桂林罗胡子洞穴次生化学沉积物(石笋)的古地磁场长期变化研究

使用超导磁力仪对石笋进行高精度、高密度的连续测定,获得了桂林地区如下古地磁场长期变化研究结果。 1.8500a B.P.以来,桂林地区的古地磁场偏角以及倾角的长期变化曲线是由若干周期大小不同的运动复合而成的。虚地磁极迁移曲线的运动中心与现代地理轴不重合。 2.利用NRM/SIRM(天然剩磁/饱和等温剩磁),求出8500aB.P.以来,桂林地区古地磁场相对强度的长期变化曲线是由若干周期大小不同的运动复合而成的。      

龙门山南段二叠系—下三叠统的古地磁研究

为了约束龙门山南段的构造运动特征,文章对龙门山南段大川镇附近的下三叠统飞仙关组淡紫灰色泥岩、粉砂岩和宝兴地区的二叠系灰岩开展了古地磁研究。古地磁样品取自10个采样点,其中3个采点为二叠系灰岩;7个采点为飞仙关组淡紫灰色泥岩、粉砂岩。对样品开展了逐步热退磁、岩石磁学（等温剩磁获得曲线和三轴等温剩磁热退磁）及扫描电镜实验。80个样品进行的逐步热退磁实验结果显示,二叠系灰岩样品未分离出稳定的特征剩磁;飞仙关组样品分离出了稳定的特征剩磁,并通过了广义褶皱检验,其特征剩磁的平均方向为：Ds=36.9°,Is=16.5°,α95=5.9°,K=33.8,N=18,对应的古地磁极投在了华南视极移曲线的早三叠世段附近。岩石磁学实验结果表明飞仙关组样品的载磁矿物为磁铁矿,扫描电镜观察展示其为碎屑状的铁氧化物,且无明显成岩后自生特征。结合退磁曲线特征,扫描电镜微观特征,特征剩磁的古地磁极位置和岩石磁学结果,飞仙关组样品的特征剩磁很可能为原生剩磁。该结果表明龙门山褶皱冲断带与四川盆地的没有明显地相对构造旋转运动,自晚三叠世以来,其与龙门山北段以及四川盆地在动力学上是统一的构造单元。     

利用岩芯沉积剩磁(DRM)确定隐伏地层产状

测量并分离出岩芯中的沉积剩磁,依据其在层面坐标系中的平均方向与岩石形成时的地磁场方向一致的原则,参照已发表的块体古地磁极移曲线(APWP)来计算赋存岩芯的隐伏地层产状,并给出了相应的计算方法及公式.     

马兰黄土和离石黄土的磁学性质

中国黄土-古土壤系列的磁学性质,如磁化率等被广泛用于古气候和古环境研究,这必须建立在对黄土-古土壤的剩磁的性质和获得剩磁的机制以及古土壤磁性增强的原因有深入了解的基础之上。作者通过对洛川和吉县剖面马兰黄土和离石黄土的磁学性质的深入研究,对黄土与古土壤磁学性质差异的各种表现,对它们剩磁的性质,对古土壤磁性增强的原因以及磁性变化对古气候、古环境研究的意义进行了讨论,并对利用某些磁学性质建立的黄土-古土壤形成的时间模式提出了质疑。     

云南古地磁次生剩磁的研究

在古地磁研究中,次生剩磁往往被作为“有害组分”而剔出。本文为了说明次生剩磁的利用。笔者采用了多种方法,对云南不同时代地层的1238个古地磁样品作了较详细的研究。结果表明,云南曾遭受过多期重磁化作用,其中全新世和始新世时期的重磁化影响面最大。始新世产生的与印度次大陆同欧亚大陆的碰撞有关。本成果为了对云南的古地磁次生与原生剩磁的辩别提供依据,也为次生剩磁的应用开拓新的途径。     

碳酸盐岩新生代重磁化的磁性矿物相变记录

磁铁矿和黄铁矿都是碳酸盐岩中的常见矿物。前者具强磁性(铁磁性),常来自陆源母岩和火山喷发活动,或直接由磁细菌生成,含量不定,其所携带的剩磁,主体上应与岩石沉积时的地磁场方向一致;后者则显弱磁性(顺磁性),为有机物在还原条件下分解而成的自生成岩矿物,十分常见。二者之间的相互转换,无疑对古地磁学研究有重要意义。华北地台古生代碳酸盐岩样品的古地磁和岩石磁学研究表明,其热退磁结果往往能分离出一个与近代和(或)现代地磁场方向一致的剩磁成分,推测其应是新生代以来的重磁化成分．其等温剩磁获得曲线、剩磁强度衰减曲线和三轴饱和等温剩磁的热退磁曲线,都一致地反映出其载磁矿物组合中明显含有磁铁矿,有的甚至以磁铁矿为     

末次间冰期以来洛川黄土天然剩磁记录的可靠性

地磁倒转和漂移不仅是研究地球动力学的重要手段之一,也能使地磁年代框架更加准确。通过对洛川黄土剖面L1、S1进行详细的岩石磁学、古地磁研究,结果表明:L1、S1中主要的载磁矿物是磁铁矿,但赤铁矿也可能携带稳定的特征剩磁;洛川黄土剖面能够记录Blake漂移,并发生于(123±2)ka。通过S1中1 092~1 240cm处6套平行样品的古地磁结果,表明洛川黄土难以记录Blake漂移的形态学特征;L1未记录到Mono Lake和Laschamp漂移,但是在175cm处识别出1次明显的地磁异常事件,年代约17.9ka。我们认为该地磁异常事件应为Hilina Pali/Tianchi漂移。此外,导致同一极性事件在不同地区记录产生差异的可能原因有中国黄土存在千年尺度的沉积间断、较低的沉积速率及黄土剖面所处地理位置的不同。同一剖面平行样品间地磁漂移形态学存在差异,可能是由于极性漂移期间较低的古地磁场强度抑制了黄土剩磁记录能力所致。     

济阳坳陷弱磁性碳酸盐岩岩心裂缝古地磁定向研究

裂缝走向是影响裂缝性油藏有效开发的关键参数之一,但在非定向岩心上,裂缝走向无法确定。古地磁分析是一项有效的岩心定向技术,该方法在火山岩及一些剩磁强度较大的泥质岩石中取得了较好的应用效果,但它很少应用于弱磁性的碳酸盐岩岩心定向。论文对济阳坳陷富台潜山的弱磁性碳酸盐岩岩心样品开展了系统的等温剩磁和热退磁测试,成功分离出粘滞剩磁并确定了该区的裂缝发育方向：优势发育北东东和北北西两组方向,3 组次要方向为北西西向、北西向和北北东向;测试结果与FMI资料及构造应力场分析结果一致。本研究拓展了古地磁定向技术在弱磁性岩心中的应用。     

岩石的磁性

众所周知,能准确地测定地磁三要素的历史,距今尚不足150年.因而,从观测到的地磁场资料来研究周期大于100年的地磁现象是根本不可能的.然而,利用古地磁学却能对以100年或更长时间为周期的地磁现象进行解析,这是因为古地磁学可利用岩石具有天然剩磁(NRM)——磁场“化石”这一性质.显然,为确保“化石”的纯洁性,所利用的NRM资料必须不为漫长岁月中的各种外界干扰(例如:变质、风化及雷击等)所混淆,这就促进了以研究岩石剩磁的性质及稳定性为主的地学分支——岩石磁学在蓬勃发展.显然,岩石磁学就是古地磁学的基础.本文仅就其中最基本的研究成果,分岩石中的铁磁性矿物、铁磁性矿物的氧化过程、热剩磁、化学剩磁和沉积剩磁以及剩磁的稳定性和退磁方法等五部分综述如下.     

日本海南部48ka以来的环境磁学记录及其反映的千年尺度环境变化

本文系统分析了日本海郁陵海盆南部陆坡KCES钻孔48ka以来的古地磁、岩石磁学和沉积学性质.在已经报道的以AMS14C测年、火山灰地层和特征深色层年龄模型上,以磁化率、非磁滞剩磁和饱和等温剩磁为归一参数的“地磁场强度”特征低值可以与北大西洋ODP 983钻孔对比,方向可以与日本海和太平洋其他钻孔进行对比,强度年龄与之前...     

念青唐古拉山拉弄冰川气象要素变化特征

利用在念青唐古拉山拉弄冰川垭口架设的自动气象站观测资料,分析了2006年9月1日至2007年8月31日的气温、气压、相对湿度和风等气象要素的日和季节变化特征.结果表明:拉弄冰川垭口气温日变化呈现升温快降温慢的特点,年平均气温为-8.1℃,最冷月为2月,最暖月为7月,其温度分别为-17.6℃和0.7℃;相对湿度日变化呈单峰单谷型,年平均相对湿度为53.4%,8月最大1月最小;气压日变化呈双峰双谷型,年均气压值为497.1hPa,9月值最大2月值最小,其气压分别为501.9hPa和489.9hPa;冬春季的风速日变化比夏秋季大,年均风速为4.2m.s-1,1月最大8月最小,其风速分别为7.5m.s-1和2.5m.s-1,全年盛行以偏南风和偏北风为主,约占全年盛行风向频率的75.2%.     

隧道变形过程中电磁辐射强度参数的变化规律

根据丽江至香格里拉铁路中义隧道变形及电磁辐射的现场监测资料,对隧道变形过程中的电磁辐射特性及电磁辐射强度极大峰值事件数N、超过强度平均值的极大峰值事件数M与隧道水平收敛变形的关系进行了统计分析。研究表明：（1）电磁辐射最大强度平均值E在初期支护破坏前,随隧道变形的增大而增大,初期支护破坏后,随隧道变形的增大而减少,电磁辐射最大强度平均值先升后降的出现时间与初期支护破坏的时间接近。（2）电磁辐射强度极大峰值事件数、超过强度平均值的极大峰值事件数的波动速率 、 与隧道变形速率呈正线性相关关系;电磁辐射强度极大峰值事件数、超过强度平均值的极大峰值事件数的百分比 、 与隧道累计变形呈正线性相关关系。结论对深化地下洞室变形过程中的电磁辐射特性的认识,提高电磁辐射监测技术的现场应用水平具有指导意义。     

不同渗流强度对明渠水流结构影响的试验研究

关于明渠流引入渗流后的水流运动规律研究很多,但学者们的研究却存在着不同的结论。为探究不同渗流强度对明渠水流结构的影响,通过自行设计的明渠紊流水槽及渗透装置,利用PIV（Particle Image Velocity）图像采集系统及数据分析软件,测量了水流流速并分析了流速变化与相对渗流强度的关系。结果表明:水流流速并不是渗流强度的单值函数关系,随着入河渗流强度的增加,近底水流流速呈先减小后稍有增加,又继续减小的趋势;出河渗流时流速变化趋势与入河相反;出河及入河渗流都有着拐点的存在,且对应的相对渗流强度与雷诺数相关,雷诺数越大,拐点出现时对应的相对渗流强度越小。     

Worldwide features of the strength of recurrent geomagnetic activity

Variation of the strength of recurrent geomagnetic activity, which occurs just before a sunspot minimum, with local time is studied for a network of observatories covering different latitude and longitude zones. For this purpose, hourly averages of horizontal intensity(H) for each UT hour for 173 days, which are totally free of disturbances due to solar transients, have been subjected to spectral analysis. Well-defined spectral peaks associated with periodicities of 28, 14 and 9 days were present in almost all the spectra. The pattern of daily variation of the strength of the 27-day signal changes from a diurnal one at low latitudes to a semi-diurnal one near the Sq focus and in this region, the 14-day signal appears to have an independent origin irrespective of the longitude zone. A study of 27-day oscillation in mean dailyH field also indicates that apart from ring current modulation, both Sq and electrojet fields also undergo 27-day oscillations during the declining phase of a solar cycle possibly through the ionospheric wind system.     

The concept of geochemical potential field exemplified by ore formation field

Geochemical potential field is defined as the scope within the earth’s space where a given component in a certain phase of a certain material system is acted upon by a diffusion force, depending on its spatial coordinatesX, Y andZ. The three coordinates follow the relations: $$NF_{ix} = - \frac{{\partial \mu }}{{\partial x}}, NF_{iy} = - \frac{{\partial \mu }}{{\partial y}}, NF_{iz} = - \frac{{\partial \mu }}{{\partial z}}$$ The characteristics of such a field can be summarized as: (1) The summation of geochemical potentials related to the coordinatesX, Y, Z, or pseudo-velocity head, pseudo-pressure head and pseudo-potential head of a certain component in the earth is a constant as given by $$\mu _x + \mu _y + \mu _z = c$$ or $$\mu _{x2} + \mu _{y2} + \mu _{z2} = \mu _{x1} + \mu _{y1} + \mu _{z1} $$ Derived from these relations is the principle of geochemical potential conservation. The following relations have the same physical significance: $$\mu _k + \mu _u + \mu _p = c$$ or $$\mu _{k2} + \mu _{u2} + \mu _{p2} = \mu _{k1} + \mu _{u1} + \mu _{p1} $$ (2) Geochemical potential field is a vector field quantified by geochemical field intensity which is defined as the diffusion force applied to one molecular volume (or one atomic volume) of a certain component moving from its higher concentration phase to lower concentration phase. The geochemical potential field intensity is given by $$\begin{gathered} E = - grad\mu \hfill \\ E = \frac{{RT}}{x}i + \frac{{RT}}{y}j + \frac{{RT}}{z}K \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The present theory has been inferred to interpret the mechanism of formation of some tungsten ore deposits in China.     

Frequency dependence of the evolution of the radio emission of the supernova remnant Cas A

Many-year measurements of the radio flux of the young supernova remnant Cassiopeia A relative to the radio galaxy Cygnus A were continued at 290 and 151.5 MHz. The new data are used together with previously published observations carried out at decameter, meter, centimeter, and millimeter wavelengths to derive the frequency dependence of the secular variation of the radio flux density of Cas A: $d_\nu [\% year^{ - 1} ] = - (0.63 \pm 0.02) + (0.04 \pm 0.01)\ln \nu [GHz] + (1.51 \pm 0.16) \times 10^{ - 5} (\nu [GHz])^{ - 2.1} $ . The observed slowing of the secular variations with decreasing frequency at decameter wavelengths can be explained by a decrease in the optical depth of a remnant HII zone around Cas A with time due to recombination of hydrogen atoms. The new derived frequency dependence for the rate of the secular decrease, absolute and relative measurements of the radio flux density of Cas A carried out over the last 25 years, and the absolute spectrum of Cyg A are used to construct the spectrum of Cas A in the range 5–250 000 MHz predicted for epoch 2015.5.     

Anisotropic characterization of macroseismic fields

A methodology for the anisotropic characterization of macroseismic fields is proposed, in order to evaluate seismic hazard, based on the real geometry of the isoseismals of the field. The proposed methodology, independent of the macroseismic intensity attenuation law, allows both for a single field and for several fields in the same source zone, the determination of minimum and maximum attenuation values and of the relative directions.     

Depositional magnetization of Carboniferous Limestones from the Craven Basin of northern England

Carboniferous Limestones in the Craven Basin of northern England carry a stable natural remanent magnetization (NRM) the intensity of which is facies dependent. Dark argillaceous limestones are most strongly magnetized and pure, pale coloured limestones most weakly magnetized. Partial thermal and alternating field demagnetization suggest that magnetite is the principal carrier of the remanence although some haematite is present in the limestone. The presence of magnetite is confirmed by the low temperature transition, isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM build-up curves) and microprobe analysis. Partial demagnetization of IRM and ARM suggest that the magnetite is relatively coarse grained and in the multidomain state. There are no indications of pseudo-single domain behaviour but magnetite of this type cannot be excluded as a possible remanence carrier. A grain size estimate of 10–20 μm based on coercive force and remanent coercive force is compatible with the theoretical consideration of grain size. The limestones show a weak but marked magnetic susceptibility anisotropy. This anisotropy defines a depositional fabric which indicates that the magnetization is a depositional remanent magnetization (DRM). A DRM was acquired by each specimen before compaction and cementation and was preserved because of the reducing conditions which prevailed in the early diagenetic environments of the limestones.     

1956-2012年黄河源区流量演变的新特征及其成因

利用黄河源区唐乃亥水文站1956-2012年的逐月流量实测资料,通过趋势分析、小波分析以及不均匀系数和贡献的计算,分析了1956-2012年57 a来黄河源区流量的趋势、年内双峰型变化新特征及其主要成因.结果表明：近57 a来黄河源区流量演变包括2个上升时段（1956-1967年和2002-2012年）、1个下降时段（1989-2002年）和1个振荡调整时段（1967-1989年）.流量年内分配不均匀性最大的是1980年代,最小的是1990年代.流量年内分配主要表现为双峰型,峰值点主要出现在7月和9月,但出现月份存在年际、年代际变化,且峰值点的月份也随着丰、枯水年存在着变化.降水对流量的正贡献呈7、9月双峰型,温度的负贡献则使9月峰值消失.当夏季高原附近区域,尤其是高原北侧低层600 hPa位势高度场降低,高原夏季风偏强时,有利于黄河源区降水增加、流量增大,出现流量年内分配的峰值点,且夏季高原高度场的变化对流量年内分配第二个峰值点（秋季）的出现有一定的指示意义.     

Determining shallow aquifer vulnerability by the DRASTIC model and hydrochemistry in granitic terrain,southern India

Shallow aquifer vulnerability has been assessed using GIS-based DRASTIC model by incorporating the major geological and hydrogeological factors that affect and control the groundwater contamination in a granitic terrain. It provides a relative indication of aquifer vulnerability to the contamination. Further, it has been cross-verified with hydrochemical signatures such as total dissolved solids (TDS), \(\hbox {Cl}^{-},\, \hbox {HCO}_{3}^{-},\, \hbox {SO}_{4}^{2-}\) and \(\hbox {Cl}^{-}/\hbox {HCO}_{3}^{-}\) molar ratios. The results show four zones of aquifer vulnerability (i.e., negligible, low, moderate and high) based on the variation of DRASTIC Vulnerability Index (DVI) between 39 and 132. About 57% area in the central part is found moderately and highly contaminated due to the 80 functional tannery disposals and is more prone to groundwater aquifer vulnerability. The high range values of TDS (2304–39,100 mg/l); \(\hbox {Na}^{+}\)(239– 6,046 mg/l) and \(\hbox {Cl}^{-}\) (532–13,652 mg/l) are well correlated with the observed high vulnerable zones. The values of \(\hbox {Cl}^{-}/\hbox {HCO}_{3}^{-}\) (molar ratios: 1.4–106.8) in the high vulnerable zone obviously indicate deterioration of the aquifer due to contamination. Further cumulative probability distributions of these parameters indicate several threshold values which are able to demarcate the diverse vulnerability zones in granitic terrain.