Environmental geochemistry of Zarshuran Au-As deposit, NW Iran

Zarshuran deposit is the most famous and important As-Au mine in Iran. However, there is no information on the impact of mining activity on the surrounding environment, especially on water systems. This paper attempts to document the concentration of arsenic and associated elements in waters and sediments resulting from the mining history of Zarshuran, a period covering hundreds of years. Water and sediment samples collected from Zarshuran Stream indicate high content of some potentially toxic elements, especially of As which ranges from 0.028 to 40 ng/l in water and 182 to 36,000 mg/kg in sediment samples. Mining activity, exposure of a large volume of mining wastes to weathering, and the anomalously high background of trace metals in the mining area are considered to be the main sources of heavy metal pollution.     

Petrography,geochemistry and geodynamic environment of potassic alkaline rocks in Eslamy peninsula,northwest of Iran

Eslamy peninsula, 360 km² in area, is located in the eastern coast of Urmieh lake in the northwest of Iran. This peninsula is a complex stratovolcano with a collapsed center, which is elevated due to later intrusions of sub-volcanic masses with trachytic to microsyenitic composition. The composite cone consists of a sequence of leucite tephrite, tephrite, leucite basanite, basanite and related pyroclastic rocks. Magmatic activities in the Eslamy peninsula begin with potassic alkaline to ultrapotassic and basic, silica-undersaturated shoshonitic rocks and they are followed by intrusions of lamprophyric dykes and end with acidic magmatism including trachytic, microsyenitic, syenitic and phonolitic domes. The original magma of the Eslamy peninsula rocks has a potassic alkaline nature (Roman type) rich in LREE and LILE and depleted of HREE. These characteristics suggest that the origin of magma can be from deep mantle with a garnet lherzolite composition, a low partial melting rate which has been contaminated by crustal materials in its way up. Fractional crystallization of olivine, diopsidic clinopyroxene and leucite played an important role in the evolution of magmas. Scrutinizing the geodynamic environment of Eslamy peninsula rocks in discrimination diagrams indicates that these rocks must have been formed in a post-collision magmatic arc setting.     

Sediment-hosted disseminated gold mineralisation at Zarshuran, NW Iran

Mineralisation at the Zarshuran, NW Iran, occurs on the flank of an inlier of Precambrian rocks hosted in black silty calcareous and carbonaceous shale with interbedded dolomite and limestone varying in thickness from 5 to 60 m and extending along strike for approximately 5–6 km. Two major, steeply dipping sets of faults with distinct trends occur in the Zarshuran: (1) northwest (310–325) and (2) southwest (255–265). The main arsenic mineralisation occurs at the intersection of these faults. The mineral assemblage includes micron to angstrom-size gold, orpiment, realgar, stibnite, getchellite, cinnabar, thallium minerals, barite, Au-As-bearing pyrite, base metal sulphides and sulphosalts. Hydrothermal alteration features are developed in black shale and limestone around the mineralisation Types of alteration include: (1) decalcification, (2) silicification, (3) argillisation, (4) dolomitisation, (5) oxidation and acid leaching and (6) supergene alteration. The early stage of mineralisation involved removal of carbonates from the host rocks, followed by quartz precipitation. The main stage includes massive silicification associated with argillic alteration. In the late stage veining became more dominant and the main arsenic ore was deposited along fault cross cuts and gouge. These characteristics are typical of Carlin-type sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits. The early stage of mineralisation contains only two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions. The main stage has two groups of three-phase CO₂-bearing inclusions with minor CH₄ ± N₂, associated with high temperature, two-phase aqueous inclusions. During the late stage, fluids exhibit a wide range in composition, salinity and temperature, and CH₄ becomes the dominant carbonic fluid with minor CO₂ associated with a variety of two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions. The characteristics of fluids at the Zarshuran imply the presence of at least two separate fluids during mineralisation. The intersections of coexisting carbonic and aqueous inclusion isochores, together with stratigraphic and mineral stability evidence, indicate that mineralisation occurred at 945 ± 445 bar and 243 ± 59 °C, implying a depth for mineralisation of at least 3.8 ± 1.8 km (assuming a lithostatic pressure gradient). Fluid density fluctuations and the inferred depth of formation suggest that the mineralisation occurred at the transition between overpressured and normally pressured regimes. Geochronologic studies utilising K/Ar and Ar/Ar techniques on hydrothermal argillic alteration (whole rock and separated clay size fractions) and on volcanic rocks, indicates that mineralisation at Zarshuran formed at 14.2 ± 0.4 Ma, and was contemporaneous with nearby Miocene volcanic activity, 13.7 ± 2.9 Ma. It is proposed that mineralisation was the result of the infiltration of hydrothermal fluids containing a magmatic gas component, and that it was localised in the Zarshuran Unit because of the redox boundary that it provided and/or because it lay between an overpressured region at depth and a zone of circulating, hydrostatically pressured fluids above. Received: 10 December 1997 / Accepted: 5 March 1999     

新疆哈图金矿成矿流体地球化学

新疆哈图金矿床赋存在石炭系基性火山岩－火山碎屑岩中,矿体受古火山口断裂系控制。矿脉内流体包裹体较为丰富,主要为气液相ＮａＣｌ－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体和少量的ＮａＣｌ－ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体。成矿热液中富含ＣＯ２、Ｎ２、Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋、Ｃｌ－和ＳＯ２－４,而所含的成矿元素以Ａｕ－Ａｓ－Ａｇ－Ｓｂ组合为特征。成矿热液为低盐度流体,主成矿阶段的盐度为４．１ｗｔ％～６．３ｗｔ％ＮａＣｌ,密度为０．８８～０．８０ｇ／ｃｍ３,ｆＯ２为１０－３５～１０－３１Ｐａ,Ｅｈ为０．６０～０．８０ｅＶ,为还原环境。金沉淀成矿的最佳温度为２３０～２６０℃。哈图金矿成矿热液不是典型的岩浆热液,而是受到了古大气水混入的火山晚期热液。流体不混溶、水－岩反应及古大气水的混入是造成本区金沉淀成矿的主要因素。     

Correlation between geological units and mineralized zones using fractal modeling in Zarshuran gold deposit (NW Iran)

In this study, the relation between ore grade and geological characteristic has been studied as a principle and also important conceptual in Zarshuran gold deposit in NW Iran. The main subject in this study was identifying a correlation among the ore grade populations and rock types which could be used in other steps of local estimation in the deposit concentration–number (C–N) fractal model and logratio matrix. The C–N log–log plot reveals six geochemical zones defined by Au?<?0.02 ppm as non-mineralized zone and Au?>?0.02 ppm as mineralized zones. According to geological logging and field geology inspection, black gauge, jasperoid, fault gauge and breccia, and carbonaceous rocks are considered as main rock types which contain major Au mineralized zones. The correlation between geological and fractal modeling by logratio matrix shows that there is a good correlation between geological assumed host rocks and C–N fractal modeling. Black gauge rock type with 93.48 % of overall accuracy shows a significant correlation with supergene zone of fractal model, and jasperoid with 92.5 % and carbonaceous rock type with 52.90 % have a decent correlation with highly and lowly mineralized zone of fractal model relatively. Black gauge, jasperoid, and fault gauge and breccia have an approximately near cooperation in this zone for mineralization.     

焦家式蚀变岩型金矿床热液蚀变成因: 磷灰石矿物学、年代学和地球化学约束

胶东是我国最大的金矿集中区, 累计探明金资源量5000余吨, 焦家式蚀变岩型金矿床提供了80%以上的金资源量, 钾长石化和黄铁绢英岩化蚀变是该类矿床的重要找矿标志, 但对其成因与形成时限缺乏有效约束。为探究两类蚀变的成因并限定其形成年龄, 本文对典型蚀变岩型金矿床中钾长石化花岗岩与黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩进行锆石和磷灰石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb地质年代学、磷灰石微区原位微量元素地球化学测试。结果表明, 钾长石化玲珑花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为155.0±1.1Ma~155.8±1.3Ma, 代表了其岩浆侵位年龄; 钾长石化玲珑花岗岩蚀变弱的A1型磷灰石没能得到有效年龄, 而蚀变较强的A2型磷灰石U-Pb年龄为146±7Ma~147±6Ma, 代表了钾长石化蚀变作用发生的时间; 黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩蚀变较弱的B1型磷灰石数量较少未形成协和年龄, 强蚀变B2型磷灰石U-Pb年龄为125±6Ma, 代表了黄铁绢英岩化蚀变作用发生的时间。A1型磷灰石的稀土配分曲线与未蚀变玲珑花岗岩较为一致, A2型磷灰石显示更高的轻稀土含量和更明显的Eu负异常, 随着钾长石化蚀变程度增强, La/Yb比值逐渐增大, Sr含量和Sr/Y比值同步降低, 暗示蚀变流体相对富轻稀土, 蚀变过程磷灰石的Sr被活化迁移; B1型磷灰石的稀土配分曲线与未蚀变玲珑花岗岩相似, B2型磷灰石和未蚀变郭家岭花岗岩较为一致, 轻重稀土分异明显, 且Eu异常不明显, 在黄铁绢英岩化蚀变过程中Sr含量、Sr/Y比值和La/Yb比值显著增高。本文认为与焦家式蚀变岩型金矿成矿相关的蚀变作用与区域岩浆作用有关, 晚侏罗世玲珑花岗岩的自交代作用形成了钾长石化蚀变, 早白垩世郭家岭花岗岩分异的热液沿区域性断裂迁移, 导致断裂带内发生黄铁绢英岩化。

     

甘肃寨上金矿床构造地球化学特征

寨上金矿位于西秦岭中部岷-礼成矿带西部,所发现的三十余条金矿化脉体的空间分布及其产出特征严格受断裂和褶皱的双重控制,以扎麻树背斜为界分为南北2个成矿带,产出的已知矿脉均严格受控于NWW向断裂.通过对寨上金矿50件构造地球化学样品16种微量元素数据的聚类分析、因子分析,以及对样品元素的组合特征研究,北矿带含矿断裂的元素组合为Au,Bi,Pb,Zn;南矿带的为Au,Sb,Hg,Cu,Zn,Pb,Co,Bi,As.以已知的矿与非矿构造样品为母体,利用多元统计判别分析,建立了断裂含矿性的判别函数,并对未知的17个样品进行判别分析,其判别结果与野外验证一致.     

新疆阿希金矿矿床地质和地球化学研究

阿希金矿是新疆西天山产出的一个大型浅成低温热液型金矿,赋矿围岩为晚泥盆世火山岩,矿体以石英脉型为主,其热液成矿期由以下4个阶段组成:玉髓状石英阶段(Ⅰ),黄铁矿-石英脉阶段(Ⅱ),白铁矿-碳酸盐-石英脉阶段(Ⅲ),重品石-碳酸盐脉阶段(Ⅳ),其中阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅲ是主要的金成矿阶段,银金矿为主要的含金矿物,从阶段Ⅱ[195～285℃,logf(S2)=6.7～-13]到阶段Ⅲ[95～190℃,logf(S2)=-15.8～-25.6],成矿流体的温度和硫逸度明显降低.成矿流体与围岩作用导致流体中大离子亲石元素含量升高.阶段Ⅰ(δEu=1.17～1.52)和阶段Ⅱ(δEu=0.44～0.93)脉体的Eu异常和Eu含量区别显著,表明阶段Ⅱ成矿作用发生在相对还原的环境.阶段Ⅰ脉体具有轻稀土元素强烈富集而重稀土元素相对亏损的稀土元素配分模式(La/Yb=4.5～36.2),而阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅳ脉体轻重稀土元素分馏较弱(La/Yb=1.2～2.0),阶段Ⅳ重晶石-碳酸盐脉(∑REE=67.5×10<'6>)以较高的稀土元素含量而区别于阶段Ⅱ(∑REE=1.0×10<'-6>～4.2×10<'-6>),说明重品石和碳酸盐矿物对REE的分异有重要影响.不同阶段脉体与围岩火山岩的地球化学特征表明,阶段Ⅰ成矿流体以与火山岩围岩有关的火山热液为主,进入阶段Ⅱ,大气水开始加入,引起成矿流体温度和硫逸度强烈降低,并导致金在阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅲ沉淀成矿.     

Petrography,mineralogy and geochemistry of the Late Eocene oolitic ironstones of the Jebel Ank,Southern Tunisian Atlas

The oolitic ironstones ore deposit of Jebel Ank (central Tunisia), is a simply folded stratiform ore body of about 2.5–8 m thickness located in the upper part of the epicontinental Souar Formation (Late Eocene) and is covered by the continental Segui Formation (Mio-Pliocene). The deposit contains about 20 Mt of ore with an average grade of 50% Fe. Generally, oolitic iron deposition occurs in shallow water lagoonal environments. The Jebel Ank deposit lies between two regional disconformities (Late Eocene and Miocene), and is evidence of a transitional stage at the end of regional regression before renewed transgression. The footwall of the oolitic iron ore-bearing bed consists of a fine-grained sandstone bed (10–20 cm-thick) pinching out laterally westward into green clays. The hanging wall is composed of thin-bedded limestone and clay alternations (2–3.5 m-thick).Iron occurs in the form of cryptocrystalline goethite with limited Al-Fe substitution. The goethite contains around 48% Fe, 5% Al and up to 1.5% P. Jarosite, alunite and manganese minerals (cryptomelane, psilomelane and manjiorite) are supergene secondary minerals, probably related to descending surface fluids. These manganese minerals occur as accessory minerals with the goethite and are most abundant at the lowermost part of the succession showing varied morphologies (local cement, space filling and free centimeter sized nodules). Fe-oolites in the deposit are similar to those documented in many other oolitic ironstone deposits. The dominant Fe-oolite type (>90%) has a concentrically laminated cortex with no nucleus. The nuclei of the oolites that do have a nucleus are most commonly detrital quartz grains.Major elements in high grade samples (Fe₂O₃ > 65%) vary within a limited range and show higher concentrations of SiO₂ (average 7.85%) and Al₂O₃ (average 5.1%), with minor TiO₂, MnO, MgO, Na₂O, K₂O, and SO₃ (less than 1%). PAAS-normalized trace elements of bulk samples and Fe-oolite generally show similar behavior, both are enriched in V, Co, Ni, Mo, As, Zn, and Y and are depleted in Cu, Rb, Zr, Nb, Ba, and Hf. Anomalous V, Cr, Ni, Zn, and REE-Y are correlated with goethite. PAAS-normalized REE-Y patterns of both bulk samples and Fe-oolite show slight HREE enrichment, positive Ce with negative Y anomalies.The mineralogy (goethite and cryptomelane) along with the geochemistry (Si vs. Al; As + Cu + Mo + Pb + V + Zn vs. Ni + Co binary plots; Zn–Ni–Co triangular diagram, REE-Y content and patterns and Ce/Ce¹ vs. Nd and Ce/Ce¹ vs. Y_N/Ho_N binary plots) of the studied oolitic ironstone are congruent with a hydrogenetic type. While two possible sources of iron for Jebel Ank ironstone can be proposed: (i) submarine weathering of glauconite-rich sandstone and (ii) detrital iron from adjacent continental hinterland, the later is the more plausible source of iron, based on paleogeographic setting, the occurrence of fine sandstone underlying the iron level, occurrence of Mn-ores in the lower part of the Fe-ores succession, high phosphorous, zinc, ∑REE-Y concentrations and Y/Ho ratios, and low La/Ce ratios.     

江西大背坞金矿床地质、地球化学特征

江西大背坞金矿床赋存在中元古界双桥山群第二岩性组中,产于燕山期花岗岩体的旁侧,受韧性剪切带及其中的挤压破碎带控制。流体包裹体及氢、氧、碳、硫、铅、硅、锶同位素特征表明,参与成矿的碳以岩浆源为主,铅以壳源为主,锶源于上地壳,硫和硅来自地层,流体水以岩浆源为主,混有变质残留晶间水和一定数量的大气降水。矿床成因上应属与燕山期花岗岩浆活动有关的中温热液矿床     

The geology,mineralogy and geochemistry of the broomstock gold deposit,Kwekwe Greenstone Belt,Zimbabwe; Some implications for gold mineralization in jaspilite iron formations

Summary At Broomstock Mine, three types of gold mineralization have been identified: (i) jaspilite-hosted ore, (ii) ore confined to shear zones within meta-basalts, and (iii) supergene ore. The present study, which is focused on the jaspilite-hosted ore, revealed that areas carrying economic gold grades are characterized by fracturing, brecciation and abundant arsenopyrite-pyrite mineralization. The mineralization was introduced by hydrothermal fluids which used dilatant fractures in the jaspilites as channelways. Deposition of gold and sulfides occurred in response to changing P-T conditions and through chemical reactions of the fluids with the iron-rich jaspilites. Gold and accompanying elements may either originate from processes of intraformational remobilization, or they were derived from external, distant sources.

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Geologie, Mineralogie und Geochemie der Goldlagerstätte Broomstock im Kwekwe Greenstone Belt, Zimbabwe: Bedeutung für Goldvererzung in jaspitischen Eisenformationen

Zusammenfassung In der Broomstock Mine treten drei Typen von Goldmineralisationen auf: (i) Vererzungen in Jaspiliten, (ii) Vererzungen in Scherzonen, die Metabasalte durchsetzen, und (iii) supergene Vererzungen.Die vorliegende Untersuchung befaßt sich vornehmlich mit den Vererzungen der Jaspilite. Kartierungen und Beprobungen zeigten, daß ökonomische Goldgehalte an Be-reiche der Jaspilite gebunden sind, die tektonisch zerbrochen und brekziiert sind. Zudem treten in diesen Bereichen Arsenkies und Pyrit in hohen Konzentrationen auf. Die Mineralisation stellt den Absatz hydrothermaler Lösungen dar, die dilatante Bruchzonen innerhalb der Jaspilite als Zufuhrkanäle benutzten. Der Absatz der Sulfide und des Goldes erfolgte aufgrund sich ändernder P-T-Bedingungen und durch chemische Reaktionen zwischen den Lösungen und den eisenreichen Jaspiliten. Als Modell zur Herkunft des Goldes und der begleitenden Elemente wird entweder eine intraformationale Umlagerung, oder eine Zufuhr aus externen, entfernteren Quellen angenommen.

     

Genesis,mineralogy and geochemistry of uranium in the Gortdrum stratiform copper deposit,Ireland

The Gortdrum Cu-Ag-As-Sb-Hg-U orebody occurs in Lower Carboniferous strata on the downthrown side of an ENE transcurrent fault system in Southern County Tipperary, Republic of Ireland. The deposit comprises a linear discordant zone of brecciated carbonates and country rocks that are altered and mineralised. Research has indicated anomalous radioelement concentrations associated with the main copper orebody and in particular with the altered breccias within this zone. The metal association (Cu-Ag-As-Sb-Hg-U) is considered unique for Irish Carboniferous carbonate-hosted copper deposits. However, the low temperature mineral assemblage of early uranium-bearing minerals with later sulphide stages is reminiscent of many vein-type hydrothermal ore deposits. The geochemistry of uranium-enriched rocks indicates that the alteration of the basic dykes was a most significant event in the trapping of uranium within the limestones. Propylitization of the early basic dykes by CO₂-bearing fluids produced the alteration which led to the development of hematite, leucoxene and clay minerals. The reducing environments attendant with such mineralogy created a favourable environment for uranium precipitation. The reduction of U⁺⁶ to U⁺⁴ by oxidation of reduced Fe in dolomitized brecciated limestone occurred prior to the main sulphide mineral sequences. The genesis of uranium in the deposit is linked to radioelement remobilization from uranium-bearing heavy minerals in sediments of upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous age. The uranium became available to low temperature hydrothermal fluids which carried then deposited the uranium along a transcurrent fault system. The source of the heavy minerals is considered to be the Leinster Granite to the east, by which time in the Carboniferous, unroofing of the main pluton had commenced.Previous address: Department of Geology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland     

甘肃阳山超大型卡林-类卡林型复合式金矿床特征

阳山金矿于世纪之交勘查并扩大为超大微细浸染型金矿,矿床形成受地层、浅成花岗斑岩、韧-脆性剪切构造及热液活动的多种因素的叠加与改造控制,研究认为矿床具有卡林型和类卡林型两种矿化类型特点,卡林型矿化于韧性剪切早、早—中期阶段和晚期阶段,分别出现含砷黄铁矿-毒砂-次显微金-白云石-石英矿化组合及黄铁矿-辉锑矿-石英方解石矿化组合,及Au-As-Sb-Hg的成矿地球化学组合;类卡林型矿化出现在脆性中—晚期阶段,以黄铁矿-毒砂-自然金-碲铋矿-白云石-石英矿化(含黄铜-闪锌-方铅矿)组合为特征,及Au-As-Cu-Pb-Zn-Te-Bi成矿地球化学组合。阳山复合式金矿含矿地层中沉积成岩黄铁矿δ34S为-24.6‰～-29.0‰,早期—早中期韧-脆性剪切金属硫化物矿化产物δ34S值为5.0‰～7.0‰,中—晚期蚀变花岗斑岩中金属硫化物矿化产物δ34S值为-2.9‰～-2.1‰,显示地层中生物硫、强变形造山带地壳硫、少量岩浆硫混入的多源特征。流体包裹体氢氧同位素与硫同位素近同步特征,成矿热液显示地下流体、强烈改造水和少量岩浆水的混合。     

Investigation on mineralogy,geochemistry and fluid inclusions of the Goushti hydrothermal magnetite deposit,Fars Province,SW Iran: A comparison with IOCGs

The Goushti iron deposit from Dehbid area located in the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic Belt (SSB), SW Iran is hosted by the Early Mesozoic silicified dolomite. Mineralized zones are lithostructurally controlled and oriented NW-SE parallel to the Zagros Orogenic Belt (ZOB). Magnetite, the major ore mineral, occurs as open space fillings and is accompanied by the secondary mineral phases hematite, goethite and martite. Gangue minerals mainly include quartz, dolomite and K-feldspar are associated with minor hydrosilicates. Calc-silicates such as wollastonite and diopside, minerals typical of skarns, are virtually absent from the ore zones. Fe₂O₃ content in the mineralized zones varies in the range of 38–75 wt%. The concentrations of Au, Cu, P, Ti, Cr and V as well as Co/Ni, Cr/V, (LREE)/(HREE), Eu/Sm and La/Lu values and Eu-Ce anomalies of the studied ores indicate that the Goushti deposit is a hydrothermal magnetite type. The subvolcanic rhyolite and basalt in this area are regarded as the source of iron and heat in the mineralizing system. The fluid inclusion data showed that magnetite deposited from the ore-bearing fluid with salinities 1–7 wt% NaCl equivalent at temperatures of 130–200 °C. A decrease in temperature and pressure, supplemented by fluid mixing, is the major controlling factor in iron oxide precipitation. The field relationships and mineralogical–geochemical characteristics of iron ores indicate that the Goushti hydrothermal deposit could not be classified as a member of the IOCG (Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold) deposits.     

滇西勐满金矿床成矿物质来源分析及矿床成因探讨——来自年代学、矿物学及地球化学的证据

勐满金矿床位于云南省勐海县境内,地处临沧-景洪褶皱束之临沧-澜沧复背斜南部,截至2005年探明金矿资源量17t,主矿体属于地表红土型氧化矿,平均品位为0.60×10-6。文章基于对勐满金矿床矿区内新元古界曼来组片岩和中侏罗统花开左组碎屑岩及矿区外围东部的临沧花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄测定,探讨了曼来组片岩和花开左组碎屑岩地层的物质来源,追溯母岩的物质源区,并结合矿区普遍发育的硅化岩和硅质脉体的地球化学特征,分析了金成矿的物质来源。勐满金矿床曼来组中主要碎屑锆石年龄为(957.0±9.8)Ma,属新元古代早青白口纪;中侏罗系花开左组主要碎屑锆石年龄为(224.2±2.8)Ma,与临沧花岗岩基中2件黑云母二长花岗岩的年龄(分别为(228.7±2.8)Ma和(229.4±2.0)Ma)一致,表明花开左组地层的物质来源可能与临沧花岗岩有关。微量元素测试结果显示,矿区硅化岩与硅质脉体具有相似的稀土元素配分模式与微量元素组成,均表现为富集U、Th、Pb等大离子亲石元素,亏损Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta等高场强元素,轻稀土元素明显富集,重稀土元素亏损,中-弱的Eu负异常,Ce异常不明显,与矿区围岩及临沧花岗岩体南部的黑云母花岗岩具有相似的变化趋势。硅化岩稀土元素总量为42.3×10-6~311.0×10-6,平均为131.8×10-6;硅质脉体稀土元素总量为5.0×10-6~280×10-6,平均为56.8×10-6,显示硅化岩相对于硅质脉体具有更高的稀土元素总量。硅质脉体((La/Yb)N为4.3~133.4,平均36.7)相对于硅化岩((La/Yb)N为2.1~26,平均为8.5)具有更高的轻、重稀土元素分馏特征。硅化岩的地球化学特征变化介于围岩与硅质脉之间,表明硅化岩既继承了围岩特征,又有经热泉活动改造的痕迹。综合锆石年代学结果与沉积物源分析,认为矿区花开左组砂岩主要为临沧岩体经受风化搬运沉积的产物,曼来组向花开左组提供金的量不足以形成花开左组中的碎屑岩型矿体,热泉活动产生的流体是金成矿的另一重要物质来源,同时是导致金后期富集的重要因素。据此推断,花开左组是赋矿层位,而并非矿源层。结合低硫型矿床标志性矿物冰长石的出现,提出勐满金矿属于典型的与热泉活动有关的低硫型浅成低温热液金矿。     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Telluride mineralogy of the low-sulfidation epithermal Emperor gold deposit, Vatukoula, Fiji

Summary ¶The epithermal, low sulfidation Emperor gold telluride deposit in Fiji, hosted by Late Miocene-Early Pliocene shoshonitic rocks, is spatially related to a low-grade porphyry Cu system on the western flank of the Tavua Caldera. Gold is largely in the form of invisible gold in arsenian pyrite but 10 to 50% of gold is in the form of precious metal tellurides. Gold mineralization occurs in steeply dipping dikes and faults, flat-dipping structures (<45°), referred to locally as flatmakes, and at the intersection of two or more structures referred to as shatter zones. Petrographic, electron microprobe, and scanning electron microscope analyses of ores from some of the more recently discovered orebodies, Matanagata, Matanagata East, and R1 reveal that tellurium-bearing minerals, sylvanite, calaverite, krennerite, petzite, hessite, coloradoite, melonite, native tellurium, and rare benleonardite, formed during various hydrothermal stages, hosted in quartz, and to a lesser extent arsenian pyrite and tetrahedrite group minerals. Sylvanite followed by krennerite are the two most common tellurides in these orebodies. These tellurides show no systematic spatial distribution within flatmakes but there appears to be a higher concentration of tellurides where the flatmake intersects steep structures. Gold-rich tellurides preceded the formation of silver-rich tellurides and were constrained at 250°C in log fS₂ and log fTe₂ space at –12.7 to –10.1 and –9.4 to –7.8, respectively, based on sulfide and telluride stabilities, and the composition of sphalerite. Ore forming components, such as Au, Ag, Te, Cu, V, and S, were likely derived from Late Miocene-Early Pliocene monzonites in and adjacent to the Tavua caldera.Received January 14, 2003; revised version accepted June 26, 2003     

Weathering of the zinc-lead lode, Dugald River, northwest Queensland: II. surface mineralogy and geochemistry

Gossans associated with the Dugald River zinc-lead lode contain anomalous concentrations of Zn, Pb, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Sb, Se, Tl and Ba and differ from those on the more pyritic Western Lode (Zn, Pb, Cu, As, Tl) and those associated with copper mineralization in the hanging wall (As, Bi, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb). Mineralogical and geochemical variations in gossans along strike reflect changes in primary ore and gangue mineralogy, particularly towards the north, where the Dugald River lode and hanging wall copper mineralization merge. Leaching of more soluble elements from the surface and re-precipitation below have resulted in large geochemical variations in the top metre of the profile.Dispersion into wall rocks has occurred over two distinct periods: hydromorphic dispersion, before erosion removed much of the gossan and surrounding Corella Formation, has resulted in very high Zn contents (up to 9%) in the footwall, whereas a more even dispersion of target and pathfinder elements into hanging and footwall rocks is from recent weathering of the slightly elevated gossan.     

甘肃省阳山金矿床稳定同位素地球化学和成矿年代学及矿床成因

阳山金矿位于川陕甘交界地带，为近年发现的一特大型微细浸染型金矿床。对矿石中石英细脉δD、δ^18O分析结果表明。该矿成矿流体以岩浆水为主。对各种硫化物δ^34S分析结果表明，矿区沉积硫与岩浆硫共存且二者δ^34S差别较大．而矿石金属硫化物中主要为岩浆成因硫。而δ^13C分析结果表明，矿区既有岩浆岩成因碳又有沉积碳。K—Ar、^39Ar-^40Ar、Rb—Sr以及U—Pb同位素年代学研究表明，矿区斜长花岗斑岩脉形成于侏罗纪早期，此外，矿区还存在白垩纪早期以及古近纪早期隐伏岩浆岩体。与之相关的热液活动也表现出多期次性。笔者进一步探讨了矿床成因，认为在泥盆纪本区形成了一套炭、硅、泥质热水沉积，在印支期区域浅变质过程中金初步富集，其后本区发生了多期岩浆活动．与之相关的成矿热液及成矿物质沿安昌河-观音坝断裂运移。并在有利的构造部位富集、叠加形成了阳山金矿。