Determination of cirrus radiative parameters from combination between active and passive remote sensing measurements during FRENCH/DIRAC 2001

In the context of the next AQUA Train satellite experiment, airborne measurements were carried out to simulate satellite measurements. They were conducted between September 25 and October 12, 2001, off the coast of southern France over the Atlantic Ocean and over the Mediterranean Sea, respectively. During the intensive Field Radiation Experiment on Natural Cirrus and High-level clouds (FRENCH/DIRAC 2001), natural ice clouds were sampled from in situ and remote sensing measurements. On October 5 and 7, 2001, cirrus cloud decks were described by a complete data set acquired by: (i) in situ microphysical instruments onboard the TBM-700 aircraft: PMS probe, and Polar Nephelometer (ii) and downward-looking radiative instruments onboard the Mystère 20 aircraft: an infrared radiometer, a lidar, a visible imager with polarisation capabilities, and a middle infrared radiometer. Moreover, classical thermodynamical measurements were carried out onboard the Mystère 20. Mean microphysical characteristics of cirrus deck are derived from interpretation of remote sensing measurements. These properties are compared with those derived from in situ microphysical measurements in order to evaluate the radiative impact of natural cirrus clouds.     

Estimating the PPH-bias for simulations of convective and stratiform clouds

The plane parallel homogeneous (PPH) approximation is known to generate systematic errors in the computation of reflectivity and transmissivity of a horizontally inhomogeneous cloud field. This PPH-bias is determined for two cloud fields, a stratocumulus and a shallow convective cloud scene, which have been simulated using a cloud resolving model. The independent column approximation has been applied as reference and a PPH analogue has been interpolated from the original cloud data. In order to correct for the bias the effective thickness approach (ETA) has been employed. For the two cloud simulations, the corresponding reduction factors have been determined.     

Characteristics of cirrus clouds and its radiative properties based on lidar observation over Chung-Li, Taiwan

In this paper, characterization of cirrus clouds are made by using data from ground based polarization lidar and radiosonde measurements over Chung-Li (24.58°N, 121.10°E), Taiwan for a period of 1999–2006. During this period, the occurrence of cirrus clouds is about 37% of the total measurement nights over the lidar site. Analysis of the measurement gives the statistical characteristics about the macrophysical properties such as occurrence height, ambient temperature, and its geometrical thickness while the microphysical properties are interpreted in terms of extinction coefficient, optical depth, effective lidar ratio and depolarization ratio. The effective lidar ratio has been retrieved by using the simulation technique of backscattered lidar signals. The effect of multiple scattering has been taken into the account by a model calculation. Summer (Jun–Aug) shows the maximum appearances of cirrus due to its formation mechanism. It is shown that tropopause cirrus clouds may occur with a probability of about 24%. These clouds are usually optically thin and having laminar in structure with some cases resembling the characteristics similar to that of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). The radiative properties of the cirrus clouds are also discussed in detail by the empirical equations with results show a positive feedback on any climate change.     

Model studies on the effect of nitric acid vapour on cirrus cloud activation

The effect of elevated nitric acid concentrations on cloud particle number concentrations and sizes of mixed phase cirrus cloud (containing both supercooled liquid and frozen ice particles) is studied using a detailed multicomponent condensation model. Our model calculations suggest that high nitric acid volume mixing ratios (VMRs), corresponding to upper tropospheric measurements, can increase the ice crystal number concentrations substantially especially in the case of freezing of non-activated solution droplets (as opposed to freezing of supercooled cloud droplets). This is due to increased droplet sizes caused by nitric acid absorption and the resulting uptake of water.     

东亚陆地星载微波成像仪新增通道观测质量评估

基于2014年8月1—16日AMSR-2的观测资料,采用谱差法重点对东亚陆地低频7.3 GHz的无线电频率干扰(RFI)进行识别与分析。研究发现,东亚地区7.3 GHz通道观测存在无线电频率干扰,其中韩国京畿道、大邱市,孟加拉国,越南及柬埔寨东南部地区的干扰源是稳定、持续的地面主动源。日本地区7.3 GHz通道RFI仅出现在AMSR-2升轨观测上,而降轨观测则几乎不受干扰,且RFI污染区出现的位置与强度随时间及辐射计扫描角度周期性变化,探究其污染源,发现主要来自地面反射的静止通信/电视卫星信号对星载微波被动传感器观测的干扰。     

Comment on “Glory phenomenon informs of presence and phase state of liquid water in cold clouds” by Anatoly N. Nevzorov

In a recent publication “Glory phenomenon informs of presence and phase state of liquid water in cold clouds” Nevzorov [Nevzorov, A., 2006. Glory phenomenon informs of presence and phase state of liquid water in cold clouds. Atmospheric Research 82, 367–378] claims that “the convincing evidence has been provided that this sort of glory forms as a first-order bow from spherical particles with a refractive index of 1.81–1.82 and diameter over 20 μm”. This is a highly unusual finding because the refractive index of liquid water and ice is between 1.30 and 1.35 in the visible spectral range. The author concludes that “once more corroboration is gained […] of droplets of liquid water in specific phase state referred to amorphous water, or A-water”. Here we show that the phenomena described by the author are easily explained assuming liquid water with a refractive index of 1.33 and a realistic droplet size distribution with an effective radius of around 10 μm. We conclude that this type of observations does not corroborate the existence of amorphous water in the atmosphere. In a recent publication we showed how to quantitatively derive cloud optical thickness, effective droplet radius, and even the width of the size distribution from observations of the glory [Mayer, B., Schröder, M., Preusker, R., Schüller, L., 2004. Remote sensing of water cloud droplet size distributions using the backscatter glory: a case study. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, 1255–1263].     

On the radiative properties of ice clouds: Light scattering,remote sensing,and radiation parameterization

Presented is a review of the radiative properties of ice clouds from three perspectives: light scattering simulations, remote sensing applications, and broadband radiation parameterizations appropriate for numerical models. On the subject of light scattering simulations, several classical computational approaches are reviewed, including the conventional geometric-optics method and its improved forms, the finite-difference time domain technique, the pseudo-spectral time domain technique, the discrete dipole approximation method, and the T-matrix method, with specific applications to the computation of the singlescattering properties of individual ice crystals. The strengths and weaknesses associated with each approach are discussed.With reference to remote sensing, operational retrieval algorithms are reviewed for retrieving cloud optical depth and effective particle size based on solar or thermal infrared(IR) bands. To illustrate the performance of the current solar- and IR-based retrievals, two case studies are presented based on spaceborne observations. The need for a more realistic ice cloud optical model to obtain spectrally consistent retrievals is demonstrated. Furthermore, to complement ice cloud property studies based on passive radiometric measurements, the advantage of incorporating lidar and/or polarimetric measurements is discussed.The performance of ice cloud models based on the use of different ice habits to represent ice particles is illustrated by comparing model results with satellite observations. A summary is provided of a number of parameterization schemes for ice cloud radiative properties that were developed for application to broadband radiative transfer submodels within general circulation models(GCMs). The availability of the single-scattering properties of complex ice habits has led to more accurate radiation parameterizations. In conclusion, the importance of using nonspherical ice particle models in GCM simulations for climate studies is proven.     

卫星微波被动遥感云中液态水的研究进展

卫星微波被动遥感云中液态水的研究在近30年中取得了较大的进展.卫星遥感仪器的不断进步、探测精度的不断提高为卫星微波被动遥感云中液态水提供了技术和资料保障,在此基础上针对卫星微波被动遥感云中液态水技术而发展的一些统计反演方法和物理反演方法不断地得到改进、完善和提高.文中主要就各个时期发展的主要反演方法做了简要回顾,概括了这些反演方法的关键技术,评述了各自的优点和局限性.由于海表和陆表的辐射特性的巨大差异,分别就海洋上空和陆地上空云中液态水的统计和物理反演技术方法进行了综述,并进行了比较.针对地表比辐射率这一制约陆地上空云中液态水反演技术发展的瓶颈问题,也进行了相关评述和讨论.     

X波段雷达和微波辐射计联合反演云中雨水含量分布的数值试验

运用中国科学院大气物理研究所的三维云模式,对北京地区2005-06-26的一次层状云过程进行模拟试验,以此为真值,分别用雷达—辐射计联合系统和单雷达进行云中雨水分布的反演。结果表明,联合反演与模式真值的平均相对误差只有16%,联合反演的精度比单雷达反演有大幅度的提高,并从理论上讨论了误差的来源。     

基于风云三号气象卫星微波亮温资料反演东北地区土壤湿度及其对比分析

土壤湿度在陆面过程中发挥着重要作用,是联系陆地水循环和能量循环的纽带和关键环节。遥感技术可以实时地对土壤湿度进行长期、大区域动态监测,已成为监测土壤湿度的有效手段。本文基于风云三号气象卫星（FY3B）微波亮温资料,利用基于微波能量辐射传输方程的陆面参数反演模型（LPRM）反演了中国东北地区的土壤湿度（FY3B_LPRM）。把反演获得的FY3BLRPM土壤湿度与中国气象局农业气象站土壤湿度观测资料、NCEP和ERA-Interim土壤湿度再分析资料、欧洲空间局多卫星融合ECV（Essential Climate Variable）土壤湿度产品和国家卫星气象中心FY3B官方土壤湿度产品（FY3B_offical）进行了对比分析。结果表明:（1）本文反演的FY3B土壤湿度与农业气象站观测资料有较高的一致性;卫星土壤湿度整体上呈现自西向东逐渐增加的空间变化,与农业气象站观测资料较为一致;在季节变化上,两者高度相关,在大部分地区的相关系数都达到0.7以上。（2）在大兴安岭和东北三省东部等地表相对湿润的地区,FY3B_LPRM土壤湿度与NCEP、ERA-Interim和FY3B_offical土壤湿度呈现较强的负相关;再分析资料和FY3B_offical土壤湿度均无法反映该地区土壤干湿状况的季节性变化,甚至与观测资料呈反位相变化特征。FY3B_LPRM土壤湿度与欧洲空间局研发的多卫星融合ECV土壤湿度产品在绝大多数地区有较好的一致性。本文基于风云三号极轨气象卫星微波亮温反演的土壤湿度资料,可用于干旱监测、数值同化与天气预报、水文水资源等领域。     

The effect of clouds on aerosol growth in the rural atmosphere

Measurements of accumulation mode aerosol in the atmospheric boundary layer under cloudy and cloud-free conditions, and in the lower free troposphere under cloud-free conditions, were conducted over the rural northwest of England. Normalised size distributions in the cloud-free boundary layer (CFBL) and the cloud-free free troposphere (CFFT) exhibited almost identical spectral similarities with both size distributions possessing a concentration peak mode-radius of ≈0.05 μm or less. By comparison, aerosol distributions observed in cloudy air exhibited a distinctive log-normal distribution with mode-radii occurring at ≈0.1 μm concomitant with a local minimum at ≈0.05 μm. The consistent and noticeable difference in spectral features observed between cloudy and cloud-free conditions suggest that a greater amount of gas-to-particle conversion occurs on cloudy days, presumably through in-cloud aqueous phase oxidation processes, leading to larger sized accumulation mode particles. Apart from the distinct difference between cloudy and cloud-free aerosol spectra on cloudy days, aerosol concentration and mass were observed to be significantly enhanced above that of the ambient background in the vicinity of clouds. Volatility analysis during one case of cloud processing indicated an increase in the relative contribution of aerosol mass volatile at temperatures characteristic of sulphuric acid, along with a smaller fraction of more volatile material (possibly nitric acid and/or organic aerosol). Growth-law analysis of possible growth mechanisms point to aqueous phase oxidation of aerosol precursors in cloud droplets as being the only feasible mechanism capable of producing the observed growth. The effect of cloud processing is to alter the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) supersaturation spectrum in a manner which increases the availability of CCN at lower cloud supersaturations.     

基于FY-3D微波成像仪的中国陆地区域地表温度反演及验证

地表温度是地表与大气热量平衡中的关键参数,在气候、生态、水文等研究领域发挥着重要作用.选取2019年11月-2020年10月风云三号D星(FY-3D)微波成像仪亮温数据,对其进行数据重采样和异常像元剔除等预处理,采用UMT(University of Montana land surface retrieval alg...     

The impact of surface properties on downward surface shortwave radiation over the Tibetan Plateau

The complexity of inhomogeneous surface–atmosphere radiation transfer is one of the foremost problems in the field of atmospheric physics and atmospheric radiation. To date, the influence of surface properties on shortwave radiation has not been well studied. The daily downward surface shortwave radiation of the latest FLASHFlux/CERES(Fast Longwave And Shortwave Fluxes Time Interpolated and Spatially Averaged/Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System) satellite data was evaluated against in situ data. The comparison indicated that the differences between the two data sets are unstable and large over rugged terrain compared with relatively flat terrain, and the mean absolute error of the satellite products reaches 31.4 W m-2(12.3%) over rugged terrain. Based on the SSF(single satellite footprint)/CERES product, the influence of surface properties on the distribution of downward surface shortwave radiation(DSSR) was analyzed. The influence of surface properties on DSSR over the Tibetan Plateau is about twice as large as that in two other regions located at the same latitude(eastern China–western Pacific and subtropical North Pacific). A simulation was carried out with the help of the I3RC(International Intercomparision of Three-Dimensional Radiation Code) Monte Carlo 3D radiative transfer community model. The results showed that DSSR increases as surface albedo increases. Moreover, the impact of surface albedo on DSSR is larger if the spatial distribution of clouds is more non-uniform. It is hoped that these results will contribute to the development of 3D radiative transfer models and the improvement of satellite inversion algorithms.     

单时相极轨气象卫星资料遥感监测干旱研究

用热惯量法遥感监测干旱时 ,需要 12h内昼夜两次晴空星下点资料 ,而这在实际工作中一般不易碰到。针对热惯量法存在的时效性问题 ,探讨了用单时相遥感资料监测干旱的方法。采用单时相遥感资料监测干旱的方法 ,可以取得和表观热惯量法相近的监测精度。     

The effect of gas-phase chemistry on aqueous-phase sulfur dioxide oxidation rates

The rates and mechanisms of both gas and liquid phase reactions for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide play an important role in the production of atmospheric acids and aerosol particles. Rhodeet al. (1981) concluded that sulfate production rates were highly non-linear functions of sulfur dioxide emission rates. Their modelling study used an HO _x termination mechanism for the HO—SO₂ reaction in the gas-phase. Stockwell and Calvert (1983) determined that one of the products of the overall reaction of HO with sulfur dioxide was an HO₂ radical. The National Research Council (1983) using a version of the Rhodeet al. (1981) model modified to include HO₂ production from the HO—SO₂ reaction concluded that sulfate production becomes much more linear with respect to reductions in sulfur dioxide emissions. However, the cause of this increased linearity was not explained by the National Research Council report. It is demonstrated that the increased linearity is due to the coupling of gas-phases and aqueous phase chemistry. The gas-phase sulfur dioxide oxidation mechanism has a very significant effect on hydrogen perodide production rates.     

线性准地转模型中基本流和辐射冷却对感热加热强迫的副热带高压形态的影响

通过求取定常线性准地转位涡模式的数值解,研究了感热型垂直非均匀分布的冷、热源强迫所激发的副热带环流的结构特征,讨论了副热带背景风场和洋面辐射冷却对洋面副热带高压"三角形偏心"结构形成的重要作用。结果表明,基本流对感热加热强迫的副热带环流有重要影响,当基本流为常数时,感热加热强迫的气旋和反气旋主要集中在对流层中下层,且地面系统远强于中高层。当基本流为非常数时,其经向切变能改变气旋和反气旋中心的经向位置,使它移至0风速所在纬度附近;其垂直变化加强了中高层气旋和反气旋,中心位于对流层上层,与南亚高压的位置基本一致。研究结果还表明,在大洋东部洋面辐射冷却与副热带地区背景风场的共同作用下,形成了洋面副热带高压特有的"三角形偏心"结构。副热带高纬度的西风使感热强迫的洋面副热带高压东移,低纬度的东风使其西移,形成东北—西南走向的"平行四边形"结构,且中心位于大洋西部。大洋东部强洋面辐射冷却激发的洋面反气旋加强了大洋东部的副热带高压,使其中心东移至大洋东部,从而表现出东北—西南走向的"三角形偏心"结构。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘气溶胶对低层大气的加热效应

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站2006年8月1日-2007年7月31日近地层80 m铁塔逐时温度、辐射和5 minPM10浓度、黑碳(BC)质量浓度、散射系数等数据,结合地面常规气象数据筛选出四季沙尘过程,剔除云的影响,以每次沙尘过程的晴空为大气背景值,分析沙尘气溶胶对低层大气的加热效应.结果表明,沙漠腹地沙尘过程对低层大气日平均温度有显著的增温效应,扬沙在冬、春季最剧烈,日平均温度分别高出晴空3.4和3.8℃,沙尘暴其次,浮尘最小.沙尘过程显著地增大了大气逆辐射量,沙尘暴日平均为晴空的1.24倍,扬沙为晴空的1.21倍.沙尘影响低层大气温度梯度分布,显著缩短了大气的逆温时间,减弱了逆温强度.沙尘过程对低层大气增温的原因,春季是大粒子浓度的显著增大,冬季是吸收性粒子的增多,而夏、秋季则为小粒子浓度的增大和散射系数的增大.低层大气温度梯度在扬沙天气随PM10的增加而减小,主要由低层10m以下大气温度变化引起;浮尘天气主要与小粒子浓度关系密切,其影响高度最大,春、夏季可以达全层80 m,秋、冬季也可超过32 m;沙尘暴一致性较差,除秋季外,均由2 m以内温度变化所致.     

The effect of metal complexation on hydrogen sulfide transport across the sea-air interface

Hydrogen sulfide dissolved in surface seawater is distributed into free forms which include the volatile neutral H₂S and its conjugate anions, and also into a set of involatile metal complexes. Calculation of the sulfide fraction capable of supporting sea-air flux is sensitive to large uncertainties in complexation equilibrium relationships, both for the sulfides themselves, and for organic ligands competing with them to coordinate dissolved copper. Saturation can be achieved relative to the troposphere if metal interactions are minimized, or if strong sulfide binders are titrated.