基于数字化海图与多时相卫星遥感的 长江口九段沙形成演化研究*

九段沙位于长江河口南北槽之间,为新形成的河口沙洲,其形成距今只有50年的历史。利用对大通水文站1950~2003年的水沙资料的分析,结合对数字化海图和多时相卫星遥感影像的解译及野外现场考察,对九段沙形成过程和演化过程中的面积、体积、高程和地貌特征等进行了综合研究,研究结果表明九段沙自形成以来面积、体积总体上是处于增大过程中,高程也在增高,成陆化作用明显。但由于来水来沙的不同和河口动力作用,这种增长不是线形的,有时因受到冲刷而面积减小,高程降低。利用采自九段沙上沙的短柱状样分析发现潮间带和潮上带的沉积速率不同,植物群落对九段沙的形成演化具有一定的影响,但总体上九段沙正处于从河口沙洲向河口沙岛的演化过程之中。九段沙的植被保持着自然演替的原生状态,植物群落结构简单,生物多样性尚较低,以芦苇群落为代表的高等湿地植被主要分布在九段沙潮间带上部和潮上带,九段沙属于发展过程中的河口湿地。     

燕山冀北凹陷雾迷山组沉积相研究

在收集前人及野外采集资料基础上,利用薄片鉴定、岩石密度分析,对冀北坳陷中新元古界雾迷山组的岩石类型与特征、沉积相标志、剖面相研究了其沉积相类型。结果认为研究区属于典型的陆表海碳酸盐台地沉积环境,根据岩性及叠层石特征可细分为潮下、潮间和潮上带。其中一、二段由近35个小型韵律层组成了一个完整的由海侵到海退的沉积序列,具有自潮下至潮间再至潮上的潮坪相为主的沉积样式,为典型的雾迷山韵律沉积。第三段小型叠层石只见于三段的下部,而从第12层开始出现大型叠层石。第四段灰质白云岩中含沥青质块体,层理一般平直,或微波状,有时可见斜层理和波痕,为潮间带一潮下带沉积。     

川东北米仓山寒武系苗岭统陡坡寺组沉积特征、物源分析及构造意义——沉积记录的限定

川东北米仓山寒武系苗岭统陡坡寺组主要由碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩的混合沉积物组成,多数学者认为其形成于克拉通盆地。笔者等通过对陡坡寺组的野外地质调查,综合分析其沉积环境和物源区,探讨陡坡寺组的构造环境。米仓山地区苗岭统陡坡寺组主要为灰白色中—厚层灰岩和白云岩、紫红色薄层粉砂岩、泥岩及少量灰白色薄层细砂岩等,发育水平层理、结核等沉积构造,沉积环境为潮上带和潮间带。陡坡寺组砂岩中重矿物主要由锆石、电气石、金红石、白钛矿、重晶石等组成,指示沉积岩和岩浆岩的物源母岩类型。碎屑电气石电子探针结果显示,母岩主要为贫锂花岗岩类及伴生伟晶岩和细晶岩、变质板岩、变质砂岩等。碎屑锆石的物源分析表明主要来自于542～520 Ma和993～731 Ma的岩石,来自于冈瓦纳大陆以及康滇古陆等。根据陡坡寺组的沉积序列、重矿物、锆石年代学等综合分析,陡坡寺组形成于与碰撞相关的构造环境。     

四川仁寿牛角寨石窟盐风化作用机理与气候响应

川东北米仓山寒武系苗岭统陡坡寺组主要由碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩的混合沉积物组成,多数学者认为其形成于克拉通盆地。笔者等通过对陡坡寺组的野外地质调查,综合分析其沉积环境和物源区,探讨陡坡寺组的构造环境。米仓山地区苗岭统陡坡寺组主要为灰白色中—厚层灰岩和白云岩、紫红色薄层粉砂岩、泥岩及少量灰白色薄层细砂岩等,发育水平层理、结核等沉积构造,沉积环境为潮上带和潮间带。陡坡寺组砂岩中重矿物主要由锆石、电气石、金红石、白钛矿、重晶石等组成,指示沉积岩和岩浆岩的物源母岩类型。碎屑电气石电子探针结果显示,母岩主要为贫锂花岗岩类及伴生伟晶岩和细晶岩、变质板岩、变质砂岩等。碎屑锆石的物源分析表明主要来自于542~520 Ma和993~731 Ma的岩石,来自于冈瓦纳大陆以及康滇古陆等。根据陡坡寺组的沉积序列、重矿物、锆石年代学等综合分析,陡坡寺组形成于与碰撞相关的构造环境。     

现代渭河西安段沉积体沉积相与岩相特征

以渭河西安段草滩沉积体为例, 通过剖面和探槽的详细研究, 结合野外密集采样及样品的分析结果, 对现代渭河草滩沉积体的粒度特征、沉积相、岩相、地层层序及沉积模式进行了综合研究。结果表明, 现代渭河草滩河流沉积体主要由砂质、泥质和少量砾质沉积物组成, 是一个由三期沉积旋回组成的曲流河沉积体。在现代渭河草滩沉积体内部, 共识别出6种岩相, 即平行层理含细砾粗砂岩相、槽状交错层理中细砂岩相、平行层理中细砂岩相、块状层理含砾中砂岩相、交错层理含砾中砂岩和块状层理泥岩相;3种沉积微相, 即河床滞留沉积、边滩和泛滥平原, 这些沉积微相构成了草滩沉积体内部垂向上三套不同的沉积层序:下部为含砾粗砂和中砂组成的河床亚相层序, 砂质沉积厚度较大;中部为一个完整的曲流河沉积层序, 由滞留沉积、边滩和泛滥平原沉积构成;上部则主要为边滩和泛滥平原沉积层序。粒度分析结果表明河床滞留沉积物中的砂体粒径多分布在0.2~1.2 mm, 边滩沉积物中砂体粒径多分布在0.1~1.0 mm, 两者均是良好的砂矿体, 是建筑用砂的良好来源。     

宁夏香山群徐家圈组基本沉积单元

报道了宁夏香山群徐家圈组基本组成单元,即由细砂岩－粉砂岩－页岩构成的沉积序列,并将该沉积序列划分为密度流沉积层（Ⅰ）、牵引流沉积层（Ⅱ）和悬浮沉积层（Ⅲ）,进而探讨其成因。结果表明：①层Ⅰ主要由细砂岩和粉砂－细砂岩组成,且在不同厚度层之间无明显的粒度分异;②徐家圈组岩性系列中明显缺失细砂质粉砂岩,而这种缺失正好构成了层Ⅰ和层Ⅱ之间的粒度中断;③层Ⅱ发育两组交错层理,第一组是平行层理、准平行层理、复合流层理和小型丘状交错层理,第二组是单向交错层理、双向交错层理和平行层理;④层Ⅲ中的薄层泥晶石灰岩具有不平整的底面并在侧向上呈现出长的透镜状。结合相关的浊流沉积研究成果,综合分析上述结果,可得出以下结论：①层Ⅰ可能为具有高悬浮负载降落速率的高密度衰减流沉积形成;②层Ⅱ可能受内波、内潮汐作用的控制;③层Ⅲ可能以深海、半深海垂直降落沉积为主,并辅以缓慢的平流;④沉积时的浊流可能具有双层结构。     

贵州威宁沉积型赤铁矿矿石工艺矿物学研究

对贵州威宁沉积型赤铁矿石进行了工艺矿物学研究,重点研究了该矿石的矿物组成、主要矿物嵌布特征和主要含铁矿物赤铁矿的单体解离情况。研究表明,该矿石属于低磷、低硫、微细粒嵌布的赤铁矿石;矿石中主要铁矿物以赤铁矿为主,其次为磁铁矿和褐铁矿,主要脉石矿物以石英为主,其次为绿泥石、云母、高岭石等粘土矿物;赤铁矿嵌布粒度极细,平均粒度0.015mm,且赤铁矿与脉石矿物嵌布关系复杂。本研究为该矿石的开发利用提供基础资料。     

山东黄河北煤田石炭—二叠系太原组地层沉积特征

为了研究黄河北煤田的沉积特征,查清研究区内太原组地层的岩性类型、沉积构造、粒度分布特征,并进一步明确其沉积体系及沉积相的特征和沉积演化,本文根据野外露头的观察和室内岩心的描述、薄片分析,结合钻井、测井资料,运用沉积学、古生物地层学、层序地层学、岩石粒度分析等方法,对研究区的太原组地层沉积特征进行了详细的研究.结果表明:研究区石炭-二叠系的含煤地层太原组沉积物中砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩、石灰岩及煤岩均较发育,常见的含铁矿物主要是褐铁矿、黄铁矿、菱铁矿等;主要层理构造有水平层理、平行层理、交错层理、波状层理、韵律层理等,生物扰动构造非常发育;主要的生物化石发育于台地相灰岩中,包括蜓类、牙形石等个体较大化石;主要发育植物化石有轮叶、科达木、宽带羊齿等;太原组沉积环境比较动荡,为河流相或者浅海相环境,其陆表海盆地层序及内部单元的典型界面有最大海泛面、区域性海退界面和最大海退面,并依据其不同界面,进行了沉积相划分和层序地层分析;研究区内晚石炭世的太原组地层为陆表海沉积序列,其沉积环境演化主要是由海陆交互相沉积向陆相沉积的转换.     

柴达木盆地平台地区路乐河组沉积微相研究

根据钻井岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、测录井资料及分析化验资料,对柴达木盆地北缘西段平台地区古近系路乐河组地层岩心的沉积构造、粒度特征、沉积序列等进行详细研究,分析平台地区古近系路乐河组的沉积相类型及演化过程。研究表明,平台地区路乐河组主要受近源沉积控制,沉积了一套以砾岩、含砾粗砂岩、泥质粉砂岩和泥岩为主的粗粒碎屑岩,发育槽状交错层理和板状交错层理,成分成熟度和结构成熟度较差。粒度概率累积曲线显示碎屑颗粒沉积物主要由悬浮组分和跳跃组分组成,表明水动力条件较强,以河流相沉积为主。沉积微相类型以河床亚相的河床滞留和心滩沉积为主,其次为河漫亚相的河漫滩沉积和泛滥平原沉积。沉积相的研究清楚展示出平台地区古近纪早期路乐河组的沉积特征和演化规律,为该地区下一步油气勘探工作提供可靠的地质依据。     

贵州地区中三叠统垄头组沉积特征及其海平面变化意义*

为认识中三叠世拉丁期华南地区碳酸盐岩台地边缘沉积演化及其海平面变化特征,文中主要选取贵州关岭扒子场剖面,以岩石学特征研究为基础,建立中三叠统拉丁阶垄头组的沉积演化序列,来恢复其沉积时期的海平面变化特征。中三叠统垄头组按其岩石类型及组合特征可分为3段: 下段主体为核形石灰岩—叠层石沉积旋回,代表潮间带至潮上带环境。中段下亚段由核形石灰岩—泥晶灰岩—玛瑙纹层状灰岩旋回组成,最顶层的玛瑙纹层状灰岩指示地表暴露环境;中段上亚段为核形石灰岩—叠层石旋回,代表潮间带至潮上带环境。上段由代表潮间带至潮下带的核形石灰岩—似球粒灰岩旋回组成。垄头组沉积特征表明,该沉积时期黔西南地区海平面整体表现为持续上升,但在中段沉积时期发生过一次海平面下降事件,导致沉积物持续遭受地表暴露,随后海平面开始上升,又恢复到潮坪沉积环境。与国内外中三叠世拉丁期海平面变化研究结果相比,贵州地区垄头组中段沉积时期的海平面下降很可能是拉丁期大海退的产物,但自中段上亚段至上段沉积时期,海平面逐渐上升,与同时期的黔西南地区和全球海平面变化趋势一致。该结果对于认识玛瑙纹层状灰岩成因及中三叠世晚期生物复苏研究具有重要意义。     

Lithology and facies of the Burtasian and Khvalynian sediments in Manych

Results of study od the lithofacies structure of the Burtasian and Khvalynian sediments in the Manych Depression are discussed. The sediments are similar in the grain size and mineral compositions. They are mainly represented by clayey silt, as well as silty and sandy-silty clay with subangular fragments of crystalloclasts and lithoclasts. They are characterized by a low content of heavy fraction dominated by transparent minerals (apatite, garnet, biotite, chlorite, hornblende, and others). Ore minerals (limonite and magnetite) are subordinate. The Burtasian sediments are marked by thin-horizontal bedding. Bedding of the Khvalynian sediments is more diverse: horizontal, gentle-horizontal, and alternation with gentle crossbedded-diagonal (trough-like), crisscross-wavy, and other types of bedding. The lithological composition and fossil plant seeds found in the Burtasian and Khvalynian sediments make it possible to distinguish facies formed under calm (Burtasian) and calm flow (Khvalynian) hydrodynamic regimes of sedimentation in closed (lakes) and open (channels of the Khvalynian Strait) reservoirs.     

锦州湾泥沙来源、洄淤状况与建港条件分析

锦州湾泥沙主要来源于沿岸入海河流的输送,外海水体的携带与沿岸、岛屿蚀余物质的补给。每年进入湾内的泥沙总量约为３３—３５万吨,假如这些泥沙不再向湾外流出,在湾内作均匀分配沉积,则相当于在湾底铺上５ｍｍ厚的土。水准和水深重复测量表明,潮滩以稳定的弱堆积为主,水下浅滩基本处于稳定状态。该湾在非正常情况下产生骤淤的可能性不大。综合建港条件良好。     

广西铁山港海区表层沉积物与沉积相

本文论述了铁山港海区表层沉积物的沉积类型、碎屑重矿物、贝壳类,有孔虫和介形虫群的分布特征。根据岩芯中微体化石群,岩性特征和14C测定年代数据,确定沉积相及其年代,并讨论沉积物来源和运移。     

Depositional environments of Upper Miocene (Messinian) evaporite deposits of the Sicilian Basin*

In Sicily, Messinian evaporitic sedimentary deposits are developed under a wide variety of hypersaline conditions and in environments ranging from continental margin (subaerial), to basin-margin supratidal, to intertidal, to subtidal and out into the hypersaline basin proper. The actual water depth at the time of deposition is indeterminate; however, relative terms such as ‘wave base’ and ‘photic zone’ are utilized. The inter-fingering relationships of specific evaporitic facies having clear and recognizable physical characteristics are presented. These include sub-aerial deposits of nodular calcium sulphate formed displacively within clastic sediments; gypsiferous rudites, arenites and arenitic marls, all of which are reworked sediments and are mixed in varying degrees with other clastic materials (subaerial, supratidal, and intertidal to deep basinal deposits). Laminated calcium sulphate alternating with very thin carbonate interlaminae and having two different aspects; one being even and continuous and the other of a wavy, irregular appearance (subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal deposits). Nodular calcium sulphate beds, usually associated with wavy, irregular laminated beds (supratidal, sabkha deposits); very coarsely crystalline gypsum beds (selenite), associated with more even, laminated beds (subaqueous, intertidal to subtidal deposits); wavy anastomozing gypsum beds, composed of very fine, often broken crystals (subaqueous, current-swept deposits); halite having hopper and chevron structures (supratidal to intertidal); and halite, potash salts, etc. having continuous laminated structure (subaqueous, possibly basinal). Evidence for diagenetic changes is observed in the calcium sulphate deposits which apparently formed by tectonic stress and also by migrating hypersaline waters. These observations suggest that the common, massive form of alabastrine gypsum (or anhydrite, in the subsurface) may not always be ascribed to original depositional features, to syndiagenesis or to early diagenesis but may be the result of late diagenesis.     

湖北松滋刘家场地区寒武系叠层石沉积特征及其古环境意义

湖北松滋刘家场地区寒武系覃家庙组三段发育层状、不规则层状和柱状叠层石,三游洞组发育柱状和半球状叠层石。从层状、不规则层状、柱状到半球状叠层石,内部灰泥含量不断减少,纹层特征从明显到断续,反映了水动力条件加强的变化环境。从沉积岩石学角度与叠层石分类观点讨论得出,研究区不同沉积环境的叠层石组合类型有所差异,不同类型的叠层石主要沉积相带不同:潮上带主要分布层状(包括不规则层状)和柱状叠层石,潮间带主要分布柱状、半球状叠层石;层状叠层石主要分布于水动力条件较弱的潮上带,而柱状和半球状叠层石主要分布于水动力条件较强的潮间带下部。部分后生动物的大量灭绝导致叠层石微生物生长繁殖是松滋寒武系叠层石发育的主要原因。     

Inter- and supratidal sedimentology of a fjord-head estuary, south-western British Columbia

Detailed examination of inter- and supratidal delta and floodplain sediments exposed in eroding bank sections at 52 locations along the Squamish River estuary provides the basis for recognizing seven distinct facies within the 5500 m-long estuary. Estuary sedimentation is initially driven by the development of sand bar complexes along the seaward edge of the intertidal delta. Sedimentation continues within interdistributary bay environments as intertidal sandflats and then tidal marshes develop, Aggradation of the delta within interdistributary bay environments results in a gradual transition from delta to alluvial plain. Of the seven facies identified, only the intertidal sands and tidal marsh deposits provide evidence of their tidal origin. Examination of deposits throughout the riverine estuary reveals a number of gradual yet distinct changes of sediment size, structure, and sequence architecture. These trends record the changing nature of tidal and riverine control on sedimentation along the tidal gradient. Generally, with increasing distance up-estuary, sediment grain-size increases, the thickness of fine-grained overbank deposits decreases, and bedding changes from fine parallel bedding to higher energy bedforms. In addition, fining-upward successions become capped by coarser sands, facies contacts change from gradational to abrupt and occasionally erosional, and facies successions become increasingly complex and less predictable. Squamish River estuary has been divided into four zones based on sedimentological and stratigraphical evidence, each zone reflecting changes in the relative influence of tidal and riverine control on sedimentation. Each zone contains distinctly different facies sequences, although zone boundaries generally are gradational.     

胜利油区早古生代沉积相

早古生代，胜利油区作为华北地台的一部分，接受了一套以海相碳酸盐岩为主的沉积，其沉积相与其他地区既有相似性，又有特殊性。文中首先按沉积岩类型，将沉积相划分为碎屑沉积相系和碳酸盐岩沉积相系。根据岩石的沉积构造、指相矿物、生物化石等，将下古生界沉积相进一步划分为４个相９种亚相，并对各种相的特征进行了简要说明。在单井相分析的基础上，利用单因素和三端元作图法编制了基础图件，结合相序的变化规律和区域地质背景，对区内早古生代不同时期的沉积相展布特征进行了探讨：馒头期—徐庄期，基本为潮上到潮间带；张夏期—崮山期，发育有潮下浅滩和开阔海两种主要沉积相；长山期—早奥陶世，以潮间—潮下带为主；中奥陶世，以浅水的潮上、潮间带与较深水的潮下带间互出现。研究早古生代沉积相，对于评价碳酸盐岩储层和烃源岩有重要意义。     

邵东保和堂大冶灰岩沉积构造特征

保和堂大冶灰岩中发育丰富的沉积构造,对之研究有助于保和堂、乃至整个湘中的大冶灰岩形成环境的探讨。其第一段岩石发育了丘状波痕、丘状交错层理及粒序层理,是风暴作用的反映;泥裂、水雹痕属于暴露环境。说明大冶灰岩沉积的早期仍属潮上或潮间碳酸盐台地相。中期海水加深,发育了水平层理、变形层理及包卷层理等,近于台地边缘斜坡相。晚期的粒序层理、虫迹等构造,反映了海水再度变浅的趋势。     

STRUCTURES IN SHALLOW-WATER PRECAMBRIAN SEDIMENTS FROM NORTHWEST SCOTLAND

The paper deals with sedimentary structures in shallow-water Precambrian deposits of Lower Torridonian age in the island of Skye in northwestern Scotland. The structures described include irregular lamination, ripple bedding, festoon bedding and structures produced by local erosion and reworking. Evidence of penecontemporaneous disturbance thought to be due to the movements of quicksands is briefly referred to. Variations in lithology and structure within the succession are attributed to local differences in conditions within a possible environment of sedimentation in an intertidal zone with off-shore sandbanks.