Methods and results of monitoring of the natural telluric field in the Baikal rift zone

Variations in horizontal and vertical components of the telluric field are studied within the range of periods from a few tens of seconds to diurnal and longer variations. Variations caused by an external ionospheric source are used for studying the geoelectric heterogeneity of the medium. For this purpose, an electric tipper is introduced by analogy with the geomagnetic field and its frequency response is examined. The magnetotelluric impedance is studied using data of remote geomagnetic observatories. According to the data of monitoring of the electric tipper and magnetotelluric impedance, anomalous effects are revealed that can be related to earthquakes with K ≥ 12. A method is developed for the extraction of electric field anomalies produced by intraterrestrial electric sources.     

Results of monitoring the geomagnetic variations at the Magadan and Paratunka observatories

We analyze the magnetic tensor and tipper data in the interval of periods from a few minutes to a few hours for the geomagnetic time series of 2007–2008. The frequency responses, the polar diagrams, and the real and imaginary induction arrows which reflect the effects of geoelectric heterogeneities are calculated. The monitoring of the tipper and tensor data series revealed the annual variations in these parameters, which are caused by the changes in the electric conductivity of the lithosphere. The anomalous variations identified in the behavior of the magnetic tipper and tensor are probably due to earthquakes with M ≥ 6.3.     

Results of the monitoring of geomagnetic field variations in the Kamchatka region

The transfer function between the vertical and horizontal components of geomagnetic field variations is studied and the frequency responses of its parameters are presented. The relation to geoelectric heterogeneities of the medium is analyzed. The coast effect is considered and a deep curve of the apparent electrical resistivity constructed on its basis is used for estimating the depth to the asthenospheric conducting layer. The behavior of the induction vectors in the frequency-time domain is studied. Specific features of the behavior of the real and imaginary parts of the induction vector related to geoelectric heterogeneities of the medium are determined. Monitoring results are compared with time moments of earthquakes of K = 13?14 at epicentral distances of up to 150 km.     

Analysing two‐dimensional effects in central loop transient electromagnetic sounding data using a semi‐synthetic tipper approach

We present a simple and feasible approach to analyse and identify two‐dimensional effects in central loop transient electromagnetic sounding data and the correspondingly derived quasi two‐dimensional conductivity models. The proposed strategy is particularly useful in minimising interpretation errors. It is based on the calculation of a semi‐synthetic transient electromagnetic tipper at each sounding and for each observational transient time point. The semi‐synthetic transient electromagnetic tipper is derived from the measured vertical component of the induced voltage and the synthetically calculated horizontal component. The approach is computationally inexpensive and involves one two‐dimensional forward calculation of an obtained quasi two‐dimensional conductivity section. Based on a synthetic example, we demonstrate that the transient electromagnetic tipper approach is applicable in identifying which transient data points and which corresponding zones in a derived quasi two‐dimensional subsurface model are affected by two‐dimensional inhomogeneities. The one‐dimensional inversion of such data leads to false models. An application of the semi‐synthetic transient electromagnetic tipper to field data from the Azraq basin in Jordan reveals that, in total, eight of 80 investigated soundings are affected by two‐dimensional structures although the field data can be fitted optimally using one‐dimensional inversion techniques. The largest semi‐synthetic tipper response occurs in a 300 m‐wide region around a strong lateral resistivity contrast. The approach is useful for analysing structural features in derived quasi two‐dimensional sections and for qualitatively investigating how these features affect the transient response. To avoid misinterpretation, these identified zones corresponding to large tipper values are excluded from the interpretation of a quasi two‐dimensional conductivity model. Based on the semi‐synthetic study, we also demonstrate that a quantitative interpretation of the horizontal voltage response (e.g. by inversion) is usually not feasible as it requires the exact sensor position to be known. Although a tipper derived purely from field data is useful as a qualitative tool for identifying two‐dimensional distortion effects, it is only feasible if the sensor setup is sufficiently accurate. Our proposed semi‐synthetic transient electromagnetic tipper approach is particularly feasible as an a posteriori approach if no horizontal components are recorded or if the sensor setup in the field is not sufficiently accurate.     

垂直地电场观测新技术的数据研究——基于坪城观测点的分析

结合同台观测的水平地电场数据,研究坪城垂直地电场观测数据,结果表明:(1)采用固体不极化电极进行垂直地电场观测,同一极距的观测结果基本一致,而铅板电极与固体不极化电极之间存在较大的电位差;(2)垂直地电场日变化形态清晰,长极距测道(A1C1、A2C1和A3C1测道)日变幅为5.85 mV/km左右,短极距(B1C1、B2C1和B3C1测道)日变幅为10.02 mV/km左右;(3)垂直向观测的地电场日变化优势周期在12 h和24 h。     

空基和地基近直流电场观测数据背景特征的相关性

研究空基和地基电磁观测数据各自的特点和规律,并探索两者之间变化的相关性,对将空基和地基观测资料综合应用于地震监测研究具有重要的科学意义.本文利用法国DEMETER卫星的电场观测数据和我国甘肃天祝前兆科学试验台阵红沙湾地震台的水平地电场和垂直地电场、四川省地震局成都地震台的水平地电场的观测资料,重点对卫星和地面探测的近直流频段信号进行了综合分析.研究结果表明:(1)卫星直接观测记录的ULF电场观测值没有呈现明显的年变化趋势,但日侧和夜侧的E_z向(卫星运行速度的切线方向)观测数据呈现了一种长期的周期性特征,与地电场观测资料无相关性和同步性;(2)去掉卫星运行切割磁力线所造成的附加电场后所得的电离层电场与地面记录的地电场数据数量级相当,均集中在10^-1～10^-2 mV/m左右,两者具有可比性;(3)去掉卫星运行切割磁力线所造成的附加电场后,夜侧E_y(卫星轨道平面的法线方向)和E_z(卫星运行速度的切线方向)向的电离层电场数据均具有比较清晰的季节性变化趋势,呈现出较为稳定的年变周期,这与水平地电场的年变趋势一致.电离层电场和水平地电场在数量级和年变趋势上都呈现出明显的一致性.     

Airborne VLF measurements and mapping of ground conductivity in Sweden

Airborne VLF data are routinely collected by The Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) as part of its bedrock mapping programme. In this paper we demonstrate that the novel Tensor VLF technique developed at Uppsala University and SGU can provide useful qualitative and quantitative information about the electrical conductivity distribution in the upper few hundred meters. Single transmitter scalar VLF maps emphasize those conductive structures that have dominant strikes in the direction of the transmitter. The tensor tipper (essentially the vertical magnetic field from currents along the strike direction) calculated from multiple transmitters is dependent only upon the underlying conductivity structure. Transformation of the tipper into the peaker (the horizontal divergence) has proven to enhance the lateral resolution while the transformation to the apparent resistivity can be used to discriminate different rock types. Two case histories from the application of VLF data are presented in this study. Two dimensional structures can be quantitatively modelled by modern inversion methods developed originally for deep electromagnetic MT soundings. Direct inversion of the real and imaginary parts of the tipper provides more quantitative information about the subsurface resistivity distribution.     

Annual variations in the electromagnetic field of the earth and electrical conductivity of the geological environment

Synchronous annual variations in the geoelectric and geomagnetic field are studied on the basis of long-term electromagnetic monitoring. It is shown that the annual geoelectric variations have intraterrestrial origin and are not related to the annual geomagnetic variations. Temporal variations in the magnetotelluric impedance and magnetic tipper, which characterize the electrical conductivity of the geological environment, are analyzed. It is established that annual variations in the magnetotelluric impedance mainly describe the variations in the electrical conductivity of surface crustal layers and are less sensitive to the deep electrical conductivity of the Earth. The annual variations in the imaginary magnetic tipper at the periods of 1000–3000 s probably reflect the changes in conductivity of a deep transversal low-resistive zone (the fault). It is suggested that annual variations in the geoelectrical and geomagnetic fields, as well as in the electrical conductivity of the geological environment, arise as a response to the changes in the geodynamical processes caused by the revolution of the Earth around the Sun.

     

Expanding the possibilities of two-dimensional multielectrode systems, with consideration to earlier geoelectric arrays

Recent two-dimensional multielectrode measurements are restricted to only a few geoelectric arrays. Realizing that specific features of nearly 90 other arrays are totally ignored, all original intentions as published about the development of new geoelectric arrays were reviewed. Apart from arrays, either already applied in two-dimensional geoelectric arrays or impossible to be applied in such systems, 61 forgotten once-developed arrays were found. These provide altogether 102 various solutions, which would be able to increase the efficiency of two-dimensional multielectrode measurements in some respect. 46 array solutions are able to enhance the depth of investigation; 9/11 array solutions give better vertical/horizontal resolution; 17 array solutions provide better planview images; 8 array solutions are worth applying in areas with limited access; 11 array solutions may reduce the effect of near-surface inhomogeneities. By reviving these forgotten arrays, it will be possible to develop versatile multielectrode systems, which are more adaptive to the diverse field needs.     

ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE RECIPROCAL GEOELECTRIC SECTION*

The interpretation of vertical electrical sounding data can be facilitated by the application of the reciprocal geoelectric section. If an apparent resistivity field curve has a descending right end, the apparent resistivity curve of the reciprocal geoelectric section can be obtained by the application of linear filter theory; from this the total transverse resistance of the geoelectric section can be calculated without having to interpret the field curve. In addition, Orellana's auxiliary point method can now be extended to interpret three and four layer apparent resistivity curves of all types. This paper summarizes the properties of the resistivity transform curve, the apparent resistivity curve, and the apparent resistivity curve of the reciprocal geoelectric section, with several new applications.     

Anomalies in the electric field and electric conductivity of the Earth’s crust in relation to the Kultuk Earthquake on Lake Baikal

We analyze the variations in the horizontal and vertical components of the Earth??s electromagnetic field measured at nine points onshore along the southern part of Lake Baikal. It is found that variations with a period of a few tens of seconds have decayed 20 minutes before the earthquake. This is a regional effect. It is observed in the variations of the horizontal magnetic field. The intensity of the effect in the electric field is site-specific, which is due to the nonuniform distribution of electric conductivity in a medium, as revealed by the deep magnetotelluric sounding. The electric field also experiences a coseismic variation associated with the seismic wave. This effect is stronger pronounced in the vertical electric field. The bay-like anomalies that precede and accompany the Kultuk earthquake are revealed in the electric field of intraterrestrial origin and in the behavior of the electric tipper. These anomalies are concurrent with the rise of the ground water level in the borehole. The probable nature of the revealed anomalies is discussed.     

Results of electromagnetic sounding with JASC submarine cable

We present the results of long-term deep geoelectric studies using the JASC (Japan Sea Cable) submarine communication cable in the region of the Sea of Japan. In the 2D inversion of the amplitude and phase’s apparent resistivity curves and the frequency dependences of the tipper, we invoked the geological and geophysical information about the region and on-shore electromagnetic observations to fit the model to the observations. The resulting geoelectrical cross section of the region of the Sea of Japan along the JASC cable obtained in this way agrees well with the experimental data. The upper part of the section contains a conductive block beneath the bottom of the Central basin of the Sea of Japan at a depth of 10–40 km, a fault submerging below the continent in the marginal part and a deep fault in the continental region. In the lower portions of the cross section, the high-resistivity block interrupts the continuity of the horizontal conductive layers beneath the Yamato Uplift, and the conductive bottom part of the geoelectric cross section submerges under the continent. In the continental segment of the cross section, there is a large block with reduced electric resistivity, which is located between the conductive layers at a depth interval of 200–560 km. We analyze the characteristic features of the geoelectric cross section and the deep section imaged by seismic tomography in the region of the Sea of Japan.     

磁暴感应地电场波形反演

研究表明,同一区域地电暴记录与地磁场变化率在形态、幅度及周期成分上呈现出较强的相关性。采用磁暴期间电磁场观测数据,基于一维水平层状电性介质模型对地电暴波形进行拟合,反演地下介质电性结构。结果表明,地电暴拟合波形与观测记录一致性较好,利用反演确定的大地电性结构参数和其他磁暴事件,计算得到的理论感应地电场与观测结果相符合。     

大地电磁测深数据处理——4元素和6元素阻抗张量元素的比较研究(英文)

阻抗张量元素的计算是在大地电磁测深数据处理的重要一步。按照常规,阻抗张量被定义为以Zxx,Zxy,Zyx,和Zyy为元素的2×2矩阵。在本次研究中,6个元素的阻抗张量的计算使用了一个含有Zxx,Zxy,Zyx,Zyy,Zxz和Zyz分量的2x3矩阵。对上述两类阻抗张量元素的属性进行了分析。利用由印度古吉拉特邦卡奇沉积盆地采集的5个分量大地电磁数据测试了文中的方法。从视电阻率和相位的计算中我们是观察到在大部分的频带范围内4个元素阻抗和6个元素阻抗Zxy和Zyx两类元素区别不大。然而,较长周期时间的数据,如超过100秒,观察到视电阻率的增加和相位的减少。我们还注意到,倾子幅度在大部分时间几乎是零,但较长周期(超过100秒),逐渐呈增加的趋势。卡奇沉积盆地的地电断面表明在较长的周期内浅层近水平层和深层异常高电导性的不均质层都可能是引起大的Hz分量的原因。这表明,磁场垂直分量Hz对在大的2D/3D结构区域内的电场参数估计发挥的重要作用。     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震前定点观测电磁异常回溯性分析

对2008年汶川M_S8.0地震周围定点台站观测的电磁异常的相关研究进行了简要的回顾分析,以期加深对汶川地震孕震过程中电磁异常的解读.震中周围8个地电阻率台站震前出现不同形态的异常变化,结合震后地电阻率变化形态分析,仅近邻地震破裂带的成都和江油台异常变化符合已有的地电阻率孕震异常机理.在4月24日和5月9日大致沿南北地震带出现两条南北走向的低点位移线,成都台地磁转换函数、谐波振幅比、帕金森矢量和垂直极化强度等主要反映了地下介质电性在震前出现的异常变化;断裂带附近的地电场和电磁扰动在震前出现波形畸变和能量增强,距离较远的西昌台阵和天祝—松山台阵内地电场也出现功率谱能量增加和裂隙渗透方位角扰动等短期异常现象,甚至沿龙门山断裂带NE方向1300km外的河北电磁扰动台网震前数月也出现自观测以来最大幅度的异常变化.     

利用地电场线性极化特性提取地震前兆异常的方法研究

处理平凉台2008—2017年的地电场观测资料,首先对地电场线性极化和非极化异常进行分析,提出利用地电场线性极化特性提取地震前兆异常的方法。其次,采用相关数据处理和计算方法对周期性质、极化系数、极化方向、垂直极化方向上的投影等进行讨论,结果表明平凉台地电场线性极化正常背景特征为:极化方向变化范围N(66.7±6)°E,极化系数在0.7～1之间,垂直极化方向上的投影值波动范围(-0.53～2.61) mV/km。最后,统计分析平凉台周边中强地震与地电场非线性极化异常的关系,认为平凉台地电场对中强地震有较好的映震能力,地电场非极化异常可以作为判断地震前兆异常的一个重要指标,其异常表现为:从震前非极化到震后恢复极化的一个过程,持续时间一般在4～15天,多出现在震前5天到1个月不等。     

嘉山地震台大地电场资料真实性分析

分析嘉山地震台自2007年运行以来的大地电场观测资料,并对数据的变化特征进行研究,总结分析部分干扰引起的电场变化的曲线特征,给出不同影响因素导致的曲线异常变化情况,为大地电场干扰排除提供依据.     

地电暴事件判别方法及特征分析

本文基于我国2015—2018年间地电暴事件,通过对筛选的数据曲线变化特征归纳分析,总结出以下快速准确判断地电暴事件的依据:(1)地电暴发生时,会压制地电场六道观测数据正常日变形态,且变幅是正常日变幅值2倍以上或更大;(2)地电暴事件具有广域同步性,可通过多台观测数据对比判断;(3)地电暴和地磁暴具有同源性,可通过地磁观测来判断;(4)经过上述初判后,还应排除观测系统、自然环境、人为干扰、场地环境事件影响,才能确认为单一地电暴事件。通过对地电暴波形特征的分析,发现一般情况下地电暴变幅与地磁磁情指数—K指数呈正比关系,但是同一台站地电暴变幅在同一K指数下差异较大。不同台站对同一地电暴事件幅度响应不同,仅从变幅来看纬度效应不明显,有局部区域性特点,可能与台站台址条件\,地电场布极方式方位等因素均有关。     

On small-scale near-surface distortion in controlled source tensor electromagnetics1

Based on a Born approximation of a thin sheet integral equation, it is shown that small-scale surficial heterogeneity significantly distorts the electromagnetic field excited by electric dipoles only when either the source or the receiver are located on the heterogeneities. When a surface heterogeneity is beneath the source, the associated distortion of the electromagnetic field is manifest as a change in the effective electric dipole moment. Hence the magnetotelluric transfer functions and impedance relations remain undistorted in this case. When a surface heterogeneity is beneath the receiver, the electric field is severely distorted, but the magnetic field is only slightly distorted. The impedance tensor is therefore strongly distorted, but the tipper vector is almost unaltered. Since the controlled source tipper is a function of 1D earth conductivity, it is proposed that tipper data should be used in the first stage of 1D interpretation. For a 1D earth, the tipper vector must always point towards the source and, in the near-field limit, should have unit length. These two necessary conditions must be met by the measured tipper before it is interpreted one dimensionally.     

大地电导率横向突变处磁暴感应地电场的邻近效应

大地电性结构的横向变化会对磁暴时的感应地电流和地面电磁场产生影响.本文假设扰动地磁场变化的源为地面以上一定高度的面电流,以某一典型层状大地电导率结构为基础,构造含有电导率横向突变的地电模型.针对感应电流的方向与横向分界面平行的情形,采用伽辽金有限元法对电导率横向突变处的感应地电场进行了分析,揭示了电导率横向差异产生的趋肤效应和邻近效应的机理,针对与电性结构分界面平行的输电线路,从评估地磁感应电流的角度讨论了影响的严重程度和范围.