吐哈盆地沉积环境对生储盖层形成的控制作用

吐哈盆地广泛发育碎屑岩类烃源岩和煤岩烃源岩。前者主要形成于上二叠统、中上三叠统和中下侏罗统的浅湖和较深湖相环境中，后者则主要形成于中下侏罗统的河流、沼泽和滨湖相环境中，盆地中二叠系、三叠系和侏罗系具有多物源、多水系的特点，沉积环境多变，砂体类型复杂。储集砂体主要为辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道、扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道、辫状河河道砂坝及滨浅湖滩沙。本区上二叠统、三叠系和侏罗系发育滨浅湖或滨湖沼泽、河漫滩或漫滩沼泽相沉积，泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、砂质泥岩及煤层常构成良好的盖层。     

民和盆地巴州坳陷中侏罗：下白垩统沉积相序列及其含油气意义

民和盆地巴州地陷的中侏罗－下白垩统主要发育曲流河、辫状河、滨浅湖、水下扇和三角洲沉积。窑街组的漫滩沼泽和湖湾沉积是主要的生油岩系。中侏罗统以上的滨浅 湖泥岩和粉砂质泥岩是主要的盖层。     

川西洛带气田遂宁组沉积相及与储集物性关系

川西洛带气田上侏罗统遂宁组主要为三角洲前缘斜坡亚相和浅湖亚相沉积,并可进一步识别出水下分流河道、河口砂坝、远砂坝、席状砂、分流间湾和浅湖砂坝微相,其物源区为龙门山隆起区。砂体的展布明显受控于沉积微相,大多数含气和产气层均处于浅湖砂坝、河口砂坝、水下分支河道及远砂坝等有利沉积微相较厚的砂体分布范围内。沉积微相与储层物性间的配置关系较好,浅湖砂坝与河口砂坝微相储层具有最优的储集条件。因此,寻找有利沉积微相内的优质储集砂体应为洛带气田今后的主要勘探方向。     

吐哈盆地前侏罗系沉积相带与砂体的展布特征

吐哈盆地二叠系─三叠统和中上三叠统广泛发育冲积扇、河流、湖泊、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲及曲流河三角洲相沉积。其中的中上三叠统辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道、扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道、辫状河河道砂坝及滨浅湖滩砂等相带是良好的储集砂体，其纵向发育和横向展布是今后油气田勘探的一个重要研究课题。     

滇西陇川盆地南林组储层砂体粒度分布特征及环境分析

对陇川盆地南林组78个样品的粒度资料进行Q型聚类分析,划分出九种曲线形态;对九种曲线形态进行成因分析及垂向组合研究,认为上第三系中新统南林组储层沉积环境为半深湖重力流沉积、扇三角洲水道和分流河道沉积、三角洲前缘河口坝和近滨岸线沉积;纵向上环境演化为半深湖→扇三角洲→河流三角洲前缘。河口坝和近滨岸线砂体受湖浪和湖流作用影响,物性较好,为最佳储集砂体。     

松辽盆地东北缘庆安地区泉头组沉积相与铀矿找矿潜力

松辽盆地东北盆缘泉头组的沉积相与铀成矿条件研究相对薄弱。在岩芯、测井资料综合分析的基础上,对庆安地区泉头组的沉积相特征进行了系统总结,并对区内砂岩型铀成矿地质条件进行了综合评价。认为：①泉头组可识别出冲积扇、扇三角洲、滨浅湖三种沉积相,可划分出泥石流、辫状河道、洪泛平原、水下分流河道、河口坝、水下分流间湾、前三角洲泥、滨浅湖泥、滩坝等九种微相;②泉头组为一个以湖侵序列占优、大的水进-水退沉积旋回,沉积充填以大规模的冲积扇-扇三角洲体系为特色;③水下分流河道砂体、河口坝砂体等有利砂体的北东-南西向展布特征是制约研究区铀矿勘查的主要控制因素,建议天增镇附近、铁力市西南地区可作为下一步工作的重点区加强探索。     

松辽盆地十屋油田营城组储层沉积微相特征及其对储层物性的影响

对营城组岩石样品进行微观特征及粒度特征研究,识别出储层沉积微相类型有扇三角洲前缘亚相的水下分流河道、河口坝、远砂坝和浅湖--半深湖亚相的水下扇与浊流等5 种微相。结合储层物性测试资料,发现砂体成因类型对储层的物性有明显的控制作用。扇三角洲前缘河口坝和水下分流河道砂体储集物性最好,水下扇砂体储层孔渗条件较河口坝和水下河道稍差,远砂坝和浊流储层物性均较差。同时,该区储层物性还受成岩作用的控制。     

准噶尔盆地莫北凸起侏罗系三工河组沉积演化及微相构成

运用高分辨率层序地层学原理将准噶尔盆地莫北凸起侏罗系三工河组划分为10个短期基准面旋回、2个中期基准面旋回。按照短期基准面旋回期次分析了该区沉积演化特征,在三工河组沉积期,研究区经历了辫状河三角洲前缘、曲流河三角洲前缘及滨浅湖的交替演化过程。不同的演化期,其微相构成具有很大的差别,辫状河三角洲前缘沉积主要由辫状河水下分流河道微相及河道间微相构成,河口砂坝及远砂坝不发育;曲流河三角洲前缘沉积微相有曲流河水下分流河道、支流间湾、河口坝、远砂坝及席状砂,以水下分流河道微相为主,河口坝较发育,远砂坝、席状砂次之;滨浅湖沉积微相由砂泥坪及滩坝构成。通过分析认为,在中期基准面下降到上升的转换位置,辫状河水下分流河道叠置连通广泛分布,为本区最有利的构造油气藏储集砂体;中期基准面上升和下降的中期,曲流河三角洲前缘水下分流河道及河口坝砂体发育,孤立状分布,为形成岩性油气藏的有利储集砂体。      

川西邛崃县白马庙气田上侏罗统蓬莱镇组沉积相及砂体展布研究

本文认为白马庙气田上侏罗统蓬莱镇组的主要沉积相类型为湖成三角洲和湖泊沉积。通常有2～3条主分流河道自北西方向进入研究区，三角洲属河控型鸟足状三角洲；滨、浅湖相构成了湖泊相的主要亚相类型。三角洲前缘为该区的优势亚相，砂体展布明显受控于水下分流河道、河口坝和远砂坝等微相，指状砂坝、复合式砂坝是该区蓬莱镇组Ⅲ、Ⅳ段(主力产气层段)的有利储集体。今后，基于沉积微相研究的砂体展布精细研究始终是该气田地质研究的重要课题之一。     

胜利油田车镇凹陷沙河街组二、三段沉积相

车镇凹陷古近系沙河街组三段上亚段-二段下亚段是较为典型的深断陷型三级层序.层序的发育主要受控于幕式断陷作用,可进一步划分出低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域.通过岩心观察、薄片镜下鉴定、粒度分析、古生物及遗迹化石分析,并综合利用测井曲线和地震相特征,认为该时期主要发育有扇三角洲、三角洲、近岸水下扇、湖底扇、滨浅湖滩坝等骨架砂体相,以及滨浅湖、半深湖-深湖等沉积相及其亚相.综合考虑物源特征、沉积环境、沉积体系平面展布以及生、储、盖组合关系,认为有利的沉积相带主要是三角洲、扇三角洲前缘、湖底扇、近岸水下扇的中扇和外扇以及滨浅湖中发育的滩坝和砂坝.     

松辽盆地嫩江组大型陆相坳陷湖盆湖底水道的发现及其石油地质意义

松辽盆地属于大型陆相中生界含油气盆地,通过高分辨率三维地震资料分析,首次在中央坳陷区大庆长垣嫩江组一段湖相泥岩中发现了发育完整的大型湖底水道系统,该系统由3个主干水道和4个末梢分支水道构成,沿大庆长垣自北向南延伸,水道系统延伸最大直线距离71km,水道最大宽度600m。研究认为该水道系统可能为河流直接入湖而形成,电测解释和岩心观察表明水道砂体具有很好的含油气性。因此,这一水道系统的发现为在松辽盆地中央坳陷区广泛发育的湖相泥岩中寻找油气储层提供了一个新勘探领域,具有极其重要的石油地质意义。     

海南油田东营三段沉积微相及其与油气的关系

海南油田储层东营组三段为三角洲前缘沉积，发育水下分支河道，分流间，河口砂坝及席状砂等4个微相。其中，以水下分支河道，河口砂坝的油气储集性能为最好，席状砂次之，分流间湾较差。本区沉积微相决定了储层的性质与展布，进而控制油气的储集和分布。储层评价以下部储集层最好（以水下分支河道为主），上部储集层次之（以河口坝及水下分支河道为主），中部储集层较差（以分流间湾，席状砂为主）。     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷古近系阜宁组一段浅水三角洲和滩坝沉积模式*

通过对苏北盆地高邮凹陷古近系阜宁组一段38口取心井的岩心观察和薄片鉴定, 识别出岩性、结构、构造标志, 进一步分析了高邮凹陷阜一段的相标志和沉积展布特征。研究认为其具有浅水三角洲和滩坝相的沉积特征, 其中浅水三角洲可进一步分为浅水三角洲平原和浅水三角洲前缘2个沉积亚相, 前者包括分流河道、河口坝、天然堤3个沉积微相, 后者包含水下分流河道、水下天然堤、支流间湾、河口坝4个沉积微相。在湖平面频繁变化过程中, 浅水三角洲的水下分流河道向湖泊轴心方向推进, 形成多个叠置的朵叶体;而在浅水三角洲侧缘, 由于湖浪和沿岸流的改造, 形成多条沿湖岸线和浅水三角洲呈狭长带状展布的滩坝。在上述研究基础上, 建立了湖平面频繁变化时期浅水三角洲和滩坝混合沉积的沉积模式。     

陆相湖盆三角洲—滩坝复合砂体分布模式及编图方法*

陆相湖盆与海洋环境不同,具有水体浅、能量弱、湖进湖退频繁等特点。综合应用高精度层序地层学和地震沉积学等关键技术,通过中国东部及中西部典型陆相湖盆的勘探实践、野外露头解剖和现代沉积考察,总结了陆相湖盆三角洲—滩坝复合砂体的分布模式,并提出了复合砂体地质编图法。研究结果表明:(1)陆相湖盆的“湖—陆过渡沉积体系”不仅发育分流河道,还发育河口坝和沿岸砂坝,这些不同时期的分流河道、河口坝和沿岸砂坝交织叠加在一起,在古代地层和现代沉积中得以保存;(2)地形平坦处,水体浅、波浪作用不强、河流作用为主,形成河道砂体;湖岸较陡处,波浪作用强,分流河道砂体被波浪改造,形成沿湖岸分布的滩坝砂体;(3)在高频湖平面变化背景下,岸线的迁移导致沉积坡折的迁移,形成了多期垂直于岸线分布的树枝状三角洲分流河道砂体,和多期平行于岸线呈带状分布的沿岸滩坝砂体相互交织的陆相湖盆三角洲—滩坝复合砂体的特殊结构;(4)复合砂体地质编图法基于传统单因素法,以复合砂体分布模式为指导,主要针对发育在水体较浅、地形平坦开阔背景下的陆相湖盆三角洲—滩坝砂体。     

湖泊三角洲前缘砂体内部构成及不均一性露头研究

本文论证了河口坝和水下分流河道砂体的内部构成是产生储层砂体不均一性的根本原因,成岩作用(富铁钙质胶结作用)使沉积不均一性更加复杂化,河口坝砂体和水下分流河道砂体是三角洲前缘的主要组成部分,口坝砂体中沉积事件间的不连续面和沉积构造产生了垂向不均一性,水下分流河道砂体的基本构成单位是河道单元,河道单元被一系列底冲刷面或内冲刷面(第三/第四级界面或第五级界面)区分开,储层岩性相又是河道单元的基本构成单位,在河道单元中,沉积构造、粒度、填隙物和分选性等参数的不均一性变化取决于古水流强度的变化,砂体内部构成和不均一性严格地控制着储层内部高孔隙度、渗透率和流动单元的分布。     

Genetic type,distribution patterns and controlling factors of beach and bars in the second member of the Shahejie formation in the Dawangbei Sag,Bohai Bay,China

As an important reservoir type in the Bohai Bay Basin, China, lacustrine beach and bar sands which refer to the shallow water complex deposited mainly by nearshore, delta‐rim and buried hill‐related beaches as well as longshore bars were developed in a particular stage in the evolution of those faulted Cenozoic continental depressions. In the Chezhen Depression, for example, the Second Member of the Oligocene Shehejie Formation (abbr. as Es2 hereafter) formed during the rifting‐to‐thermal subsidence transitional stage. Although well developed in Es2, beach and bar sands are difficult to recognize owing to their relative thinness. The paper summarizes sedimentary characteristics of lacustrine beach and bar sands on cores and logs. Low‐angle cross‐stratification, swash stratification, as well as occasional small‐scale hummocky cross‐stratification resulted from storms can be observed in beach and bar sands. The paper distinguishes bars and beaches from each other in Es2 mainly based on the grain‐size, bed thickness, facies succession and log responses. In order to predict the distribution of beach and bars, a chrono‐stratigraphic correlation framework of Es2 in the study strata is established using a high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic approach. Es2 strata are sub‐divided into six medium‐scale cycles and the mapping of the high‐frequency cycles allows the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of both beach and bar sands to be predicted. The study shows that beach and bars are better developed in times of base‐level fall than in base‐level rise. Factors such as lake‐level fluctuation, sediment supply, palaeogeomorphology and palaeowind direction have exerted control on the formation and distribution of beach and bar sands. Finally, the genetic pattern of beach and bar sands in the Es2 unit has been constructed, which provides a foundation for the prediction of beach and bars reservoir in continental basins in general. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂尔多斯盆地志靖安塞地区长9油层组沉积相及其沉积演化特征

志靖安塞地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地陕北斜坡中部。以钻井取心观察为基础,结合砂岩厚度、砂地比、自生绿泥石分布、古生物化石分布等因素,对长9油层组2个层段沉积相空间展布特征及沉积演化规律进行研究。结果表明,长9油层组发育一套三角洲-湖泊沉积,北部主要发育三角洲前缘沉积,在南部发育浅湖沉积。长92沉积期,湖盆范围较小,长91沉积期湖盆初始扩张,湖岸线向北推进,湖域面积增大。从长92沉积期到长91沉积期,研究区经历了沉积水体由浅变深的过程,并在长91顶部发育一套具有生烃潜力的高阻泥岩。三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体是较有利的储集砂体。     

A highstand oolitic sequence and associated facies from a Late Triassic lake basin, south-west England

High energy, lake‐shoreline carbonate sequences are rarely documented in the geological record. However, one example occurs in the Upper Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group (MMG) of southern Britain. The MMG is one of a number of thick, non‐fossiliferous mudstone deposits associated with North Atlantic Mesozoic rift basins. The origin of the MMG mudstones is the subject of current debate, with marine, playa‐lacustrine and alluvial–aeolian models having been proposed. Shoreline features have been documented from the northern margin of the basin, but the rarity of such features elsewhere in the MMG has led many workers to doubt a lacustrine origin for the mudstones. Wave‐dominated, lake‐shoreline deposits have been recognized in several sections from the southern basin margin in the Clevedon area of the Bristol Channel in south‐west England. These deposits provide evidence for the development of a sizeable perennial to semi‐perennial hypersaline lake in which the MMG mudstones accumulated. Shoreline sediments overlie alluvial stream and sheet‐flood deposits, and pass from transgressive gravel–conglomerate beach units with bioclasts, influenced by shore‐normal waves (deposited under semi‐humid conditions), to lower gradient, highstand oolitic sands affected by more varied wave approach (deposited under progressively more arid conditions), which culminated in lowstand, oolitic strand‐plain deposits overlain by a playa‐mudflat unit. Shoreline deposits record a simple shallowing‐upward transgressive–highstand–lowstand sequence. However, a change from a reflective (transgressive) to dissipative (highstand) shoreline is believed to represent a climatically induced change in prevailing wind direction. Shoreline features recognized in the MMG are similar to those of recent playa‐lacustrine basins of the western United States. Ooids display a variety of size, fracture and dissolution features in addition to beachrock fabrics, suggesting that they were originally composed of radial aragonite, similar to modern ooids from the Great Salt Lake, Utah.     

准噶尔盆地东北缘中-下侏罗统层序地层与油气

通过对边缘露头、钻井和地震等资料的综合层序地层分析,划分出下八道湾、上八道湾、三工河和西山窑等4个层序以及湖退体系域(RST)、湖进体系域(TST)、高位体系域(HST)和冲积体系域(AST)等四种类型的9个体系域.层序形成主要受控于构造作用和湖水进退.RST中形成区域上广布的工业煤层;TST中的粗粒退积型辫状三角洲沉积体系中发育很好的储层.快速湖进形成的TST与构造长期稳定形成的HST反复叠置构成良好的生储盖组合.     

Depositional model for lacustrine nearshore subaqueous fans in a rift basin: The Eocene Shahejie Formation,Dongying Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

The origin of the fourth member of the Eocene Shahejie Formation in the northern steep slopes of the Minfeng Sub‐sag, Dongying Sag, China, was investigated by integrating core studies and flume tank depositional simulations. A non‐channelized depositional model is proposed in this paper for nearshore subaqueous fans in steep fault‐controlled slopes of lacustrine rift basins. The deposits of nearshore subaqueous fans along the base of steep border‐fault slopes of rift basins are typically composed of deep‐water coarse‐grained sediment gravity‐flow deposits directly sourced from adjacent footwalls. Sedimentation processes of nearshore subaqueous fans respond to tectonic activities of boundary faults and to seasonal rainfall. During tectonically active stages, subaqueous debris flows triggered by episodic movements of border‐faults dominate the sedimentation. During tectonically quiescent stages, hyperpycnal flows generated by seasonal rainfall‐generated floods, normal discharges of mountain‐derived rivers and deep‐lacustrine suspension sedimentation are commonly present. The results of a series of flume tank depositional simulations show that the sediments deposited by subaqueous debris flows are wedge‐shaped and non‐channelized, whereas the sediments deposited by hyperpycnal flows generated by sporadic floods from seasonal rainfall are characterized by non‐channelized, coarse‐grained lobate depositional bodies which switch laterally because of compensation sedimentation of hyperpycanal flows. The hyperpycnal‐flow‐deposited non‐channelized lobate depositional bodies can be divided into a main body and lateral edges. The main body can be further subdivided into a proximal part, middle part and frontal part. Normal mountain‐derived river‐discharge‐deposited sediments are characterized by thin‐bedded, fine‐grained sandstones and siltstones with a limited distribution range. Normal mountain‐derived river‐discharge‐deposited sediments and deep‐lacustrine mudstones are commonly eroded in the area close to boundary faults. A nearshore subaqueous fan can be divided into three segments: inner fan, middle fan and outer fan. The inner fan is composed of debrites and the proximal part of the main body. The middle fan consists of the middle part of the main body and lateral edges, normal mountain‐derived river‐discharge‐deposited fine‐grained sediments and deep‐lacustrine mudstones. The outer fan comprises the frontal part of the main body, lateral edges, and deep‐lacustrine mudstones. Based on the non‐channelized depositional model for nearshore subaqueous fans, criteria for stratigraphic subdivision and correlation are discussed and applied.