石英—黑钨矿—水体系的氧同位素分馏作用实验研究

在温度为200—420℃,盐度为0—10wt％,填充度为50％的条件下,完成了由NaWO_4·2H_2O+FeCl_2·4H_2O或/和MnCl_2·4H_2O组成的水溶液在带黄金衬套的不锈钢高压釜中合成黑钨矿(钨锰矿或钨铁矿)的氧同位素分馏作用实验研究。我们获得的结果表明,在310℃条件下,黑钨矿和钨锰矿或钨铁矿与水之间氧同位素分馏作用几乎没有什么差别。在高温条件下(>370℃),黑钨矿与水之间氧同位素分馏值趋于相同,而在低温条件下(<870℃),随温度降低分馏值趋于增大。所获黑钨矿-水分馏方程式为: 1000 Inα_(黑钨矿-水)=0.21×10~6T~(-2)-2.91(370±—420℃) 1000 Inα_(黑钨矿-水)=1.03×10~6T~(-2)-4.91(200—370℃±)     

石英—锡石—水体系氧同位素分馏作用实验研究

本文在400～500℃及250～370℃温度范围内,盐度为0～15wt%,压力约0.3～0.6kbar条件下,分别在水溶液中完成了由硅胶及非晶质SnO_2合成石英-锡石矿物对以及由非晶质SnO_2等合成的锡石与水之间氧同位素分馏的实验研究,获得了石英-锡石-水体系氧同位素分馏作用系数与温度的关系方程:1000lna_(石英-锡石)=3.11×10~6T~(-2)+1.63(400～500℃),1000lna_(石锡-水)=2.60×10~6T~(-2)-9.91(250～370℃±),1000lna_(锡石-水)=0.20×10~6T~(-2)-4.34(370±～500℃).     

二氧化钛—水体系氧同位素分馏系数的实验研究

对ＴｉＯ２的两种常见同质多像变体金红石和锐钛矿与水之间的氧同位素分馏系数的实验研究进行了系统的总结和评述。水热晶化法和水热氧化法以及低温水解法获得的实验金红石－水体系分馏系数与增量方法理论计算结果相一致。低温水解法获得的够太矿－水体系分馏可能是一种不平衡分馏,其分馏系数的大小决定于锐钛矿的形成机制。同时,低温水解实验还揭示,在低温矿物形成和同质多像转变过程中可能存在氧同位素继承性,这对解释低温环境     

文石—水体系氧同位素分馏机理的实验研究

采用“附晶生长法”分别在５０和７０℃下合成文石下矿物,获得了两种不同的文石与水之间的氧同位素分馏关系。结果证明,文石与水之间氧同位素分馏的化学动力学机 为两步：（１）碳酸根与水之间进行氧同位素交换和平衡,即：「Ｃ＾１６Ｏ３」＾＾３－＋２Ｈ２＾１８Ｏ＝「Ｃ＾１８Ｏ３＾１６Ｏ」＾２－＋２Ｈ２Ｏ１６Ｏ;（２）与水平衡以后的「ＣＯ２」＾２－离子与Ｃａ＾２＋结合生成文石,即：Ｃａ＾２＋＋＿「Ｃ＾１８Ｏ２＾１     

赤铁矿—水体系氧同位素分馏的实验研究

本文分别以3种不同的可溶性三价铁盐作为Fe~(3+)源物质的强迫水解法和以针铁矿和四方纤铁矿为起始物质的溶液转化法,在90～315℃范围内合成赤铁矿,测定了赤铁矿与水之间的氧同位素分馏。矿物合成实验和氧同位素分析结果显示,在90～225℃范围内,实验获得的赤铁矿与水之间氧同位素分馏为亚稳态分馏,并且不同合成实验方法得到不同的分馏关系,前者相对于后者富集(18)O约为2‰,即:10~31nα_(赤铁矿-水)=1.17±0.02×10~6/T~2-9.14±0.20(强迫水解法);10~31nα_(赤铁矿-水)=1.46±0.18×10~6/T~2-14.52±0.03(溶液转化法)。但温度在315℃以下,无论强迫水解法还是溶液转化法,在实验误差范围内实验测定的分馏值几乎不可区分,并且与增量方法的理论预测相近,表明该温度下获得的赤铁矿与水之间氧同位素分馏代表了赤铁矿-水体系氧同位素平衡分馏。此外,两种不同方法获得了不同的分馏关系,显示低温下赤铁矿-水体系氧同位素分馏不仅依赖于赤铁矿形成的温度,而且取决于赤铁矿的成因机制,因此对应于不同形成环境下的动力学亚稳态平衡,这对解释低温环境中赤铁矿的氧同位素数据具有重要意义。     

水镁石—水体系氧同位素分馏系数的低温实验研究

在15—120℃的低温范围内分别应用氮化镁法、氯化镁法和氧化镁法3种化学合成方法,对水镁石-水体系氧同位素分馏系数进行了实验测定。所有合成样品的晶体结构均由XRD测定,其形貌特征则由SEM确定。应用3种不同合成方法得到了一致的水镁石—水体系氧同位素分馏系数,证明同位素平衡分馏已经达到。在实验温度范围内,水镁石—水体系氧同位素分馏系数主要决定于温度,而溶液的酸碱度、化学组分和陈化时间的影响不明显。由实验数据得到的氧同位素分馏曲线方程为:10~3Inα=1.59×10~6/T~2-14.10(r=0.9921)。结合前人对三水铝石—水体系和针铁矿—水体系氧同位素分馏系数的低温实验测定,可以得到氢氧化物中金属M—OH键的~(18)O富集顺序:Al~(3+)-OH>Fe~(3+)-OH>Mg~(2+)-OH。应用化学合成方法实验测定低温条件下水镁石—水体系氧同位素分馏系数,不仅克服了同位素交换反应实验的一些缺陷(如交换速率缓慢、仪器设备复杂昂贵等),而且可以应用不同的化学合成反应机理来检验同位素平衡是否达到,这为研究低温地球化学过程作用提供了有价值的基本参数。     

文石-水体系氧同位素分馏系数的低温实验研究

采用缓慢分解法和“两步法”的附晶生长法,在低温(0℃～70℃)下实验合成纯文石型碳酸 钙矿物,以XRD和SEM技术对合成矿物的相组成和形貌进行了鉴定。将XRD与SEM及氧同位素分 析技术相结合,研究了文石的生成速率与氧同位素分馏之间关系。对0℃、25℃和50℃条件 下采用缓慢分解法合成的文石进行SEM观察发现,随着温度升高,矿物生成速率加快,氧同 位素分馏逐渐趋于不平衡,导致50℃条件下获得的文石-水体系氧同位素分馏是一种不平衡 分馏,而0℃和25℃条件下获得的低值代表平衡分馏。将0℃和25℃以下采用缓慢分解法获得 的文石-水体系分馏低值与采用“两步法”的附晶生长法在50℃和70℃条件下获得的文石- 水体系平衡分馏数据相结合,得到0℃～70℃范围内文石-水体系氧同位素平衡分馏方程为 ：103lnα=20.41×103T－41.42。这个实验结果不仅与增量方法理论计算结 果一致,而且与前人低温实验获得的文石或文石与方解石混合相碳酸钙-水体系,以及生物 成因文石-水体系的氧同位素分馏结果相近。这是首次根据实验确定的无机成因文石-水体 系热力学平衡氧同位素分馏系数,因此对于无机成因文石在古沉积环境和古气候研究中的应 用具有重要参考价值。     

碳酸钙-水体系氧同位素平衡及稳态分馏的低温实验研究

采用“一步”和“两步”的直接沉淀法和附晶生长法在 5 0℃和 70℃分别合成碳钡矿和文石 ,测定不同条件下合成矿物与水之间的氧同位素分馏 ,结果显示 ,文石—水体系氧同位素分馏机理分两步 :(1) [CO3 ]2 - 与H2 O的氧同位素交换和平衡 ,此过程是文石 水氧同位素平衡的决速率步骤 ;(2 )与H2 O平衡以后的 [CO3 ]2 - 与Ca2 +]结合生成文石 ,此过程体现矿物形成过程中氧同位素分馏的结构效应。在此基础上 ,采用缓慢沉淀法和“两步”的附晶生长法获得了 0～ 70℃的文石 水体系氧同位素平衡分馏方程。采用“一步”和“两步”的附晶生长法在 5 0℃和 70℃合成文石 ,文石在溶液中经同质多象转变成次生方解石 ;结合文献数据 ,获得 0～ 70℃范围内的方解石 水体系稳态氧同位素分馏方程。     

Oxygen isotope fractionation between rutile and water

Synthetic rutile-water fractionations (1000 ln α) at 775, 675, and 575° C were found to be ?2.8, ?3.5, and ?4.8, respectively. Partial exchange experiments with natural rutile at 575° C and with synthetic rutile at 475° C failed to yield reliable fractionations. Isotopic fractionation within the range 575–775° C may be expressed as follows: 1 $$1000\ln \alpha ({\rm T}i{\rm O}_{2 } - H_2 O) = - 4.1 \frac{{10^6 }}{{T_{k^2 } }} + 0.96$$ . Combined with previously determined quartz-water fractionations, the above data permit calibration of the quartz-rutile geothermometer: 1 $$1000\ln \alpha ({\text{S}}i{\rm O}_{2 } - Ti{\rm O}_{2 } ) = 6.6 \frac{{10^6 }}{{T_{k^2 } }} - 2.9$$ . When applied to B-type eclogites from Europe, as an example, the latter equation yields a mean equilibration temperature of 565° C.     

Oxygen isotope fractionation between zoisite and water

Oxygen isotope fractionations between zoisite and water have been studied at 400–700°C, PH₂O = 13.4 kbar, using the three-isotope method described by Matsuhisaet al. (1978) and Matthewset al. (1983a). The zoisite-waier exchange reaction takes place extremely slowly and consequently direct-exchange calibration of equilibrium ${}^{18}\text{O}{}^{16}\text{O}$ fractionation factors was possible only at 600 and 700°C. Fractionation factors at 400–600°C were determined from samples hydrothermally crystallized from a glass of the anhydrous zoisite composition. At 600°C, both exchange procedures gave identical fractionations within experimental error. Scanning electron microscope studies showed that the zoisite-water exchange reaction occurs largely by solution-precipitation mass-transfer mechanisms. The slow kinetics of zoisite-water exchange may be typical of hydrous silicates, since additional experiments on tremolite-water and chlorite-water exchange also showed very low rates. When the zoisite-water fractionation factors determined in this study are combined with the quartz and albite-water data of Matsuhisaet al. (1979) and the calcite-water data of O'Nellet al. (1969), mineral-pair fractionations are obtained for which the coefficients “A” in the equation 1000 In α = A × 10⁶T^?2 are:

     

13.

Oxygen isotope fractionation during the dolomitization of calcium carbonate     

Alan Matthews  Amitai Katz 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1977,41(10):1431-1438

The oxygen isotope fractionation accompanying the hydrothermal dolomitization of CaCO₃ between 252 and 295°C has been investigated. Dolomitization (which occurs via the crystallization of one or more intermediate magnesian calcite phases) is characterised by a progressive lowering in δ⁸O, which smoothly correlates with the change in the Mg/(Mg + Ca) and the $\text{Sr}\text{(Mg + Ca)}$ ratios and with the sequential phase formation. The data support the proposals of Katz and Matthews (1977) that (a) all reaction occurs by solution and reprecipitation, (b) intermediate phases and dolomite form sequentially and (c) the intermediate phases form within limited solution zones surrounding the dissolving precursor. Calculated volumes of the solution zone for the aragonite → low magnesian calcite transformation are within the range 3.7–6.7 × 10^?5 liters (out of 5 × 10^?3 liters, the volume of the bulk solution used in the present study), and agree well with those calculated from strontium and magnesium partitioning data. Dolomite precipitates in apparent isotopic equilibrium with the bulk solution. The temperature dependence of the fractionation is defined by the equation 1000 Inα_D-H2O = 3.06 × 10⁶T^?2 ? 3.24 Dolomite-water fractionations from this equation are significantly lower than those obtained by extrapolation of the Northrop And Clayton (1966) calibration. The reaction zone model can be applied to explain near zero dolomite-calcite oxygen isotope fractionations reported by Epsteinet al. (1964).     

14.

Oxygen isotope fractionation between hydroxide minerals and water     

Yong-Fei Zheng 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1998,25(3):213-221

The modified increment method has been applied to the calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation factors for hydroxide minerals. The results suggest the following sequence of ¹⁸O-enrichment in the common hydroxides: limonite > gibbsite > goethite > brucite > diaspore. The hydroxides are significantly enriched in ¹⁸O relative to the corresponding oxides. The sequence of ¹⁸O-enrichment in the hydroxides and oxides of trivalent cations is as follows: M(OH)₃ > MO(OH) > M₂O₃. There are also considerable fractionations within the polymorphos of Al(OH)₃. The internally consistent fractionation factors for hydroxide–water systems are obtained for the temperature range of 0 to 1200 °C, which are comparable with the data derived from synthesis experiments and natural samples at surficial temperatures. Temperature dependence of oxygen isotope fractionations between goethite, gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore and water are significant enough for the purpose of geothermometry. Thus the hydroxide–water pairs hold great promise of serving as reliable paleothermometers in surficial geological environments. Received: 22 January 1997 / Revised, accepted: 2 June 1997     

15.

Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the system quartz-albite-anorthite-water   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yukihiro Matsuhisa  Julian R. Goldsmith  Robert N. Clayton 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1979,43(7):1131-1140

Oxygen isotopic fractionations have been determined between quartz and water, albite and water, and anorthite and water at temperatures from 300 to 825°C, and pressures from 1.5. to 25 kbar. The equilibrium quartz-feldspar fractionation curves can be approximated by the following equations: 1000ln α_Q?PI = (0.46 + 0.55β)10⁶T^?2 + (0.02 + 0.85β) between 500 and 800°C 1000ln α_Q?PI = (0.79 + 0.90β)10⁶T^?2 — (0.43 ? 0.30β) between 400 and 500°C where β is the mole-fraction of anorthite in plagioclase.Application of these isotopic thermometer calibrations to literature data on quartz and feldspar gives temperatures for some metamorphic rocks which are concordant with quartz-magnetite temperatures. Plutonic igneous rocks typically have quartz-feldspar fractionations which are substantially larger than the equilibrium values at solidus temperatures, indicating substantial retrograde exchange effects.     

16.

Oxygen isotope fractionation between biogenic silica and ocean water     

Kenneth Mopper 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1971

     

17.

Oxygen isotope fractionation between calcite and tremolite: an experimental study     

Y. -F. Zheng  P. Metz  M. Satir 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1994,118(3):249-255

Oxygen isotope partitioning between calcite and tremolite was experimentally calibrated in the presence of small amounts of a supercritical CO₂–H₂O fluid at temperatures from 520 to 680° C and pressures from 3 to 10 kbar. The experiments were carried out within the stability field of the calcite-tremolite assemblage based on phase equilibrium relationships in the system CaO–MgO–SiO₂–CO₂–H₂O, so that decomposition of calcite and tremolite was avoided under the experimental conditions. Appropriate proportions of carbon dioxide to water were used to meet this requirement. Large weight ratios of mineral to fluid were employed in order to make the isotopic exchange between calcite and tremolite in the presence of a fluid close to that without fluid. The data processing method for isotopic exchange in a three-phase system has been applied to extrapolate partial equilibrium data to equilibrium values. The determined fractionation factors between calcite (Cc) and tremolite (Tr) are expressed as:10³1n _Cc-Tr=3.80 × 10⁶/T ²-1.67By combining the present data with the experimental calibrations of Clayton et al. (1989) on the calcite-quartz system, we obtain the fractionation for the quartztremolite system: 10³1n _Qz-Tr=4.18 × 10⁶/T ²-1.67Our experimental calibrations are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations of Hoffbauer et al. (1994) and the empirical estimates of Bottinga and Javoy (1975) based on isotopic data from naturall assemblages. At 700 C good agreement also exists between our experimental data and theoretical values calculated by Zheng (1993b). With decreasing temperature, however, an increasing difference between these data appears.Retrograde isotopic reequilibration by oxygen diffusion may be common for amphibole relative to diopside in metamorphic rocks. However, isotopic equilibrium in amphibole can be preserved in cases of rapid cooling.     

18.

Oxygen isotope fractionation of dissolved oxygen during reduction by ferrous iron     

Yasuhiro Oba  Simon R. Poulson 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(1):13-468

The oxygen isotope fractionation factor of dissolved oxygen gas has been measured during inorganic reduction by aqueous FeSO₄ at 10−54 °C under neutral (pH 7) and acidic (pH 2) conditions, with Fe(II) concentrations ranging up to 0.67 mol L⁻¹, in order to better understand the geochemical behavior of oxygen in ferrous iron-rich groundwater and acidic mine pit lakes. The rate of oxygen reduction increased with increasing temperature and increasing Fe(II) concentration, with the pseudo-first-order rate constant k ranging from 2.3 to 82.9 × 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ under neutral conditions and 2.1 to 37.4 × 10⁻⁷ s⁻¹ under acidic conditions. The activation energy of oxygen reduction was 30.9 ± 6.6 kJ mol⁻¹ and 49.7 ± 13.0 kJ mol⁻¹ under neutral and acidic conditions, respectively. Oxygen isotope enrichment factors (ε) become smaller with increasing temperature, increasing ferrous iron concentration, and increasing reaction rate under acidic conditions, with ε values ranging from −4.5‰ to −11.6‰. Under neutral conditions, ε does not show any systematic trends vs. temperature or ferrous iron concentration, with ε values ranging from −7.3 to −10.3‰. Characterization of the oxygen isotope fractionation factor associated with O₂ reduction by Fe(II) will have application to elucidating the process or processes responsible for oxygen consumption in environments such as groundwater and acidic mine pit lakes, where a number of possible processes (e.g. biological respiration, reduction by reduced species) may have taken place.     

19.

Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in TiO2 Polymorphs and Application to Geothermometry of Eclogites   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郑永飞 《中国地球化学学报》1995,14(1):1-12

Oxygen isotope fractionation in TiO2 polymorphs has been calculated by the modi-fied increment method .The results that rutile is enriched in ^18O relative to brookite but depleted in ^18O relative to anatase.Due to the same crystal structure ,oxygen isotope partitioning in the TiO2 polymorphs is determined by the cation-oxygen inter-atomic distances.The theoretical calibrations involving rutile are in fair agreement with known experimental measurements and empirical estimates.Application of the theoretic-cal quartz-rutile calibration to geothermometry of natural eclogite assemblages indicates the preservation of isotopic equilibrium at high temperatures.The isotopic temperatures calculated are only slightly lower than the non-isotopic temperatures,indicating the slow rates of exchange for oxygen diffusion in rutile.The kinetics of exchange for oxygen diffu-sion in rutile is accordingly estimated by reconciling the differences between the isotopic and the non-isotopic temperatures.The rates of exchange for oxygen diffusion in rutile should be smaller than those for hornblende,but may be equal to or greater than those for diopside.     

20.

An Experimental Study of Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in the Quartz—Wolframite—Water System     

Zhang Ligang  Liu Jingxiu  Zhou Huanbo  Chen Zhensheng 《中国地球化学学报》1993,12(3):220-227

Oxygen isotope fractionation was experimentally studied in the quartz-wolframite-water system from 200 to 420 °C. The starting wolframite was synthesized in aqueous solutions of Na₂WO₄ · 2H₂O + FeCl₂ · 4H₂O or MnCl₂ · 4H₂O. The starting solutions range in salinity from 0 to 10 equivalent wt.% NaCl. Experiments were conducted in a gold-lined stainless steel autoclave, with filling degrees of about 50%. The results showed no significant difference in equilibrium isotope fractionation between water and wolframite, ferberite and huebnerite at the same temperature (310 °C ). The equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factors of wolframite and water tend to be equal with increasing temperature above 370 °C, but to increase significantly with decreasing temperature below 370 °C: 1000 ln α_wf-H₂o= 1.03×10⁶T−2-4.91 (370 °C ±200 °C ) 1000 ln α_wf-H₂o = 0.21×10⁶T −2-2.91 (420 °C -370 °C ±) This projects was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

	Ab	Cc	Zo
Q	0.50	0.50	1.56
Ab		0.00	1.06
Cc			1.06

Oxygen isotope fractionation during the dolomitization of calcium carbonate

The oxygen isotope fractionation accompanying the hydrothermal dolomitization of CaCO₃ between 252 and 295°C has been investigated. Dolomitization (which occurs via the crystallization of one or more intermediate magnesian calcite phases) is characterised by a progressive lowering in δ⁸O, which smoothly correlates with the change in the Mg/(Mg + Ca) and the $\text{Sr}\text{(Mg + Ca)}$ ratios and with the sequential phase formation. The data support the proposals of Katz and Matthews (1977) that (a) all reaction occurs by solution and reprecipitation, (b) intermediate phases and dolomite form sequentially and (c) the intermediate phases form within limited solution zones surrounding the dissolving precursor. Calculated volumes of the solution zone for the aragonite → low magnesian calcite transformation are within the range 3.7–6.7 × 10^?5 liters (out of 5 × 10^?3 liters, the volume of the bulk solution used in the present study), and agree well with those calculated from strontium and magnesium partitioning data. Dolomite precipitates in apparent isotopic equilibrium with the bulk solution. The temperature dependence of the fractionation is defined by the equation 1000 Inα_D-H2O = 3.06 × 10⁶T^?2 ? 3.24 Dolomite-water fractionations from this equation are significantly lower than those obtained by extrapolation of the Northrop And Clayton (1966) calibration. The reaction zone model can be applied to explain near zero dolomite-calcite oxygen isotope fractionations reported by Epsteinet al. (1964).     

Oxygen isotope fractionation between hydroxide minerals and water

The modified increment method has been applied to the calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation factors for hydroxide minerals. The results suggest the following sequence of ¹⁸O-enrichment in the common hydroxides: limonite > gibbsite > goethite > brucite > diaspore. The hydroxides are significantly enriched in ¹⁸O relative to the corresponding oxides. The sequence of ¹⁸O-enrichment in the hydroxides and oxides of trivalent cations is as follows: M(OH)₃ > MO(OH) > M₂O₃. There are also considerable fractionations within the polymorphos of Al(OH)₃. The internally consistent fractionation factors for hydroxide–water systems are obtained for the temperature range of 0 to 1200 °C, which are comparable with the data derived from synthesis experiments and natural samples at surficial temperatures. Temperature dependence of oxygen isotope fractionations between goethite, gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore and water are significant enough for the purpose of geothermometry. Thus the hydroxide–water pairs hold great promise of serving as reliable paleothermometers in surficial geological environments. Received: 22 January 1997 / Revised, accepted: 2 June 1997     

Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the system quartz-albite-anorthite-water

Oxygen isotopic fractionations have been determined between quartz and water, albite and water, and anorthite and water at temperatures from 300 to 825°C, and pressures from 1.5. to 25 kbar. The equilibrium quartz-feldspar fractionation curves can be approximated by the following equations: 1000ln α_Q?PI = (0.46 + 0.55β)10⁶T^?2 + (0.02 + 0.85β) between 500 and 800°C 1000ln α_Q?PI = (0.79 + 0.90β)10⁶T^?2 — (0.43 ? 0.30β) between 400 and 500°C where β is the mole-fraction of anorthite in plagioclase.Application of these isotopic thermometer calibrations to literature data on quartz and feldspar gives temperatures for some metamorphic rocks which are concordant with quartz-magnetite temperatures. Plutonic igneous rocks typically have quartz-feldspar fractionations which are substantially larger than the equilibrium values at solidus temperatures, indicating substantial retrograde exchange effects.     

Oxygen isotope fractionation between calcite and tremolite: an experimental study

Oxygen isotope partitioning between calcite and tremolite was experimentally calibrated in the presence of small amounts of a supercritical CO₂–H₂O fluid at temperatures from 520 to 680° C and pressures from 3 to 10 kbar. The experiments were carried out within the stability field of the calcite-tremolite assemblage based on phase equilibrium relationships in the system CaO–MgO–SiO₂–CO₂–H₂O, so that decomposition of calcite and tremolite was avoided under the experimental conditions. Appropriate proportions of carbon dioxide to water were used to meet this requirement. Large weight ratios of mineral to fluid were employed in order to make the isotopic exchange between calcite and tremolite in the presence of a fluid close to that without fluid. The data processing method for isotopic exchange in a three-phase system has been applied to extrapolate partial equilibrium data to equilibrium values. The determined fractionation factors between calcite (Cc) and tremolite (Tr) are expressed as:10³1n _Cc-Tr=3.80 × 10⁶/T ²-1.67By combining the present data with the experimental calibrations of Clayton et al. (1989) on the calcite-quartz system, we obtain the fractionation for the quartztremolite system: 10³1n _Qz-Tr=4.18 × 10⁶/T ²-1.67Our experimental calibrations are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations of Hoffbauer et al. (1994) and the empirical estimates of Bottinga and Javoy (1975) based on isotopic data from naturall assemblages. At 700 C good agreement also exists between our experimental data and theoretical values calculated by Zheng (1993b). With decreasing temperature, however, an increasing difference between these data appears.Retrograde isotopic reequilibration by oxygen diffusion may be common for amphibole relative to diopside in metamorphic rocks. However, isotopic equilibrium in amphibole can be preserved in cases of rapid cooling.     

Oxygen isotope fractionation of dissolved oxygen during reduction by ferrous iron

The oxygen isotope fractionation factor of dissolved oxygen gas has been measured during inorganic reduction by aqueous FeSO₄ at 10−54 °C under neutral (pH 7) and acidic (pH 2) conditions, with Fe(II) concentrations ranging up to 0.67 mol L⁻¹, in order to better understand the geochemical behavior of oxygen in ferrous iron-rich groundwater and acidic mine pit lakes. The rate of oxygen reduction increased with increasing temperature and increasing Fe(II) concentration, with the pseudo-first-order rate constant k ranging from 2.3 to 82.9 × 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ under neutral conditions and 2.1 to 37.4 × 10⁻⁷ s⁻¹ under acidic conditions. The activation energy of oxygen reduction was 30.9 ± 6.6 kJ mol⁻¹ and 49.7 ± 13.0 kJ mol⁻¹ under neutral and acidic conditions, respectively. Oxygen isotope enrichment factors (ε) become smaller with increasing temperature, increasing ferrous iron concentration, and increasing reaction rate under acidic conditions, with ε values ranging from −4.5‰ to −11.6‰. Under neutral conditions, ε does not show any systematic trends vs. temperature or ferrous iron concentration, with ε values ranging from −7.3 to −10.3‰. Characterization of the oxygen isotope fractionation factor associated with O₂ reduction by Fe(II) will have application to elucidating the process or processes responsible for oxygen consumption in environments such as groundwater and acidic mine pit lakes, where a number of possible processes (e.g. biological respiration, reduction by reduced species) may have taken place.     

Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in TiO2 Polymorphs and Application to Geothermometry of Eclogites

Oxygen isotope fractionation in TiO2 polymorphs has been calculated by the modi-fied increment method .The results that rutile is enriched in ^18O relative to brookite but depleted in ^18O relative to anatase.Due to the same crystal structure ,oxygen isotope partitioning in the TiO2 polymorphs is determined by the cation-oxygen inter-atomic distances.The theoretical calibrations involving rutile are in fair agreement with known experimental measurements and empirical estimates.Application of the theoretic-cal quartz-rutile calibration to geothermometry of natural eclogite assemblages indicates the preservation of isotopic equilibrium at high temperatures.The isotopic temperatures calculated are only slightly lower than the non-isotopic temperatures,indicating the slow rates of exchange for oxygen diffusion in rutile.The kinetics of exchange for oxygen diffu-sion in rutile is accordingly estimated by reconciling the differences between the isotopic and the non-isotopic temperatures.The rates of exchange for oxygen diffusion in rutile should be smaller than those for hornblende,but may be equal to or greater than those for diopside.     

An Experimental Study of Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in the Quartz—Wolframite—Water System

Oxygen isotope fractionation was experimentally studied in the quartz-wolframite-water system from 200 to 420 °C. The starting wolframite was synthesized in aqueous solutions of Na₂WO₄ · 2H₂O + FeCl₂ · 4H₂O or MnCl₂ · 4H₂O. The starting solutions range in salinity from 0 to 10 equivalent wt.% NaCl. Experiments were conducted in a gold-lined stainless steel autoclave, with filling degrees of about 50%. The results showed no significant difference in equilibrium isotope fractionation between water and wolframite, ferberite and huebnerite at the same temperature (310 °C ). The equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factors of wolframite and water tend to be equal with increasing temperature above 370 °C, but to increase significantly with decreasing temperature below 370 °C: 1000 ln α_wf-H₂o= 1.03×10⁶T−2-4.91 (370 °C ±200 °C ) 1000 ln α_wf-H₂o = 0.21×10⁶T −2-2.91 (420 °C -370 °C ±) This projects was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.