空气的影响下在黄河中下游部分地区造成洪涝灾害。     

2008年东亚夏季风异常及其对江淮梅雨的影响

利用国家气象中心站点日雨量资料、NCEP再分析资料和NOAA OLR资料对2008年梅雨前后及梅雨过程中亚洲季风活动、副高及ITCZ的变化、索马里急流和南亚季风活动特征、亚太地区对流和热源分布特征等进行诊断分析,以揭示梅雨期间季风活动特征的成因及其对江淮入梅、出梅及梅雨强度的影响.结果表明,梅雨期间,季风组成成员复杂多变,无一能占绝对优势,各成员的配置均处于一个动态变化过程中,此长彼消,导致了梅雨期间雨带不稳定,是2008年度梅雨偏少的重要原因.ITCZ影响副高的变化,且超前于副高的变化,对江淮梅雨预报有重要的指示意义.6月初ITCZ突然显著增强,是副高北跳、江淮入梅的重要原因;而中旬后期ITCZ再次北抬并伴随台风登陆,直接导致了江淮出梅.6月初,索马里急流爆发,比多年平均偏早,导致阿拉伯海西南气流北涌、印度季风提前爆发,对江淮偏早入梅有一定作用.索马里急流的维持和消长对江淮梅雨的位置和强度也有一定影响.印度季风爆发及其后的变化影响印缅季风槽的北抬和其后的位置变化,并通过改变青藏高原南部和孟加拉湾热源的强度和分布,影响西南季风的东传和梅雨雨带.     

一次梅雨锋大暴雨过程的数值模拟分析

利用区域大气数值模式RAMS 6.0,模拟了2008年6月9-10日发生在我国长江中下游地区的一次梅雨锋大暴雨过程。结果表明,模式能较好地再现这次大暴雨过程以及中小尺度系统的生消演变。在这次大暴雨过程中,高低空流场的恰当配置、三支气流在长江中下游的汇合及低涡沿切变线东移等都为大暴雨的形成提供了有利的大尺度环流背景。低涡内生成的一系列中尺度对流系统沿梅雨锋稳定地向东北偏东方向移动并发展,是造成这次长江中下游地区大暴雨的动力机制。孟加拉湾到我国西南地区稳定的南支低槽和副热带高压外围发展旺盛的西南气流输送,为这次暴雨过程提供了充沛的水汽。     

Sensitivity studies of the RegCM3 simulation of summer precipitation, temperature and local wind field in the Caribbean Region

Summary We present a preliminary evaluation of the performance of three different cumulus parameterization schemes in the ICTP Regional Climate Model RegCM3 for two overlapping domains (termed “big” and “small”) and horizontal resolutions (50 and 25 km) in the Caribbean area during the summer (July–August–September). The cumulus parameterizations were the Grell scheme with two closure assumptions (Arakawa–Schubert and Fritsch–Chappell) and the Anthes-Kuo scheme. An additional sensitivity test was performed by comparing two different flux parameterization schemes over the ocean (Zeng and BATS). There is a systematic underestimation of air temperature and precipitation when compared with analyzed data over the big domain area. Greater (∼2 °C) and smaller (∼0.9 °C) negative temperature biases are obtained in Grell–FC and Kuo convective scheme, respectively, and intermediate values are obtained in Grell–AS. The small domain simulation produces results substantially different, both for air temperature and precipitation. Temperature estimations are better for the small domain, while the precipitation estimations are better for the big domain. An additional experiment showed that by using BATS to calculate the ocean fluxes in the big domain instead of the Zeng scheme, precipitation increases by 25% and the share of convective precipitation rose from 18% to 45% of the total, which implies a better simulation of precipitation. These changes were attributed to an increase of near surface latent heating when using BATS over the ocean. The use of BATS also reduces the cold bias by about 0.3–0.4 °C, associated with an increase of minimum temperature. The behavior of the precipitation diurnal cycle and its relation with sea breeze was investigated in the small domain experiments. Results showed that the Grell–Arakawa–Schubert closure describes better this circulation as compared with Grell–Fritsch–Chappell closure.     

Numerical simulation of pollutants removal by precipitation

The acidification of precipitation and the wet removal of pollutants in South China in spring are evaluated by using a one dimensional, time-dependent, physico-chemical model of stratiform clouds. The results are consistent with the mean field data. In the typical condition, the in-cloud scavenging of gases and aerosols is the major removal process at the begining of rainfall, then fractions of below-cloud scavenging of S(VI) from S(IV) oxidation, NH₃, HNO₃ and particles increase gradually. It can be treated as an irreversible process. Numerical tests show that the concentration of oxidants, H₂O₂ can affect wet removal of SO₂, as well as the formation and deposition amount of S(VI). The convergence of airflow can compensate partially the depletion of pollutants by wet removal.     

基于NCEP风向数据的中国夏季降水估算研究

提出一个基于NCEP风向数据估算全国夏季降水的模型。根据NCEP地面气压、经纬向风数据计算得到全国1971—2000年夏季各月盛行风向;并将盛行风向与宏观坡向夹角的余弦值作为降水的坡向因子,以此区分山体迎风坡和背风坡降水的空间分布。利用站点观测资料、数字高程模型数据、坡向、坡度因子,采用逐步回归分析法,建立估算夏季降水的回归方程,得到全国1971—2000年夏季各月及总降水量的空间分布图,并对模型结果进行检验与对比分析。结果表明,此方法估算夏季总降水量的平均绝对误差为27 mm,平均相对误差为11.8%。模型结果能体现迎风坡与背风坡的雨量差,符合客观规律,能够定性、定量地再现中国夏季降水的实际空间分布特征。     

Numerical simulation of the impact of vegetation index on the interannual variation of summer precipitation in the Yellow River Basin

Two sets of numerical experiments using the coupled National Center for Environmental Prediction General Circulation Model （NCEP/GCM T42L18） and the Simplified Simple Biosphere land surface scheme （SSiB） were carried out to investigate the climate impacts of fractional vegetation cover （FVC） and leaf area index （LAI） on East Asia summer precipitation, especially in the Yellow River Basin （YRB）. One set employed prescribed FVC and LAI which have no interannual variations based on the climatology of vegetation distribution; the other with FVC and LAI derived from satellite observations of the International Satellite Land Surface Climate Project （ISLSCP） for 1987 and 1988. The simulations of the two experiments were compared to study the influence of FVC, LAI on summer precipitation interannual variation in the YRB. Compared with observations and the NCEP reanalysis data, the experiment that included both the effects of satellite-derived vegetation indexes and sea surface temperature （SST） produced better seasonal and interannual precipitation variations than the experiment with SST but no interannual variations in FVC and LAI, indicating that better representations of the vegetation index and its interannual variation may be important for climate prediction. The difference between 1987 and 1988 indicated that with the increase of FVC and LAI, especially around the YRB, surface albedo decreased, net surface radiation increased, and consequently local evaporation and precipitation intensified. Further more, surface sensible heat flux, surface temperature and its diurnal variation decreased around the YRB in response to more vegetation. The decrease of surface-emitting longwave radiation due to the cooler surface outweighed the decrease of surface solar radiation income with more cloud coverage, thus maintaining the positive anomaly of net surface radiation. Further study indicated that moisture flux variations associated with changes in the general circulation also contributed to the precipitation interannual variation.     

夏季亚洲季风区的水汽输送及其对中国降水的影响

利用1948-2005年NCEP/NCAR逐日及月平均资料,研究了亚洲季风区水汽输送的气候特征及其与中国夏季降水的关系.结果表明:(1)亚洲夏季风区不论在纬向和经向输送上,都表现了其独特性.夏季亚洲季风区为强大的水汽汇,东亚大陆和印度季风区均有较强的水汽辐合中心.(2)大部分水汽集中在对流层中下层,主要来自印度季风区,而对于对流层中上层,则以西太平洋和中纬西风带的输送为主.(3)印度季风在5-7月纬向向东的输送加强,东亚季风在6-7月以经向向北的输送加强为主,7月达最强,8到9月季风减弱直至结束.亚洲季风区青藏高原南侧的南支西风对东亚的水汽输送有重要作用,表现为春季最强,中高纬和热带西风输送变化同步,在盛夏达到最大,7月热带西风输送的水汽占三支水汽总输送的80%左右,来自中高纬地区的水汽约占18%.(4)季风爆发后,大量水汽从南半球输送到亚洲季风区.水汽辐合增加最大在孟加拉湾、中南半岛和南海地区,中国大陆的水汽主要经南海北边界输入.(5)水汽输送的北进与雨带的北推相一致.水汽输送场的时空分析表明,EOF1和EOF2分别代表强弱季风年的水汽输送特征.EOF1反映了东亚季风区一致的异常向北输送,并且在1970年代末发生了明显减弱.它与华北降水相关密切,表明自1980年代以来东亚季风向北水汽输送的减弱是华北干旱的主要原因.EOF2的主要特征是从1980年代之后,来自东北和西南的异常水汽在长江流域辐合,导致长江流域降水增多.相关分析表明,东亚夏季风在年代际尺度上的变化对此起了重要作用.     

云凝结核对南京及周边地区夏季暴雨影响的数值模拟

利用WRF3.8.1模式,采用Thompson云微物理参数化方案,对南京2014年6月初的一次暴雨过程进行模拟;设置多组数值试验,从中选取清洁和严重污染两组试验,对比分析低、高云凝结核浓度对此次降水的影响。结果表明：1）Thompson方案对此次降水过程具有一定的再现能力,但对24 h累积降水量的模拟整体偏低,且随云凝结核浓度的上升,累积降水量增加。较高的云凝结核浓度有利于强降水中心强度增强、降水范围扩大,而对较弱降水中心则有相反的影响。2）云凝结核浓度的增加将抑制云滴向雨滴的转化,使更多云滴被输送到对流层中层,对流层低层的暖云过程被抑制。3）云凝结核浓度的增加使对流层中层的过冷云水增加,促进过冷云水向霰的转化,也促进雪的淞附过程,这有利于冷云过程的发展。4）云凝结核浓度的增加对暖云过程具有负反馈作用,对冷云过程具有正反馈作用。     

Numerical simulation of the impact of urban non-uniformity on precipitation

To evaluate the influence of urban non-uniformity on precipitation, the area of a city was divided into three categories (commercial, high-density residential, and low-density residential) according to the building density data from Landsat satellites. Numerical simulations of three corresponding scenarios (urban non-uniformity, urban uniformity, and non-urban) were performed in Nanjing using the WRF model. The results demonstrate that the existence of the city results in more precipitation, and that urban heterogeneity enhances this phenomenon. For the urban non-uniformity, uniformity, and non-urban experiments, the mean cumulative summer precipitation was 423.09 mm, 407.40 mm, and 389.67 mm, respectively. Urban non-uniformity has a significant effect on the amount of heavy rainfall in summer. The cumulative precipitation from heavy rain in the summer for the three numerical experiments was 278.2 mm, 250.6 mm, and 236.5 mm, respectively. In the nonuniformity experiments, the amount of precipitation between 1500 and 2200 (LST) increased significantly. Furthermore, the adoption of urban non-uniformity into the WRF model could improve the numerical simulation of summer rain and its daily variation.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源夏季降水观测中的动力损失及其修正

本文论述雨量计观测降水中动力损失的概念及其影响因素。通过不同雨量计观测降水对比实验资料的分析,评价了不同降水形态下各种防风圈的防风作用;揭示雨量计捕捉降水率与降水时段平均风速的关系,建立修正方案,确定真实降水量,修正乌鲁木齐河源夏季降水观测中的动力损失量。     

激光测风雷达PPI扫描监测风切变的数值模拟

低空风切变严重威胁飞机起降安全,而激光测风雷达在晴空风切变监测方面具有显著优势,但其监测性能受到风场特点和监测算法的影响。由于无法对局地空间风场进行时空同步精细化探测,且风场具有阵性,导致风切变监测会出现虚警率、漏报等现象,只能通过数值模拟仿真的方式,对不同风场的监测性能进行分析评估。本文首先仿真构建了四种具有代表性的风场类型,然后模拟激光测风雷达平面—位置显示（Plane Position Indication,PPI）扫描方式获取不同仿真风场下的径向风速数据,最后利用八邻域系统算法对径向风速数据进行风切变监测,验证不同类型风场下激光测风雷达PPI扫描方式监测风切变算法的有效性。结果表明,激光测风雷达PPI扫描结果能够真实地反映风场情况;八邻域系统算法能够有效识别风切变;在进行风切变检测时,应尽可能地考虑到多个方位上的切变值,避免漏报。     

2017年山东夏季降水特征及预测初探

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