青海湖意外湖花介(Limnocythere inopinata Bird)壳体稳定氧同位素组成对盐度的可能响应

介形类壳体的氧同位素组成已成为恢复湖区古气候/古环境的有效代用指标,而其氧同位素分馏及环境意义目前还缺乏研究.为评价青海湖介形类壳体氧同位素分馏及其环境意义,在青海湖进行系统的表层沉积物和水样的采集,测定表层沉积物中的意外湖花介(Limnocythere inopinata Bird)和相应水样的氧同位素组成.结果表明:意外湖花介壳体的氧同位素组成主要受控于水体的氧同位素组成,除温度的影响外,还可能受到盐度的影响,随着盐度变化,该种壳体与水体之间的同位素分馏呈减小趋势,而两者的氧同位素组成均呈偏正趋势.青海湖意外湖花介壳体的氧同位素组成在一定程度上可能间接反映水体盐度的变化,值得进行更深入的研究.     

Variations in wastewater composition in the water use system of Kovdorskii mining-and-processing integrated works

Variations in wastewater composition in the case of seepage through levees bounding treatment facilities as a function of the composition of dump rock and recirculation water of the concentrating mill. The character and degree of pollutant leaching is established as a function environmental pH. Measures for mitigating the adverse impact of the interaction between disintegrated tailing dumps and rock-forming overburden with the recirculation water of tailing dump on water resources of the area of production activity of the Kovdor Mining-and-Processing Integrated Works (MPIW)     

Elements of Water Balance and Hydrochemical Characteristic of Oligotrophic Bogs in the Southern Taiga Subzone of Western Siberia

The results of geochemical studies of water composition in an oligotrophic bog are analyzed. The specific features of the formation of the bog water composition in various phytocenoses are shown. The amounts of elements carried out with the runoff from the oligotrophic bog are assessed.     

河北何家庄流体观测井水文地球化学特征分析

应力、应变或地震活动会打破地壳中流体原有的水-岩平衡状态,引起地下流体化学组分和同位素的变化。根据河北何家庄流体观测井氢氧同位素和离子化学组分测试结果,分析了该井的地球化学特征及与构造活动的关系。由氢氧同位素结果及高程效应,判定井水来源主要为大气降水,大气降水沿断裂裂隙渗入,深循环后温度增加,经溶滤作用等形成热水;按照舒卡列夫分类法,何家庄井水为Cl-Na.Ca型。受2015年9月14日昌黎M4.2地震的影响,区域应力变化使井孔断裂岩石裂隙增大,深部热水上涌,引起何家庄井水离子组分和氢氧同位素组成等发生变化。研究结果表明,对何家庄井流体地球化学特征进行分析,可以为井孔附近断裂构造活动和地震前兆异常分析提供地球化学依据。     

Species pool versus site limitations of macrophytes in urban waters

Biodiversity in urban areas is affected by a multitude of stressors. In addition to physico-chemical stress factors, the native regional species pool can be greatly reduced in highly urbanized landscapes due to area loss and fragmentation. In this study, we investigated how macrophyte composition and diversity in urban water systems are limited by the regional species pool and local environmental conditions. Canonical correspondence analysis of the macrophyte species composition revealed that urban and semi-natural water systems differed and differences could be related to local abiotic variables such as pH and iron concentrations. Macrophytes in the semi-natural area were typical for slightly acid and oligotrophic conditions. In urban water systems, exotic species characteristic of eutrophic conditions were present. In the semi-natural areas, the number of macrophyte species exceeded the number of species expected from species–area relationships of artificial water bodies in rural areas. In urban areas, the number of macrophyte species was similar to artificial water systems in rural areas. Macrophyte species present in the study areas also were generally found within 20–30 km distance to the study area. Macrophyte species composition in urban water systems and semi-natural water systems appeared to be influenced by the regional species pool within approximately 30 km of the locations. Nevertheless, site limitation ultimately determined the local macrophyte species composition and diversity in urban water systems and in semi-natural water systems.     

Tracing contributions to hydro‐isotopic differences between two adjacent lakes in the southern Tibetan Plateau

Hydrological processes of lakes in the Tibetan Plateau are an important indicator of climate change. Due to the high elevation, inaccessibility and limited availability of historical observations, water budget evaluation of typical lake basins has been inadequate. In this study, stable isotopes are used to trace the multiple water sources contributing to two adjacent lakes on the north slope of the Himalayas, Gongmo‐tso and Drem‐tso. The two lakes have nearly the same elevation, lake area and climatic condition. However, the isotopic composition of the two lakes presents significant differences. Qualitative observations attribute the differences to hydrological discrepancies: Gongmo‐tso is a through‐flow lake, whereas Drem‐tso is a terminal lake. Quantitative analyses, including water and isotope mass balance modelling, clarify the fluxes and isotopic compositions among the various hydrological elements. The isotopic composition of input water, calculated as the summation of rainfall and upstream runoff, is estimated using the local meteoric water line (LMWL) combined with the time series of lake water isotope values. The isotopic composition of evaporation is calculated with a linear resistance model using local meteorological data. The results show that Drem‐tso is a closed lake in a hydrological steady state with relatively more enriched lake water isotope values resulting mainly from evaporation. In contrast, through‐flow accounts for more than 88% of the water input into Gongmo‐tso. The large amount of upstream runoff with lower isotopic composition and enrichment due to evaporation are the major contributions to the observed lake water isotope values. Isotopic modelling of the two neighbouring lakes is effective for isotopic and hydrological research in this region with limited in situ observations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stable isotope fractionations in the evaporation of water: The wind effect

We performed pan evaporation experiments with the objective of exploring the behaviour of the long-standing Craig–Gordon (C–G) stable isotope model for evaporation under different conditions of air turbulence. The water lost through evaporation was automatically replenished so that a steady isotopic composition was reached, the value of which depended on the isotopic composition of the replenishment water and environmental parameters like temperature, relative humidity and isotopic composition of the atmospheric vapour, and the air turbulence index. The pans were exposed to artificial winds ranging from 0 to 2.5 m/s to change the air turbulence index, which governs the repartition between vapour transported by molecular diffusion and turbulent diffusion. Our data revealed that for wind speeds >0.5 m/s the isotopic composition of the evaporating water deviated from that predicted by the C–G model. This deviation was hypothetically attributed to microdroplets of liquid water removed by the wind without any isotopic fractionation. Isotope mass balance equations allowed us to quantify this water loss, which at wind speeds of ~2 m/s reached 10% of the total evaporation losses. An alternative kinetic evaporation model was proposed whereby the equilibrium layer and the atmospheric laminar layer above the evaporating water of the C–G model were destroyed by the wind and evaporated water molecules were directly injected into the atmosphere. In this model, the isotopic fractionations were due to the slower kinetics of hydrogen bond breakage between molecules in liquid water when heavy isotopes are involved. Accordingly, our data suggested that for isotope water balance studies where winds are frequently above 2 m/s, the C–G model may be inadequate without appropriate corrections for spray vaporization, or the introduction of appropriate kinetic isotope fractionation factors.     

Natural Water Quality Formation in Forest-Covered Divide Areas in Northern Taiga

The space and time variations in the acidity and composition of the natural water in forest-covered water-divide areas in northern taiga are considered. The initial stages of natural water quality formation are analyzed. The external (climate and anthropogenic) and internal (biogeocenotic) factors governing the formation of natural water quality are characterized. The most pronounced transformations of natural waters are shown to take place in the snowless period. The contribution of tree species to the formation of the environmental characteristics and the anisotropy of natural waters in the forest is characterized. The natural regularities in soil water composition within selected profiles are shown to persist to the point of destruction of forest biocenoses. It is shown that the commonly accepted notions of the natural water quality formation in forest water divide areas need to be revised with allowance made to their spatial structure and time variations. The soil waters under tree crowns are shown to give the best data for early assessing the conditions of forest biocenoses in spring and autumn.     

Changes in Hydrochemical Characteristics of Water Bodies in the Southern Aral Region

Based on the hydrochemical characteristics of water bodies in the northwestern part of the southern Aral Sea region, limnic ecosystems are shown to be liable to anthropogenic changes. The dynamics of the salinity, ionic composition, oxygen content of water, and nutrients under human impact on water bodies of the southern Aral Sea region are shown.     

北京石花洞地区水系氢氧同位素及氚含量研究──石花洞研究系列之一

北京石花洞地区水系的δＤ平均值为（－６５．４±３．０）‰（ＳＭＯＷ），δ１８Ｏ平均值为（－９．４±０．３）‰（ＳＭＯＷ），氚含量平均值为（３０．８±４．５）ＴＵ。石花洞洞内滴水是由地表水很快下渗得来，受古老地下水的混合作用很小。因此，洞内滴水的稳定同位素组成能够灵敏地反映地表水同位素组成（即重量加权的年平均雨水的同位素组成）的变化。影响洞内滴水的稳定同位素组成的因素主要是年平均气温、年降雨量以及降水气团的来源的变化。利用高分辨率的洞穴碳酸盐的稳定同位素记录．可以建立以湿度变化为主的古气候信息．尤其是我国季风气候的变化历史     

Impact of tecnogenic halogenesis on water catchment landscapes of river valleys and water systems: Case study of the south of Tyumen province

The article gives the analysis of the impact of artesian mineralized water flowing from old prospecting wells on water catchment landscapes of river valleys and small watercourses. The processes related to the variation in ion composition of water and chemical composition of bottom sediments of small watercourses under the impact of the technogenic halogenesis are discussed.     

Features of interaction between lake water and springs,and evaluation of hydrochemical composition of water in Ifni Lake (High Atlas Mountains,Morocco, north of Africa)

The National Park of Toubkal is located in the High Moroccan Atlas Mountains, one of the regions sheltering the highest summits of North Africa (Mount Toubkal with an elevation of 4167 m). The park is characterized by very important water resources, including Ifni Lake, which is the highest natural lake in Morocco (with an elevation of 2320 m). This lake is located on the southern side of Mt. Toubkal. This area has never been the object of an environmental or hydrological study. The objective of the current study was the characterization of Ifni Lake and the spring waters located in this area, as the basis of a framework to protect natural resources in northern Africa. The hydrochemical composition of water determines its origin and relationship with its catchment. Hydrochemical studies were carried out to assess the ions water composition, and processes governing the hydrochemistry of Ifni Lake water and the springs in the study area. A total of 20 water samples were collected in 2013 and analyzed for various parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, and major ions. The physico-chemical analysis of the Ifni Lake water showed that this is the least mineralized water studied in this region, having a bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium as dominate ions. Also there is a relationship between the hydrochemical composition of Ifni Lake and spring waters.     

Improved prediction of vegetation composition in NW European softwater lakes by combining location,water and sediment chemistry

Isoetids, as indicators of near-pristine softwater lakes, have a high priority in national and international (European Water Directive Framework) assessments of ecological lake quality. Our main goal was to identify the most important environmental factors that influence the composition of plant communities and specifically determine the presence and abundance of the isoetid Lobelia dortmanna in NW European softwater lakes. Geographical position and composition of surface water, porewater, sediment and plant communities were examined in 39 lakes in four regions (The Netherlands, Denmark, West Norway and East Norway) distributed over a 1,200-km long distance. We confirmed that lake location was accompanied by significant changes in environmental variables between NW European lakes. Lake location was the single most important determinant of vegetation composition and it had significant individual contributions independent of the coupling to environmental variables. This influence of location was supported by a significant decline of community similarity with geographical distance between pairs of lakes at regional, inter-regional and international scales. Combining the geographical position with environmental variables for surface water, porewater and sediment significantly improved prediction of vegetation composition. Specifically, the combination of latitude, surface water alkalinity, porewater phosphate and redox potential offered the highest correlation (BIO ENV correlation 0.66) to vegetation composition. This complex analysis can also account for high sediment variability in the littoral zone of individual lakes, by using site-specific physico-chemical sediment factors, and offer better predictions of vegetation composition when lake water chemistry is relatively homogeneous among lakes within regions.     

Effect of Chemical Ameliorants on the Chemistry of Surface Water Used for Irrigation

The presented results were obtained by studying the effect of the rates of application of phosphogypsum and sulphuric acid and their simultaneous introduction into the irrigation water on the concentrations of ions, alkalinity, chemical composition, TDS, and irrigation characteristics of the irrigation water as a function of the water initial composition and the time of saturation.     

水文地球化学方法前兆机制的实验研究

借助油田的注水实验,我们研究了地下水化学成分的地震前兆机制。实验以10个井同时注水,注水深度为800～1200米。我们选用50～300米深的含水层作为水化学成分观测井。注水井的水源与观测井的含水层无关。当向800米以下深度注水时,该层压力增大,以此模拟从下层来的压力对水化学成分的影响。观测表明:当注水压力传递到上层含水层时,地下水化学成分便发生变化。其变化幅度与观测井的构造部位及地球化学环境有关,与观测井和实验注水井的距离关系不大。     

基于水化学的永清井水温异常分析

在地下流体研究中,判定地下水异常的首要任务是区别地下水是受浅层物质补给的影响还是受深层介质活动的影响。本文通过对永清井及周边多次样品采集与测试,获得水化学组分和氢氧稳定同位素观测数据;通过对地下水样品数据对比分析、水化学组分及氢氧稳定同位素与大气降水线、水温数据分析,认为永清井水温的多次异常变化不是受干扰影响;通过对水温的异常变化与地震的对应关系的分析,认为永清井水温异常可能与3次地震有关。      

Organic Trace Components Extractable by Chloroform from Swamp and River Waters in the Middle Ob Basin

For the first time in the Middle Ob Basin, new data of importance for evaluating the quality of swamp and river water were obtained, characterizing the microcomponent composition of extractive organic compounds. More than 150 compounds of natural genesis were identified. The water of oligotrophic and mesotrophic bogs shows widest diversity and maximal, almost equal masses of extractable organic substances, averaging 13357 ng/L. In the water of eutrophic bogs and taiga rivers, this characteristic is five times lower; and that in lakes is lower by more than an order of magnitude. The amount of extractive trace components is closely correlated with the concentration of water-soluble carbon of humic nature. It was established that the natural water of taiga zone identical in terms of the fulvate type differs in the composition of organic trace components and can be grouped into four clusters: (a) water of oligotrophic bogs, (b) water of mesotrophic bogs, (c) river water, and (d) water of eutrophic bogs and bog lakes.     

水位动态周期性干扰的小波分析

通过对“十五”水位动态干扰调查和分类总结,得到一类受周期性干扰的水位动态曲线。通过对该类动态的水位序列进行小波分解,得到其水位时间序列的不同分解层次的干扰特征;利用小波重构剔除干扰信息,得到水位动态的重构时间序列;通过对多个台站的水位序列进行小波分析,得到该类干扰的典型动态特征。     

模拟水动力对湖泊生物群落演替的实验

从静止状况到小水流,大水流的模拟水动力实验表明,水动力对湖泊生物群落演替重要作用,藻类种类数以大小流时最高,其生物量也最高,这与ＮＯ＾－／ＴＤＮ比值相一致,由静止状态到大小流状态,藻类数量呈现递增趋势,这与相应的ＴＤＮ／ＴＮ、ＴＤＰ／ＴＰ呈递减趋势相呼应,浮游动力物种类、数量的变化较之浮模特更明显,尤其是枝角类的变化更大,动力作用通过增加水体中悬浮质、降低透明度、改变水下光照条件及生物过程释放放营     

Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in the waters of the Ngawha hydrothermal area,North Auckland

The ratios of D/H and O¹⁸/O¹⁶ in natural waters from streams, boreholes, soda springs, hot pools, ponds and larger bodies of water in the Ngawha hydrothermal area were determined. The results are considered in relation to the isotopic changes known to occur in water subjected to evaporation. Where applicable chemical and other work was also considered. It is assumed that stream water isotope composition is the mean value for the isotopic composition of meteoric waters. Measurements on waters taken from boreholes drilled to 65 feet and 350 feet and from the other water sources mentioned, indicate that they were of meteoric origin as judged by stream isotope composition. The waters from the soda springs appeared to be isotopically the same as the stream water, a finding consistent with the absence of evaporative surface. These borehole waters were similar but slightly different in O¹⁸ due probably to exchange between rock and water. Heavy isotope enrichment of the ponds and larger bodies of water appeared to be due to non-equilibrium evaporation at ambient temperature. The hot pools in the Ngawha springs area proper were enriched in the heavier isotopes probably due to non-equilibrium evaporation at the usual hot pool temperature of about 40°C and also to exchange of O¹⁸ between water and rock. The water from a further borehole drilled to approximately 2,000 feet appeared also to be of meteoric origin but was changed in O¹⁸ content to an extent consistent with the assumption that oxygen isotope exchange with rock had taken place at approximately 230°C. The results are used to illustrate possibilities for the use of oxygen and hydrogen isotope measurements in hydrothermal investigations.