基于高时间分辨率快电场变化资料的北京地区地闪回击统计特征

利用2014年北京闪电网观测到的4站及以上同步高时间分辨率闪电快电场变化资料,对北京地区5次雷暴过程中304次正地闪和1467次负地闪的回击特征进行了统计分析,主要包括:回击次数、10%~90%上升时间、下降时间、半峰值宽度、回击间隔、回击峰值电场强度、回击间隔和回击序数的关系等。结果表明,正、负地闪中单回击地闪所占比例分别为91.1%和24.2%,单次负地闪的平均回击次数为3.8次,观测到的最大回击数可达20次。304次正地闪首次回击的10%~90%上升时间、下降时间和半峰值宽度的算术平均值分别为4.2μs、14.5μs和6.2μs;29次正地闪继后回击对应值分别为3.6μs、12.6μs和5.7μs;1467次负首次回击的对应值分别为2.4μs、23.9μs和5.3μs;4109次负继后回击的对应值分别为1.7μs、19.5μs和3.4μs。正、负地闪回击间隔的几何平均值分别为106 ms和59 ms。负地闪回击间隔呈对数正态分布,平均回击间隔随着回击序数的增加有逐渐减小的趋势。最后,还对70次正回击、421次负首次回击和789次负继后回击峰值电场进行了统计,将其归一化到100 km的平均值分别为11.2 V/m、7.2 V/m和5.0 V/m。平均来看,负地闪首次回击峰值电场比继后回击峰值电场大1.4倍,但是有23.5%的继后回击峰值电场大于其对应的首次回击。     

中国内陆高原地闪特征的统计分析

利用微秒级时间分辨率的宽带慢天线电场变化仪首次在中国内陆高原地区对雷暴过程中的正、负地闪特征进行了测量和系统分析 ,发现每次雷暴过程中正闪的比例有随总闪频数增大而减少的趋势 ,弱雷暴过程更有利于正地闪的产生。平均来讲 ,正地闪占闪电总数的 16 % ,介于美国夏季雷暴和日本冬季雷暴之间。负地闪闪击间隔的算术平均值和几何平均值分别为 6 4.3ms和 46 .6ms。 5 4%的负地闪有至少一次继后回击强度大于首次回击 ,而且有 2 0 %的继后回击其强度大于首次回击强度。继后回击强度与首次回击强度的比例几何平均值为 0 .46 ,算术平均值为 0 .70 ,平均回击数为 3.76 ,39.8%为单次回击地闪。正地闪的多次回击只占 13.0 % ,且闪击之间的时间间隔也较大 ,算术平均值为 91.7ms。     

大兴安岭地区地闪回击辐射场特征

利用慢电场变化测量仪所获取的观测资料详细分析了大兴安岭地区地闪回击辐射场特征。结果表明,35次正地闪首次回击的慢前沿、10%～90%平均上升时间分别为7.8μs、4.5μs,其中11次正地闪首次回击的过零时间、负反冲深度平均值分别为34μs、23%。76次负地闪首次回击的慢前沿、10%～90%平均上升时间分别为3.5μs、1.9μs,继后回击的慢前沿为1.4μs,其中15次负地闪首次回击的过零时间、负反冲深度平均值分别为51μs、52%。另外,正地闪首次回击的半峰值宽度大于负地闪首次回击,平均值分别为13.6μs、5.6μs。与国内外已有结果的进一步对比发现,大兴安岭地区的地闪回击辐射场特征与瑞典、美国弗罗里达的地闪回击辐射场特征有较好的一致性,但与我国内陆高原的地闪辐射场特征有明显差异。     

基于不间断闪电波形采集的一次皖北雷暴负地闪特征观测

利用具有不间断信号记录能力系统记录的闪电波形资料,借助人工识别判定各次地闪的回击过程,研究了2012年7月9日发生在安徽淮北地区一次夏季雷暴过程的连续负地闪活动特征。该次雷暴3141次负地闪中,单回击地闪占15.5%,最大回击次数为18次,每次地闪平均回击次数为4.2次;在整个雷暴期间,单回击地闪比例和每次地闪平均回击次数存在显著的大小变化。负地闪过程平均持续时间为363.7 ms,相邻回击间隔时间的几何平均为75.3 ms,雷暴成熟期的回击间隔明显小于其它阶段。总体上后继回击强度远弱于首次回击,10031例后继回击与首次回击峰值强度之比几何平均为0.49,但是强于首次回击的后继回击过程并不罕见,34.8%的多回击地闪至少有一次后继回击强度大于首次回击,全部后继回击中有19.7%的强度超过首次回击。后继回击强度和回击间隔呈明显的随回击序号的系统性变化特征。约有38.6%的负地闪伴随可辨的双极性脉冲活动,该脉冲活动与首次回击之间的时间间隔几何平均为23.2 ms。     

北京地区负地闪回击转移的电荷量

负地闪是闪电危害的主要来源,其对地转移电荷源特征和电荷量不仅对闪电放电机理的研究有重要意义,而且对雷电防护也具有重要的实际应用价值。为了研究具有典型城市下垫面环境的北京地区的闪电活动特征和放电强度,利用北京地区2011年两次雷暴过程的多站GPS(Global Position System)同步闪电地面电场变化定量观测资料,在考虑消除场地和环境因素对电场变化观测资料影响的基础上,基于蒙特卡洛数据处理方法和非线性最小二乘法拟合反演算法,定量研究了负地闪回击中和的电荷源位置和电荷量,并对回击特征与回击转移电荷源之间的关系进行了讨论,得到如下结果:(1)单次回击中和的电荷量为1.1~27.6 C,平均为8.6±5.2 C,不同序数回击转移电荷量的最小值基本不随回击序数的上升而变化,最大值和均值随回击序数的上升而减小;一次负地闪中和的总电荷量随着回击数的增加而增加。(2)负地闪回击数和回击时间间隔都呈对数正态分布,其中负地闪总数70.4%的多回击负地闪其回击间隔平均为99±95 ms,不同序数回击的时间间隔最小值随回击序数的上升基本不变,时间间隔最大值和均值随回击序数的上升而减小。(3)回击转移电荷量的均值随回击间隔的增加呈波动形式的逐渐上升;相邻回击转移电荷源的空间距离均值随回击间隔的增加而增大。     

不同高度建筑物上的下行地闪回击特征

为了研究不同高度建筑物上发生的下行地闪回击特征差异,对2009—2012年广州高建筑物雷电观测试验中获取的能确认接地点高度的58次下行负极性地闪的综合同步观测资料进行对比分析。结果表明:接地点高度小于等于200m和接地点高度大于200m两类地闪的回击次数和回击间隔时间的差异不明显,但接地点高度大于200m的地闪的首次回击电流幅值、继后回击电流幅值、首次回击光强脉冲的10%~90%波前时间及10%波前~50%波后半宽时间、继后回击光强脉冲的10%~90%波前时间及10%波前~50%波后半宽时间的算术平均值 (几何平均值) 分别为接地点高度小于等于200 m地闪的1.8(2.1),1.5(1.4),7.4(7.4),3.1(3.4),4.6(4.3) 和2.4(3.6) 倍。     

平凉黄土高原地闪VHF辐射特征分析

利用亚微秒级时间分辨率的VHF辐射接收系统与快电场变化测量仪,对甘肃平凉黄土高原雷暴过程中地闪VHF辐射及相应电场变化特征进行了分析研究,发现负地闪回击前VHF辐射与快电场变化在时间上有很好的对应关系。回击前后300μs内的VHF辐射波形可以归纳为三种类型,90%的负地闪首次回击过程VHF辐射波形属于第三类,表现为连续脉冲贯穿回击过程,平均持续时间为600μs;同负地闪相比,正地闪回击过程产生的连续辐射持续时间较长。统计表明,负地闪首次回击过程辐射峰值出现在回击启动后10~100μs,算术平均值为45μs;继后回击启动后10~260μs辐射达到峰值,算术平均值为91μs。首次回击过程辐射峰值强度往往大于梯级先导过程,与回击主峰后主通道分支产生的电磁辐射较强有关。     

浙江省沿海陆域与舟山海域地闪回击特征分析

采用2016-2020年浙江省闪电定位资料,利用Access和MATLAB对浙江省陆域、舟山海域地闪回击特征进行分析.结果显示:浙江省陆域年平均地闪回击密度为1.97次·km-2·a-1,正地闪回击密度为0.10次·km-2·a-1,正地闪回击占总地闪回击的5.1％,正地闪回击平均电流强度为42.49 kA,负地闪为3...     

哈尔滨市地闪回击特征分析

雷电是对流性天气造成的主要灾害之一。利用统计和地理分析的方法,对哈尔滨市2010年7月雷暴日地闪的回击特征进行分析,为提高该市雷电预警预报的准确程度提供参考。结果表明：哈尔滨市地闪回击次数可达1—7次,只有1次回击的地闪所占比例为91．37％;在2次以上回击的地闪中,有28．03％的地闪至少有一个继后回击的电场值大于首...     

广东一次雷暴过程负地闪先导的电学特征分析

利用 0 .0 8μs时间分辨率的大容量慢天线电场变化测量系统在广东从化地区一次雷暴过程中观测得到的 44次负地闪电场变化波形 ,对负地闪回击前 2 0 0 μs内的先导电场变化波形进行了分析。发现负地闪首次回击前的先导电场变化波形 ,按最后一个先导脉冲与相应回击间电场变化特征大致可分为三类。通常负地闪先导过程由若干脉冲式变化组成 ,首次回击前先导脉冲间的平均时间间隔为 1 5.8μs(均方差 5.3μs) ;继后回击前直窜 -梯级先导脉冲间的平均时间间隔为 9.4μs(均方差 5.5μs)。首次回击前最后一个先导脉冲与首次回击间的平均时间间隔为 1 2 .7μs(均方差 7.8μs) ,最后一个先导脉冲幅值与回击峰值之比的平均值为0 .1 (均方差 0 .0 4 ) ,且两者之间有很好的相关性 ,并用回击传输线模式对这一关系进行了解释。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.