硫化氢形成与C2+气态烷烃形成的同步性研究几个模拟实验的启示

硫酸盐热还原（TSR）是高含硫天然气形成的主要原因,但是参与TSR反应的主要烃类组分仍存在争议。在对比分析湿气—硫酸镁反应体系、甲烷—硫酸钙反应体系以及重烃—硫酸镁反应体系模拟实验的基础上,通过对TSR化学反应表达式的分析以及化学动力学、热力学等理论的探讨,结合实际地质资料,认为甲烷是C₂₊烃类参与TSR反应的产物,TSR的发生与C₂₊气态烷烃的产生具有同步性,TSR的反应速率随着C₂₊气态烷烃的增加而加快,当湿气裂解为干气后,硫化氢含量几乎不再增加,从而形成干气伴生硫化氢。根据油气生成演化阶段分析,认为TSR主要发生在热裂解生凝析气阶段,原油裂解为硫化氢伴生天然气后,压力系统发生改变,天然气重新聚集成藏,如果构造环境发生改变就会进一步调整成藏。因此,天然气中硫化氢含量不仅受生成条件控制,还受运移通道、保存条件等因素控制。     

模拟实验中正庚烷与甲苯的TSR行为差异

高成熟度条件下,热作用和热化学硫酸盐还原反应(TSR)会强烈影响天然气的化学和同位素组成,这给气藏的气源对比带来很大的困难。考虑到TSR发生的温度与凝析油大量形成的阶段吻合,本研究选择正庚烷和甲苯两种C_7化合物在程序升温条件下开展模拟实验,重点关注轻烃中不同结构烃类的TSR行为差异,以及热作用和TSR对天然气组成的不同影响。实验结果表明:首先,甲苯在高温下可发生强烈TSR反应,地质条件下芳香烃的TSR过程可能不容忽视;其次,TSR反应导致气态烃碳同位素显著变重(480℃以下);最后,从对照组与实验组的甲烷产率与碳同位素差异来看,本研究中甲烷并未直接参与TSR反应,甲烷的化学变化更多的是TSR反应通过影响更高碳数烃类(甲烷前体物)来实现的。这些认识可以为地质条件下评估轻烃的TSR行为提供参考,有助于进一步提高热作用和TSR作用对天然气不同影响的理解。     

甲烷和固态硫酸钙的热化学还原反应模拟实验初步研究

碳酸盐岩地层中常伴有硫酸盐岩的沉积，在一定的温度和压力条件下，干酪根热降解生成的气态烃与硫酸盐岩接触后发生热化学还原反应(简称为TSR反应)，使气态烃消失，这可能是造成生气死亡线的主要原因之一。本文对CH4-CaSO4热化学还原反应的热力学问题进行了探讨，发现该反应能够自发进行，而且升高温度对反应有利。利用高温高压模拟装置对CH4-CaSO4反应体系进行了初步的模拟实验研究，通过微库仑、气相色谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等分析手段对实验结果进行了进一步验证。结果表明，甲烷和固态硫酸钙能够发生热化学还原反应，生成硫化氢、碳酸钙和水。最后，将CH4-CaSO4反应体系同国内外的研究工作进行了对比，认为本实验研究能够更好地补充和完善TSR反应体系，解释地质条件下工业气藏的死亡线问题。     

硫酸盐热化学还原作用的启动机制研究

硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR)是导致高含硫化氢天然气生成和聚集、碳酸岩盐储层酸化和溶蚀的重要因素,是地质盆地内烃-水-岩三者之间的复杂反应。本文利用黄金管热模拟实验,对TSR反应的可能启动机制及控制因素进行了研究。通过不同盐溶液与原油的热解实验,证实了硫酸盐的存在是启动TSR反应的必要因素,MgSO4比CaSO4和Na2SO4更容易启动TSR反应,体系中盐度的增加会加速H2S的生成。实验结果表明,不同水介质条件下,TSR反应的程度与溶液的离子强度呈正相关,弱酸性环境并不足以启动TSR反应;原油中不稳定含硫化合物的含量越高越有利于TSR反应的发生,饱和链烷烃比原油中其它组分更容易引发TSR反应,且大分子烷烃比小分子烷烃更容易被硫酸盐氧化。     

储层介质环境对原油裂解生气影响的实验研究

采用封闭黄金管高压釜体系,在恒温(365℃)、恒压(50 MPa)条件下模拟不同储层介质环境下原油的裂解生气过程。实验结果表明:(1)在模拟实验条件下,水、矿物基质对原油裂解具有促进作用,使得气体产率有所提高,其中气态烃产率大约提高1倍,H2、CO2产率也有所提高;(2)硫酸镁溶液的存在可导致原油热解体系发生明显的硫酸盐热化学还原反应(TSR),产生大量H2S气体,同时烃类气体产率也有大幅提高,气体干燥系数明显增大;气体碳同位素数据表明TSR反应使甲烷、乙烷、丙烷相对富集13C;(3)一定量氯化钠溶液的存在会促进TSR反应,使得气态烃与非烃产率明显提高,同时造成烃类气体碳同位素组成的偏重(富集13C),乙烷的增重尤其明显,最大变化可达4‰。因此,储层介质环境对原油裂解具有显著的影响,在利用气体化学和同位素组成对原油裂解气进行研究时需要考虑储层介质环境可能存在的影响。     

天然气中高含H2S的成因及其预测

充足的烃类、发育的硫酸盐(石膏)和储层经历过较高的温度是形成高含H₂S天然气所必须的3个基本条件,也是硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR)发生的物质基础和热动力保证。TSR是一个十分复杂的有机物——无机物相互作用的地质——地球化学过程,并非具备了这3个条件就会发生TSR或形成高含H₂S天然气。目前关于TSR的一些理论问题尚未完全达成共识,对其发生反应的温度条件、反应体系方程、烃类的消耗、同位素分馏、反应产物及其转化等科学问题存在较多争论。本文认为川东北和渤海湾盆地晋县凹陷高含H₂S的天然气属TSR成因,并对TSR中的科学问题进行了探讨,为建立H₂S的预测模型提供了参考。     

二水硫酸钙结晶动力学研究

主要研究了过饱和溶液中CaSO4 ·2H2 O晶体成核及生长现象 ,同时对垢的形成机理进行了探讨。实验表明 ,成核延迟时间随溶液过饱和度增大而减小 ;CaSO4 ·2H2 O晶体生长属于表面反应控制 ,且与粒径相关 ,当温度为 3 0℃ ,粒径为2 8～ 67μm ,Ca2 + 浓度为 0 .0 3 5mol/L时 ,晶体生长速度在 0 .5× 10 - 8～ 5 .8× 10 - 8m/s之间     

碳酸盐岩系TSR系统中铁的硫化物生成模拟实验研究

TSR反应的发生可能是造成地质体中天然气耗竭的主要原因之一,其中金属硫化物的生成是TSR反应系统中碳硫氧循环的重要连接体。对H₂S-Fe₂O₃反应体系进行了模拟实验研究,通过X-射线衍射分析手段确定了反应的途径,考察了反应的热力学和动力学特征,计算了反应过程的动力学参数,并初步探讨了反应机理。结果表明,该反应在热力学上是可行的,能够自发进行,生成以FeS₂为主的含铁多硫混合物,水介质的存在有利于反应的进行。     

泥炭的热模拟研究──过渡带气形成机理探讨

本文对现代泥炭进行了低温长时间模拟实验研究,并探讨了过渡带气的形成机理。甘南泥炭气、液态烃产率高。液态烃由热解油和残余气仿沥青“Ａ”两部分组成,热解油中以Ｃ_５─Ｃ_１４较轻馏分为主,残余氯仿沥青“Ａ”则以非烃、沥青质为主。随热演化程度增高,烃类增加,非烃和沥青质急剧减少。模拟气体组成以非烃气体（ＣＯ_２等）为主,随温度升高,气态烃产率升高,烃类气体中以甲烷为主。２００℃～４００℃温度下产生的甲烷碳同位素δ１３Ｃ为－５３.８２～－３３.６６‰。研究表明低热演化阶段伴随腐殖物质的降解和干酪根的分子重排作用能产生甲烷同位素较轻的生物－热催化过渡带气。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界泥页岩热模拟实验

采用高压釜热模拟实验对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界太原组、本溪组的4块泥页岩样品进行了生烃过程模拟分析。在热模拟实验过程中,甲烷气是最主要的气态烃类产物,其产率在热模拟过程中持续增加,在温度600℃时可达50 mg/g。C2～C5的产率变化在热模拟过程中表现出相似的特征,均是先增大至峰值后开始减小,C2～C5的热裂解是甲烷产生的主要来源。样品的气态烃产率主要与有机质热成熟度有关,热成熟度越低,样品有机质的生烃潜力越大,在热模拟过程中气态烃的产率越高。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861