内蒙古东部春季三类沙尘天气气溶胶散射系数及其与PM10、能见度相关性分析

利用内蒙古东胜、锡林浩特两站2004~2006年春季（3~5月）积分浊度计的观测资料,结合同期PM10质量浓度、大气能见度等资料,分析了背景、扬沙、沙尘暴、强沙尘暴等不同强度沙尘天气气溶胶散射系数的分布特征,讨论了不同强度沙尘天气过程中散射系数、PM10、能见度的日变化规律,以及不同强度沙尘天气过程中散射系数与PM10质量浓度、散射系数与能见度的相关关系。结果表明:散射系数能够很好地反映沙尘天气强度;随沙尘天气强度增强,散射系数日变化从双峰型向单峰型转变;沙尘天气强度较弱时,PM10与散射系数的日变化不相似,强沙尘暴过程中PM10与散射系数的日变化有一定的相似性;能见度与散射系数日变化趋势相反;散射系数与PM10质量浓度呈正相关性,沙尘天气越强,相关性越好,背景、扬沙、沙尘暴、强沙尘暴相关系数分别为0.201、0.809、0.898和0.953;散射系数与能见度有指数相关关系,随沙尘天气强度增强二者相关性逐渐增强,背景、扬沙、沙尘暴、强沙尘暴相关系数分别为-0.773、-0.870、-0.918和-0.940。     

大同地区典型沙尘天气过程近地层气象要素演变特征的对比分析

利用2009年3月-2010年3月大同国家基准气候站20m气象梯度塔的风向、风速、气温、相对湿度的观测资料及PM10质量浓度数据、气溶胶散射系数数据,分析大同地区典型沙尘天气过程近地层气象要素演变特征。结果表明,风速在沙尘暴、扬沙的发生、发展过程中均较大,浮尘较小。气温在沙尘暴期间受冷空气的影响迅速减小,而在扬沙和浮尘天气条件下温度的变化主要取决于长短波辐射的强弱和沙尘气溶胶的辐射强迫。相对湿度在沙尘暴期间基本上呈递增态势,结束后比发生前相对湿度增大,在扬沙和浮尘天气条件下,相对湿度与温度完全呈现出反相关关系,且相对湿度均较小。PM10质量浓度在沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘天气条件下依次递减。沙尘暴期间气溶胶散射系数明显增大。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘气溶胶对低层大气的加热效应

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站2006年8月1日-2007年7月31日近地层80 m铁塔逐时温度、辐射和5 minPM10浓度、黑碳(BC)质量浓度、散射系数等数据,结合地面常规气象数据筛选出四季沙尘过程,剔除云的影响,以每次沙尘过程的晴空为大气背景值,分析沙尘气溶胶对低层大气的加热效应.结果表明,沙漠腹地沙尘过程对低层大气日平均温度有显著的增温效应,扬沙在冬、春季最剧烈,日平均温度分别高出晴空3.4和3.8℃,沙尘暴其次,浮尘最小.沙尘过程显著地增大了大气逆辐射量,沙尘暴日平均为晴空的1.24倍,扬沙为晴空的1.21倍.沙尘影响低层大气温度梯度分布,显著缩短了大气的逆温时间,减弱了逆温强度.沙尘过程对低层大气增温的原因,春季是大粒子浓度的显著增大,冬季是吸收性粒子的增多,而夏、秋季则为小粒子浓度的增大和散射系数的增大.低层大气温度梯度在扬沙天气随PM10的增加而减小,主要由低层10m以下大气温度变化引起;浮尘天气主要与小粒子浓度关系密切,其影响高度最大,春、夏季可以达全层80 m,秋、冬季也可超过32 m;沙尘暴一致性较差,除秋季外,均由2 m以内温度变化所致.     

北京地区沙尘天气气溶胶飞机观测特征

利用3次沙尘天气期间的气溶胶飞机观测资料,分析了北京地区在3种沙尘天气下气溶胶垂直分布特征。结果显示:逆温层的存在对扬沙个例的垂直分布有影响。数密度谱的分布基本呈单调递减,但边界层内扬沙、浮尘和沙尘暴个例都在0.13~0.3μm间存在峰值,而扬沙个例在0.8μm,浮尘个例在6.5μm以及沙尘暴个例在2.8和6.5μm处出现次峰值。沙尘中细粒子的有效直径是人为源气溶胶粒子的4到10倍。浮尘天气整个粒子谱宽从近地面层开始随高度先增大后减小,到3000m达到最大,这与高空输送有关;扬沙个例沙尘粒子谱分布显示近地面层大于50μm段粒子谱无论数浓度还是谱宽都明显高于浮尘和沙尘暴个例,这与扬沙是局地大风扬尘引起有关;沙尘暴个例谱宽在接近云底达到最大,说明大粒子已经被携带到一定高度,与蒙古气旋云系的上升运动有关。     

春季沙尘天气对内蒙古地区颗粒物污染影响研究

利用内蒙古11个环保监测站提供的2014—2016年颗粒物浓度监测日均值和同期沙尘天气观测资料,从统计分析和个例剖析两方面探究了沙尘天气对颗粒物污染年变化的影响,研究表明:近3 a春季内蒙古沙尘天气的发生呈逐年增加的态势,中西部是沙尘天气频发地带,与之相对应,中西部地区颗粒物浓度的年变化高于东部,表明沙尘天气对颗粒物浓度的影响显著;春季沙尘天气对PM_(10)浓度的影响强于PM_(2.5),而当地供暖排放与之相反;沙尘输送以粗颗粒物为主,当地颗粒物污染排放以细颗粒物为主;沙尘暴过程对颗粒物污染的影响明显大于扬沙过程。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地气溶胶不同波段散射系数比较

利用2010年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站(下文简称"塔中")多波段(450、525、635 nm)积分浊度计和PM_(10)自动监测仪观测资料,并结合塔中地面气象观测资料,分析了沙漠腹地不同波段气溶胶散射系数的变化特征。分析结果显示:(1)塔中气溶胶对635 nm太阳辐射的散射作用最大,其次是525 nm,最小为450 nm。三波段(450、525、635 nm)散射系数平均值分别为:288.0、318.4、443.8 Mm~(-1)。(2)三波段散射系数日变化与PM_(10)质量浓度一致,都呈单峰变化:夜间高、白天低。在日变化中,散射系数始终保持635 nm最大,525 nm次之,450 nm最小。(3)三波段散射系数年变化基本一致,都与PM_(10)变化接近。1—5月中,除3月散射系数是450 nm最大外,另外4个月均是635 nm最大,450 nm次之,525 nm最小。6—12月散射系数都是635 nm最大,525 nm次之,450 nm最小。(4)三波段散射系数均是沙尘暴下最大,扬沙次之,浮尘最小。不同沙尘天气下,塔中气溶胶对635 nm散射作用都是最明显的,对450 nm和525nm散射作用不同:沙尘暴时,对525 nm的散射强于450 nm,在扬沙和浮尘时,对450 nm的散射强于525 nm,尤其在浮尘时。(5)三波段散射系数与PM_(10)质量浓度都呈显著正相关,PM_(10)质量浓度与525 nm散射系数相关程度最大,450 nm次之,635 nm最小。但是季节内相关程度略有差异:春、冬季PM_(10)浓度与450 nm散射系数相关程度最大,525 nm次之,635 nm最小。夏、秋季则是525nm最大。     

2010年春季民勤沙地近地面沙尘气溶胶浓度特征

为了更好地研究沙尘气溶胶起沙和输送特征,2010年4—5月,在民勤周边沙地利用EZ LIDAR ALS300ALS450型激光雷达和GRI MM180型颗粒物采样器进行了大气气溶胶的外场连续观测,取得了晴天、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴天气条件下沙尘气溶胶总后向散射垂直剖面图和PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0质量浓度采样资料,其中包2010年4月24日特强沙尘暴过程资料。结果表明:春季民勤近地层大气中沙尘气溶胶浓度较高,且随气象要素的变化很大;在整个观测期内,PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0的平均质量浓度分别为202.3、57.4μg/m3和16.7μg/m3。在不同天气条件下,PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度的变化有较好的相关性,但变化趋势有所不同。在沙尘暴天气条件下,PM10的日平均质量浓度高达2469.1μg/m3,是背景天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的100多倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的8倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的2倍。PM2.5在沙尘暴天气下日平均质量浓度为460.3μg/m3,是背景天气条件下PM2.5日平均质量浓度的45倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM2.5日平均质量浓度的6倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM2.5日平均质量浓度的1.4倍。PM1.0在沙尘暴天气条件下的日平均浓度为92.7μg/m3,是背景天气条件下PM1.0日平均浓度的13倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM1.0日平均浓度的7倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM1.0日平均浓度的1.3倍。可见,风速增大时,沙尘粒子浓度的增加对粒子粒径是有选择的,小粒子比重随沙尘浓度增加而相对减小,大粒子比重随沙尘浓度增加而相对增多。通过对2010年4月24日特强沙尘暴过程的研究表明,一次沙尘暴过程往往包括沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘天气中的两种类型。通过对激光雷达数据分析发现,在强沙尘暴发生过程当中,民勤沙地发生了非常严重的风蚀起沙现象。     

典型沙尘天气过程近地层气象要素演变特征

选取2009年3月至2010年3月期间观测到的3次典型沙尘天气过程,利用大同国家基准气候站的20m气象梯度塔的风速、气温、相对湿度的观测资料,PM10质量浓度资料以及能见度的部分观测资料,分析了近地层气象要素和PM10质量浓度的演变特征。结果表明:风速在沙尘暴、扬沙的发生、发展过程中均较大,浮尘较小。3种沙尘天气条件下,1m、2m、4m、10m高度与20m高度的风速比大致在0.48~0.84和0.41~0.79范围内,局地扬沙过程中近地层风速梯度较大。在浮尘天气过程中,观测到的近地层气温变率与同一季节的昼夜气温变率有较明显差别,反映了沙尘气溶胶的辐射强迫对局地温度变化速率的影响。在沙尘天气过程中,还观测到相对湿度与气温之间的反常变化,反映了来自于沙漠地区干燥气团的可能影响。总体上,沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘天气条件下的PM10平均质量浓度水平存在依次递减的趋势,但是沙尘天气的PM10平均质量浓度水平并不唯一与风速大小有关,尤其是在沙尘天气持续发展的后期,随着近地面沙尘颗粒尺度谱性质的改变,PM10质量浓度会出现下降,导致能见度、风速变化与PM10质量浓度变化趋势不相一致。     

贺兰山地区沙尘气溶胶瞬时谱分析及拟合

利用APS-3310A型激光空气动力学粒子谱仪，1998年4、5月和1999年4月在贺兰山附近的巴音浩特、盐池、银川等地采集了具有代表性的背景大气、浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴天气条件下沙尘粒子谱分布资料。对粒子瞬时谱的统计分析发现：不同的沙尘天气过程中，气溶胶的瞬时浓度存在很大差别。扬沙、沙尘暴天气过程中，气溶胶浓度变化较大；浮尘天气过程中，气溶胶浓度变化较小。沙尘现象越强，粗粒子（d〉2．5μm）越多，各粒径段浓度变化越明显。不同过程，粗细粒子对粒子表面积浓度贡献程度不一。沙尘气溶胶粒子谱型为单峰结构，对粒子的瞬时谱进行了谱型拟合，其具有对数正态分布函数的特征。     

2010年民勤沙地近地面沙尘气溶胶浓度特征

为了更好地研究沙尘气溶胶起沙和输送特征,2010年4—5月,在民勤周边沙地利用EZ LIDAR ALS300&ALS450型激光雷达和 GRIMM 180型颗粒物采样器进行了大气气溶胶的外场连续观测,取得了晴天、浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴天气条件下沙尘气溶胶总后向散射垂直剖面图和PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM_1.0质量浓度采样资料,其中包含“0424”特强沙尘暴过程资料。结果表明：春季民勤近地层大气中沙尘气溶胶浓度较高,且随气象要素的变化很大;在整个观测期内,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM_1.0的平均质量浓度分别为202.3、57.4 μg/m³、16.7 μg/m³。在不同天气条件下,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM_1.0质量浓度的变化有很好的相关性,但变化趋势有所不同。在沙尘暴天气条件下,PM₁₀的日平均质量浓度高达2469.1μg/m³,是背景天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的100多倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM10日平均质量浓度的8倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM₁₀日平均质量浓度的2倍。PM_2.5在沙尘暴天气下日平均质量浓度为460.3 μg/m³,是背景天气条件下PM_2.5日平均质量浓度的45倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM_2.5日平均质量浓度的6倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM_2.5日平均质量浓度的1.4倍。PM_1.0在沙尘暴天气条件下的日平均浓度为92.7 μg/m³,是背景天气条件下PM_1.0日平均浓度的13倍,是浮尘天气条件下PM_1.0日平均浓度的7倍,是扬沙天气条件下PM_1.0日平均浓度的1.3倍。可见,风速增大时沙尘粒子浓度的增加对粒子粒径是有选择的,小粒子比重随沙尘浓度增加而相对减小,大粒子比重随沙尘浓度增加而相对增多;通过对“0424”特强沙尘暴过程的研究表明,一次沙尘暴过程往往包括沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘天气中的两种类型;通过对激光雷达数据分析发现,在强沙尘暴发生过程当中,民勤沙地发生了非常严重的风蚀起沙现象。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.