琼西南晚白垩世千家岩体矿物学特征及其对岩石成因的约束

千家岩体为海南岛典型的晚白垩世早期花岗质杂岩体,岩石类型主要有花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩及正长花岗岩,常见造岩矿物有黑云母、角闪石、斜长石、碱性长石、石英等。为进一步揭示岩石形成过程及源区性质,反演壳幔相互作用,本文选取千家岩体,利用电子探针技术对不同岩石类型中的主要矿物进行了矿物化学分析。结果显示,角闪石、黑云母均属于壳幔混源成因,斜长石发育正反环带及振荡环带,记录了岩浆混合作用的影响。镜下观察发现,千家岩体各类岩石中存在大量的岩浆不平衡结构,如斜长石和角闪石的环带结构,针状产出的磷灰石,以及斜长石、钾长石和石英的嵌晶结构等,结合暗色微粒包体的分布组合及形态特征,认为千家岩体形成中经历了岩浆混合作用。综合来说,岩石及矿物化学证据均表明,岩浆混合作用是研究区岩石形成的主因,矿物学证据表明,千家岩体岩石类型为I型花岗岩,其源区属钙碱性岩浆,黑云母矿物化学数据表明岩石形成环境为相对较低的氧逸度。     

北秦岭中生代沙河湾岩体环斑结构特征及有关问题的讨论

该岩体的环斑结构主要发育于边部含巨斑状黑云角闪石英二长岩中 ,环斑长石粒径一般 2cm× 4cm。形态多呈自形、半自形 ,有些为卵形。环斑长石由核部钾长石和多层或单层斜长石外壳两部分构成。钾长石内核呈肉红色 ,一般是由单颗粒组成 ,具卡氏双晶 ,普遍发育规则的条纹结构 ;中心部分钾长石分子含量Or为 95 ,边部为 84。外壳斜长石牌号一般为An2 0± ,为奥长石。内核和外壳中均发育石英、斜长石、黑云母、角闪石等矿物的包裹体 ;包裹体在其边部较多 ,中部较少 ,钾长石斑晶中的石英包裹体呈不规则的凹面状和水滴状。岩石中主要矿物具有 2个世代。这些特征显示 ,沙河湾岩体中的环斑结构与典型的环斑结构是相同的。亦表明典型的环斑结构可以出现于不同的时代和构造环境。由于其形成时代和产出背景不同于典型环斑花岗岩 ,该岩体属典型环斑花岗岩还是一种新的似环斑花岗岩还有待于进一步研究。     

高知县足折岬环斑花岗岩

在日本西南高知县足折岬的第三纪火成杂岩中发现了特殊的环斑花岗岩,这些环斑花岗岩与粗粒正长岩有密切的联系,后者以网状岩墙群侵入到辉长质岩块中。在环斑花岗岩与粗粒正长岩接触边界上,由于中—细粒花岗闪长岩的侵入,粗粒正长岩沿颗粒边缘和裂隙分解成单个晶体或晶体碎片,而这些花岗闪长岩含有环斑花岗岩的基质成分。花岗闪长岩体中的钾长石晶体成其碎片熔蚀成卵形,无规则地分布,而且为薄片斜长石(An15—25)包覆。这些薄片随基质流动构造的形成而加厚. 环斑斜长石呈卵形,直径1～3cm,有时沿基质的流线平行或似平行分布。其内核常为一不具双晶或有双晶的钾长石晶体,而且常伴有石英和斜长石的晶体,而外壳大部分由很多细小的树枝状斜长石和斜长石晶隙间蠕虫状石英组成,它们甚至比基质还细小.在基质极度细小的地方,环斑长石的壳很薄,甚至没有。在同一岩石中,环斑长石和其他卵形体共存,诸如斜长石(被钠长石或钾长石包覆)、石英(被角闪石和斜长石包覆)、角闪石(被角闪石和黑云母的集合体包覆)和黑云母。在岩相学和化学特点上,这些卵形体的内核矿物与粗粒正长岩的矿物相似. 从上面描述可见,该环斑花岗岩的形成是粗粒正长岩发生结晶及随后的花岗闪长岩侵入的结果.粗粒正长岩分离出来的钾长石晶体沉浸到花岗闪长岩岩浆中,其边部遭受侵蚀,形成卵圆状晶体。新结晶的树枝状斜长石被吸附在钾长石周围,然后,树枝状斜长石之间的空隙被石英充填. Hibbard(1981)对其他很多地区环斑花岗岩的成因研究也得出了与岩浆混合作用有关的相似认识.     

小兴安岭东南端晚石炭世大岭环斑花岗岩成因

在小兴安岭东南端的鹤岗—伊春市交界处大岭一带的晚石炭世弱片麻状中粒似斑状二长花岗岩中发育环斑结构长石,多以呈自形宽板状或宽板柱状的碱性长石内核和斜长石外薄壳组成,少量为不发育斜长石外壳的卵球状、球状,大小为1.5￣3.5cm,其特征与典型的环斑结构在岩相学上是相同的。另外岩体中普遍发育暗色微细粒闪长质包体,与环斑钾长石在时空上紧密相伴;包体具典型的岩浆结构及针状磷灰石,含寄主岩的钾长石、石英巨晶;包体形态多呈浑圆的外形,显示出明显的塑性流变特点,与寄主岩常呈明显的接触关系,有时呈过渡状、雾迷状;以上充分说明了包体为岩浆混合成因(MME)。通过对岩体地质、环斑结构钾长石似斑晶、暗色微细粒闪长质包体等特征及岩体的岩石化学、地球化学研究表明大岭环斑花岗岩岩体为岩浆混合成因,产于造山环境,其形成时代、产出构造背景均不同于典型环斑花岗岩。     

豫西火神庙石英闪长岩的矿物学特征及其意义

火神庙岩体位于华北陆块南缘栾川矿集区西部,为一杂岩体,主要由石英闪长岩、二长花岗岩和花岗斑岩组成,其中石英闪长岩出露于边部,构成了岩体的主体。为准确厘定石英闪长岩的形成过程以及形成的物理化学条件,并为进一步确定火神庙钼矿床成因提供依据,对主要造岩矿物(斜长石、钾长石、角闪石和黑云母)成分进行了详细的研究。结果显示石英闪长岩中的斜长石主要为中长石,可分为“正环带”斜长石、“反环带”斜长石和“韵律环带”斜长石;钾长石为正长石;角闪石为镁角闪石;黑云母属于原生镁质- 铁质黑云母。石英闪长岩形成过程中岩浆经历了多期演化：早期岩浆稳定结晶,结晶出An=30～35的斜长石;中期岩浆含水量增加,斜长石An值显著升高,An=39～42;晚期岩浆稳定结晶、含水量降低,结晶出An=42～28的斜长石。岩浆结晶温度为798～830℃、结晶压力上限为198～242MPa、氧逸度为-14～-13。镁铁质岩浆较高的氧逸度、温度及Cl含量与火神庙钼矿床的形成密切相关。     

北秦岭老君山、秦岭梁环斑结构花岗岩岩浆混合的岩相学证据及其意义

老君山和秦岭梁岩体具有明显的岩浆混合特征.岩体中暗色包体发育,主要类型为细粒闪长质和二长质的岩浆包体,有的岩浆包体具有细粒边,有的和寄主岩石呈过渡关系.包体的矿物组合明显不平衡:出现石英-角闪石眼斑;暗色矿物中有石英包裹体;磷灰石呈针状.在包体、寄主岩石及其边界上广泛出现卵球状的碱性长石斑晶.这些混合特征表明:老君山和秦岭梁环斑结构花岗岩、环斑结构与岩浆混合关系紧密;岩浆作用也具双峰式的特点,表现为基性岩浆和酸性岩浆的混合.这为探讨该类花岗岩和环斑结构的成因提供了直接的岩石学依据.同时,也为探讨北秦岭中生代壳幔混合作用和地壳增生提供了新的信息.     

浙江雁荡山火山-侵入杂岩的岩浆混合作用——暗色包体中长石环带的证据

浙江雁荡山是中国东南部燕山晚期巨型火山-侵入杂岩带的重要组成部分。对其中央侵入相石英正长斑岩的暗色微粒包体中的斑晶和基质斜长石进行了详细的内部结构和成分分析,揭示了斜长石复杂环带的成因和相关的岩浆作用过程。斑晶斜长石由熔蚀的核部和表面干净的幔部组成,边部包裹有钾长石膜。核部斜长石呈浑圆状或港湾状,内部发育筛状结构,An成分显著低于幔部斜长石,代表来自酸性岩浆房中早期结晶的斜长石捕掳晶。同时,幔部斜长石与自形、表面干净的基质斜长石具有类似的An含量,且两者均含有针状磷灰石的包裹体,应结晶自与暗色微粒包体相应的基性岩浆。长石的复杂结构记录了雁荡山火山-侵入杂岩形成过程中的岩浆混合作用和岩浆演化过程。岩浆混合之后的火山喷发活动,造成岩浆房的压力突然减小,温压条件达到钾长石结晶的区域,在石英正长斑岩的斑晶斜长石和暗色包体中的斑晶与基质斜长石外均形成钾长石膜,构成反环斑结构。     

浙江雁荡山火山-侵入杂岩的岩浆混合作用——暗色包体中长石环带的证据

浙江雁荡山是中国东南部燕山晚期巨型火山-侵入杂岩带的重要组成部分。对其中央侵入相石英正长斑岩的暗色微粒包体中的斑晶和基质斜长石进行了详细的内部结构和成分分析,揭示了斜长石复杂环带的成因和相关的岩浆作用过程。斑晶斜长石由熔蚀的核部和表面干净的幔部组成,边部包裹有钾长石膜。核部斜长石呈浑圆状或港湾状,内部发育筛状结构,An成分显著低于幔部斜长石,代表来自酸性岩浆房中早期结晶的斜长石捕掳晶。同时,幔部斜长石与自形、表面干净的基质斜长石具有类似的An含量,且两者均含有针状磷灰石的包裹体,应结晶自与暗色微粒包体相应的基性岩浆。长石的复杂结构记录了雁荡山火山-侵入杂岩形成过程中的岩浆混合作用和岩浆演化过程。岩浆混合之后的火山喷发活动,造成岩浆房的压力突然减小,温压条件达到钾长石结晶的区域,在石英正长斑岩的斑晶斜长石和暗色包体中的斑晶与基质斜长石外均形成钾长石膜,构成反环斑结构。     

新疆尾亚地区石英二长闪长岩的岩浆混合成因

新疆东天山的尾亚钒钛磁铁矿矿区,在花岗岩中含有大量闪长岩包体,而且花岗岩与闪长岩相互包裹、渗透,并在花岗岩与闪长岩接触带形成二者混合的产物——岩浆混合岩。通过野外特征、岩相学和矿物成分对比,发现矿区中部的石英二长闪长(斑)岩体与岩浆混合岩完全相同,表明该岩体系岩浆混合成因。各类参与岩浆混合作用岩石的岩相学和矿物学表现出典型的岩浆混合作用特征。矿物不平衡组构主要有:钾长石的更长环斑结构、斑晶的环边结构、针状磷灰石发育、暗色矿物的聚晶团块、岩浆混合岩中出现钾长石"变晶"等等。各类岩石中斜长石和角闪石的主要氧化物成分对SiO_2(%)表现出类似全岩哈克图解的线性关系。主要造岩矿物的化学成分以及钾长石巨晶的化学成分剖面,反映出本区岩浆混合作用有化学混合的参与。黑云母的化学成分表明,本区岩浆混合为以壳慢混源为基础的混合作用。     

北秦岭沙河湾环斑结构花岗岩的矿物学特征及其岩石学意义

沙河湾岩体具有较典型的环斑结构。岩体中的角闪石、黑云母、斜长石、钾长石和石英均有两期，与典型的环斑花岗岩相似。该岩体中环斑结构花岗岩中的暗色矿物角闪石和黑云母的n(Fe)／n(Fe Mg)分别是0．33—0.37和0．40—0．42，与典型环斑花岗岩中的富铁、贫镁的特点有一定差异，而与I-A型过渡性花岗岩的暗色矿物相似，表明该岩体在岩浆成分和形成机理上可能与典型的稳定大陆内部的环斑花岗岩存在着差异。这可能正是产于造山带环境中的环斑结构花岗岩的特点之一。     

Geochemistry of mafic microgranular enclaves in the Tamdere Quartz Monzonite, south of Dereli/Giresun, Eastern Pontides, Turkey

Rocks of the Late Cretaceous Tamdere Quartz Monzonite, constituting a part of the Eastern Pontide plutonism, include mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) ranging from spheroidal to ellipsoidal in shape, and from a few centimeters to decimeters in size. The MMEs are composed of diorite, monzodiorite and quartz diorite, whereas the felsic host rocks comprise mainly quartz monzonite, granodiorite and rarely monzogranite on the basis of both mineralogical and chemical compositions. The common texture of felsic host rocks is equigranular. MMEs are characterized by a microgranular texture and also reveal some special types of microscopic textures, e.g. antirapakivi, poikilitic K-feldspar, small lath-shaped plagioclase in large plagioclase, blade-shaped biotite, acicular apatite, spike zones in plagioclase and spongy-cellular plagioclase textures.

The distribution of major, trace and RE elements apparently reflect exchange between the MMEs and the felsic host rocks mainly due to thermal, mechanical and chemical interactions between coeval felsic host magma and mafic magma. The most evident major element transfer from felsic host magma to mafic magma blob is that of alkalis such as Na and K. LILEs such as Rb, Sr, Ba and some HFSEs such as Nb, Y, Zr and Th have been migrated from felsic host magma to MMEs. Apart from these major and trace elements, the other element transfer from felsic host magma to mafic one concerns REE contents. Such a transfer of REEs has evidently increased the LREE contents of MMEs. Enrichments in alkalis, LILEs, HFSEs and REEs could have been achieved by diffusional processes during the solidification of magma sources. The felsic and mafic magma sources behave as Newtonian and visco-plastic materials. In such an interaction, small MMEs behave as a closed system due to immediate rapid cooling, whereas the bigger MMEs suffer greater diffusion from the Newtonian felsic host magma due to slow cooling.     

内蒙古沙德盖花岗岩岩浆混合作用:岩相学、矿物化学和年代学证据

华北地台北缘乌拉山地区的沙德盖钾长花岗岩体中普遍发育以二长岩为主的暗色微粒包体,包体具塑性流变特征,与寄主岩的接触界线或为截然或为渐变过渡。岩相学观察表明,包体中发育多种反映岩浆混合作用的典型组构,如石英眼斑、环斑长石、镁铁质团块、钾长石巨晶的溶蚀、磷灰石的针柱状形貌、长石中的包体带以及钙长石的"针尖"结构等。造岩矿物的电子探针分析表明,岩浆混合在沙德盖岩体的形成中起了重要作用,寄主花岗岩浆主要来自下地壳,而暗色包体岩浆则主要为地幔来源。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年结果显示,沙德盖花岗岩及其暗色微粒包体的形成时代基本一致,分别为233.4±2.3Ma和229.7±1.5Ma(中三叠世),进一步佐证了该岩体是岩浆混合作用的产物。研究认为,当铁镁质岩浆与长英质岩浆混合时,早期基性岩浆的快速淬冷形成了边界清楚、具明显冷凝边且暗色矿物含量较高的包体;随着两种不同成分岩浆之间温差的减小以及组分的交换,进一步形成了颜色较浅、边界渐变过渡和无明显冷凝边的包体。     

The magma mixing origin of mantled feldspars

The key to mantled feldspar genesis is epitaxial nucleation of plagioclase on K-feldspar or K-feldspar on plagioclase. Once this nucleation takes place there is a relatively straightforward process of crystal growth yielding rapakivi and antirapikivi textures. The most common mantling is plagioclase on K-feldspar which occurs in both volcanic and plutonic environments. In the volcanic environment the morphology of the plagioclase overgrowth typically is dendritic, though in subvolcanic and shallow plutonic environments dendritic growth is followed by a more or less continuous non-cellular shell of plagioclase. In the plutonic environment, early stages of plagioclase overgrowth also tend to be dendritic, although with coarser-grained characteristics. Dendritic morphology is thus a common denominator in rapakivi genesis. Since growth of dendritic plagioclase is clearly related to marked undercooling in silicate melt systems its occurrence in many volcanic rocks is to be expected. Equivalent quenching in the plutonic environment requires a cooling mechanism independent of conductive heat transfer to wallrock and also independent of effective cooling related to sudden loss of volatile phases that could only occur late in the crystallization of most magmas and therefore after much dendritic plagioclase had already formed. Internal quenching of portions of magma systems must occur if mafic magma is abruptly mixed with felsic magma. Such magma mixing yields a heterogeneous system at first, one that is in a drastic state of disequilibrium and tending to force nucleation of one feldspar type on the surface of another resulting in epitaxial crystallization of dendritic plagioclase on K-feldspar. Mantling of one feldspar type by another during magma mixing is paralleled by dendritic growth zones in coexisting plagioclase crystals.Mantling textures occur in hybrid rocks of magma mixing origin. Some of the hybrid rocks are fine-grained, mafic-rich, and may contain phenocrysts of quartz, plagioclase, and K-feldspar. They occur as rounded inclusions in calc-alkaline granites and granodiorites. The host plutons themselves commonly have mantled feldspars or at least plagioclase with the unusual zoning characteristics commonly accompanying rapakivi texture. Magma-mixing tends to occur in batches so that hybrid crystal-melt systems, the calc-alkaline granitic plutons, become intrusive into earlier hybrid crystal-melt systems, represented by the mafic-rich inclusions.     

Enclaves in granitoids of north of Jonnagiri schist belt,Kurnool district,Andhra Pradesh: Evidence of magma mixing and mingling

Calc-alkaline, metaluminous granitoids in the north of Jonnagiri schist belt (JSB) are associated with abundant mafic rocks as enclave. The enclaves represent xenoliths of the basement, mafic magmatic enclaves (MME) and synplutonic mafic dykes. The MME are mostly ellipsoidal and cuspate shape having lobate margin and diffuse contact with the host granitoids. Sharp and crenulated contacts between isolated MME and host granitoids are infrequent. The MME are fine-grained, slightly dark and enriched in mafic minerals compare to the host granitoids. MME exhibits evidences of physical interaction (mingling) at outcrop scale and restricted hybridization at crystal scale of mafic and felsic magmas. The textures like quartz ocelli, sphene (titanite) ocelli, acicular apatite inclusion zone in feldspars and K-feldspar megacrysts in MME, megacrysts across the contact of MME and host and mafic clots constitute textural assemblages suggestive of magma mingling and mixing recorded in the granitoids of the study area. The quartz ocelli are most likely xenocrysts introduced from the felsic magma. Fast cooling of mafic magma resulted in the growth of prismatic apatite and heterogeneous nucleation of titanite over hornblende in MME. Chemical transfer from felsic magma to MME forming magma envisage enrichment of silica, alkalis and P in MME. The MME show low positive Eu anomalies whereas hybrid and host granitoids display moderate negative Eu-anomalies. Synplutonic mafic dyke injected at late stage of crystallising host felsic magma, display back veining and necking along its length. The variable shape, dimensions, texture and composition of MME, probably are controlled by the evolving nature and kinematics of interacting magmas.     

Magma mixing and mingling textures in granitoids: examples from the Galway Granite, Connemara, Ireland

Summary ?Many granitoid intrusions display textural evidence for the interaction of mafic and silicic magmas during their genesis. The ∼ 400 Ma Galway Granite exhibits excellent evidence for magma mixing and mingling both at outcrop/map scale (magma mingling and mixing zones), and at thin-section/crystal scale (mixing textures). These textures – quartz ocelli, rapakivi feldspars, acicular and mixed apatite morphologies, inclusion zones in feldspars, anorthite ‘spikes’ in plagioclase, sphene ocelli, K-feldspar megacrysts in mafic microgranular enclaves (MME), and mafic clots – constitute a textural assemblage whose origin can be explained in terms of magma mixing and mingling models. Furthermore, textures from this assemblage have been recorded throughout the Galway batholith indicating that magma mingling and mixing played a key role during its evolution. Received November 18, 2000; revised version accepted November 6, 2001     

Interaction between felsic granitoids and mafic dykes in Bundelkhand Craton: A field,petrographic and crystal size distribution study

In Bundelkhand Craton of central India, mafic dykes intruded when granitoids was partly crystallized. Cuspate–lobate boundary along the contact of granitoids and mafic magma indicates magma mingling in outcrop scale while textural evidence of mingling is represented by acicular apatite morphologies, titanite–plagioclase ocelli and ophitic–subophitic texture, mafic clots, resorbed plagioclase, and hornblende–zircon associations. Mingling also caused thermal exchange and fluid activity along the boundary between two coeval magmas. Crystal size distribution analyses for hornblende in the mafic rocks yield concave up curves which is also consistent with interaction of felsic and mafic magmas.     

内蒙古解放营子花岗闪长岩岩浆混合机制——来自斜长石和角闪石的矿物化学证据

为揭示华北克拉通北缘中晚三叠世解放营子花岗闪长岩的岩浆混合机制,对寄主岩石和镁铁质包体中斜长石和角闪石开展了电子探针分析.分析结果显示,多斑和少斑包体边部的斜长石斑晶发育An值增加的突变环带,环带的An值为32～46,明显高于核部和边部斜长石的An值(18～31),而核部的An值与寄主岩石中斜长石的An值一致,该特征指...     

Metamorphism and deformation of mafic and felsic rocks in a magma transfer zone,Stewart Island,New Zealand

In the mingled mafic/felsic Halfmoon Pluton at The Neck, Stewart Island (part of the Median Batholith of New Zealand) some hornblende gabbros and diorites retain magmatic structures, whereas others show evidence of major changes in grain and inclusion shapes, and still others are amphibolite‐facies granofelses with few or no igneous relicts. These mafic to intermediate magmas crystallized in felsic magma relatively quickly, with the result that most deformation occurred at subsolidus conditions. It is suggested that mafic‐intermediate rocks with predominantly igneous microstructures spent less time in the magmatic system. The metamorphism of the mafic rocks appears to be ‘autometamorphic’, in the sense that elevated temperatures were maintained by magmatic heat during subsolidus cooling. Elevated temperatures were maintained because of repeated sheet injection and subconcordant dyke injection of hot basaltic and composite mafic‐felsic magmas, into a dominantly transtensional, km‐scale, outboard‐migrating, magmatic shear zone that operated semi‐continuously for between c. 140 and c. 130 Ma. Complete cooling occurred only when the system evolved to transpressional and the locus of magmatism migrated inboard (southward) between c. 130 and c. 120 Ma, associated with solid‐state mylonitic deformation. Intermingled granitic rocks escaped metamorphism, because they remained magmatic to lower temperatures, and experienced shorter and lower‐temperature subsolidus cooling intervals. However, the felsic rocks underwent relatively high‐temperature solid‐state deformation, as indicated by myrmekite replacing K‐feldspar and chess‐board subgrain patterns in quartz; locally they developed felsic mylonites. The felsic rocks were deformed in the solid state because of their high proportion of relatively weak minerals (quartz and biotite), whereas the mafic rocks mostly escaped subsolidus deformation, except in local high‐strain zones of hornblende‐plagioclase schist, because of their high proportion of relatively strong minerals (hornblende and plagioclase). We suggest that such contrasting microstructural features are diagnostic of long‐lived syntectonic magma transfer zones, and contrast with the more typical complex, batholith‐scale magma chambers of magmatic arcs.     

浙江普陀花岗杂岩体中的石英闪长质包体：斜长石内部复杂环带研究与岩浆混合史记录

浙江普陀花岗杂岩体包含若干石英闪长质包体,该类包体中存在三种不同类型的斜长石:正常环带的斜长石、筛孔构造的斜长石和酸性斜长石为核的“反环带”斜长石。根据斜长石的环带构造特征和成分分析,认为本区的岩浆演化过程大致如下:下部基性岩浆注入到上覆酸性岩浆中并进行混合作用,酸性岩浆中已结晶的富钠质斜长石晶体进入偏基性的混合岩浆中,部分熔融形成筛孔构造;随着端员岩浆的进一步混合,富钠质斜长石晶体与中性混合熔体仅形成粗糙的边界,而保留原先构造特征;同时混合岩浆可以直接结晶出正常环带斜长石,呈单颗粒或以膜的形式包围其它环带构造的长石。本文还通过与平潭甬闪辉长岩杂岩体内筛孔斜长石的对比,认为斜长石的环带构造和成分可以反映岩浆源区特征和岩浆演化历史。