Influence of hydraulic retention time on heterotrophic biomass in a wastewater moving bed membrane bioreactor treatment plant

Wastewater treatment using moving bed membrane bioreactor technology was tested with real urban wastewater at a pilot plant, combining moving bed treatment as a biological process with hybrid biomass (suspended and fixed) and the advantages of a membrane separation system. The evolution of the kinetic constants of the hybrid biomass and organic matter removal were studied in a pilot plant under different operational conditions, by varying hydraulic retention time (HRT), mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and temperature, and considering the attached biomass of the carrier and the dispersed biomass of the flocs to reproduce real treatment conditions. The rates of organic matter removal were 97.73 ± 0.81 % of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), 93.44 ± 2.13 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 94.41 ± 2.26 % of BOD₅ and 87.62 ± 2.47 % of COD using 24.00 ± 0.39 and 10.00 ± 0.07 h of HRT, respectively. The influence of the environmental variables and operational conditions on kinetic constants was studied; it was determined that the most influential variable for the decay coefficient for heterotrophic biomass was HRT (0.34 ± 0.14 and 0.31 ± 0.10 days^?1 with 10.00 ± 0.07 and 24.00 ± 0.39 h of HRT, respectively), while for heterotrophic biomass yield, this was temperature (0.61 ± 0.04 and 0.52 ± 0.06 with 10.00 ± 0.07 and 24.00 ± 0.39 h of HRT, respectively). The results show that introducing carriers in an MBR system provides similar results for organic matter removal, but with a lower concentration of MLSS.     

Landslide hazard of slopes of sewage treatment plant lagoons constructed in colluvium deposits

A landslide occurred in colluvial deposits at one of the lagoons of Wadi Es-Sir Sewage Treatment Plant Project (under construction) in Jordan. This paper summarizes the geotechnical investigations conducted at three lagoon sites in the project area including the failed lagoon. Results of stability analyses are presented along with recommendations to stabilize the slided lagoon and surrounding areas.     

巫山县污水处理厂高填方地基湿化变形试验研究

结合巫山县污水处理厂高填方工程，选取压实粘性土样，在室内进行了接近实际应力路径下的“单线法”湿化变形试验，研究了土样在不同的压实度、固结压力和湿化历史下的湿化机理、湿化前后的应力．应变关系及强度变化规律。取得的湿化变形试验成果表明，湿化使土样的变形模量和强度均有所降低；湿化变形不仅包括湿化体应变，而且包括湿化偏应变；随着压实度的增加，湿化变形减小。试验成果为巫山县污水处理厂高填方地基的填筑设计、控制湿化变形的措施和附加压密措施提供了依据。     

Bacterial mitigation of pollutants in acid drainage using decomposable plant material and sludge

 Effects of a clay-lime spiked sewage sludge and fresh decomposable ryegrass on the mitigation of an acid drainage were studied in the laboratory. Treatments (dry ameliorant weight/leachate ratio) were: (1) sludge (air-dried) at rates of 0, 8, 16 and 24%, (2) ryegrass at 0, 1, 1.5 and 2% (dry weight), (3) sludge (at the above-mentioned rates) and 1.5% ryegrass mixture. Measurements of mitigation (according to the criteria of changes in pH, Fe, S, Al and heavy metals) made every 10th day for 100 days showed ryegrass/sludge combination the most effective while sustaining mitigation longest, with or without the influence of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Sulphate and Fe in the acid drainage decreased in the order: sludge+ryegrass>sludge>ryegrass by 180, 40, 19; and 96, 83 and 54% respectively, compared with controls. An 11-fold decrease in soluble Al was caused by the highest rate of the combined sludge-ryegrass treatment but Al was doubled by the sludge-only treatment, and only minimally affected (2% reduction) by the ryegrass-only treatment. For the sludge plus ryegrass treatments at the highest rate of application, pH levels increased significantly, from 2.3 to >7 units and within 20 days of SRB activation, the concentration of Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn decreased 3-, 15-, 90-, 3- and 50-fold respectively. Received: 30 March 1999 · Accepted: 31 January 2000     

Shake table testing of liquefaction mitigation efficiency on pile foundations in sand stabilised with colloidal silica

Natural Hazards - Pile foundations in sands are susceptible to damage during earthquake-induced liquefaction. In the last decade, colloidal silica treatment in sand has been considered a novel...     

Evaluation of the benefits of facility for disaster mitigation based on the risk of debris flow

Landslides - Numerous collapses and landslides caused by the Wenchuan earthquake provide abundant loose materials for a large number of debris flows that occurred after the earthquake. Most of the...     

城市公园污水生态化处理方法和模式研究

分析城市公园污水特点,从有利于保护生态环境、地下水资源和节约成本的角度,分析了适合我国城市公园污水生态化处理的方法以及处理模式,最后对我国今后城市公园污水处理系统建设提出建议.     

贵州岩溶地区能源生态足迹及其效率的动态变化评价

为了把握贵州岩溶地区的能源生态足迹和能源生态足迹效率的动态变化情况,文章采用基于生态足迹模型的能源生态足迹效率的定量研究方法,利用1978-2011年的历史数据计算,分析了贵州岩溶地区能源生态足迹和能源生态效率的动态变化特征。研究结果表明,在研究时段,贵州岩溶地区能源生态足迹和能源生态足迹产值呈阶段性递增趋势,能源生态足迹强度呈阶段性下降趋势,能源生态足迹产值虽有所提高,但仍低于全国平均水平。社会经济发展与能源足迹灰色关联分析结果表明,贵州岩溶地区经济发展与能源消耗关系十分密切,高能耗经济问题比较突出。     

污染场地原位热修复技术与能效分析

本文围绕原位热修复技术所存在的有效性和能耗难以评估的问题,基于原位热修复技术机制、影响因素、能效等方面进行系统分析,揭示原位热修复技术热量传递和污染物驱动机制,探讨热导率和电导率等原位热修复能效的影响因素;基于电阻加热(ERH)修复技术原位中试研究,分析了ERH系统的加热性能和该场地加热0100 d的温度场时空分布,解析温度空间分布差异的原因。研究表明,ERH存在电阻发热和电极井热传导两种机制,加热效率受电极井距离和地层环境影响,热量散失是未来原位热修复技术能效评估应关注和研究的因素。     

基于能量平衡的蒸散发遥感反演模型研究

提出了基于能量平衡方法遥感反演蒸散发的计算模型。采用经验、半经验公式反演计算了模型中各参数。利用提出的净辐射折算系数、波文比,结合Sequin和Itier理论推导了日蒸散发量计算的经验模型,并考虑了温度对瞬时蒸散发量的的影响,提高了全天蒸散发量计算的精度。对于不同地区只要调整净辐射折算系数便可解决由蒸散发瞬时值求算全天值的困难。通过对黑龙江省进行数值试验,证明该模型具有很强的实用性,并且可为旱情监测系统运行提供依据。     

强夯能量利用率反演及加固影响范围研究

强夯法具有高效的地基处理能力而被广泛应用,但加固地基的同时会对周围工程结构和环境产生一定的振动危害。以能量转换原理为基础,近似将夯击能分为振动波能和土体塑性功两部分,通过建立的强夯椭球体分区加固模型,导出塑性功计算格式,提出利用监测强夯夯坑深度变化信息来反演强夯能量利用率的反演方法,并导出了相应的反演公式。依据加固压实区和加固影响区椭球体分布假设和夯坑深度变化监测结果,给出了强夯加固范围和影响范围大小的计算思路和方法。以北京园博园回填土地基强夯加固工程为背景,利用现场监测试验信息对强夯能量利用率和加固范围及影响范围进行了反演分析和计算。分析表明,文中方法不仅能够有效地反演出强夯能量利用率和计算出强夯加固范围和影响范围,且可利用分析结果能够方便地估算地基强夯加固时的有效夯击次数,进行加固方案设计等。通过分析结果与现场地基测试结果的比较,验证了文中方法的有效性和实用性。     

Research on changes of hydrodynamics and ion-exchange adsorption in Brackish-Water Interface

In light of multiple field experiments in typical tidal areas with active sea-land interaction, corresponding analysis through hydrodynamic simulation and of ion composition evolution all insist on following conclusions. Due to the tide, the groundwater level is basically in line with its level but with a slight lag. Moreover, smaller amplitude of such changes were always accompanied by greater distance from shores. In this paper, two salt-freshwater interfaces were identified, namely, a large wedge-shaped interface and an inverted U-shaped one located at K5(monitoring point). The critical hydraulic gradient of saltwater intrusion was between 0.0345 and 0.0377. Apart from that, mathematical and physical models were adopted to measure the influence of tides, showing a inverse proportion to the hydraulic gradient. In addition, characteristics of ionic components can prove that K+ was adsorbed and Ca~(2+) was displaced during saline intrusion, while a reverse process was witnessed during desalting. In summary, cation exchange adsorption plus other complex physical chemical effects would take place during saltwater intrusion.     

储冷对井治理深部矿井热害研究

煤炭开采不断向深部发展,随之而来的热害问题也愈加严重。采用地层储冷技术,利用换能系统及储冷对井,治理井下热害。本文以夹河矿的地质条件、热力学及水力学参数为设计依据,运用数值模拟方法,分析了储冷对井储冷期顶板下40 m等温线和制冷期I-I剖面等温线,从理论上证明了储冷对井用于储冷和制冷的可行性。另外,储冷期末停采停灌期,储冷对井冷水体温度上升曲线分析表明,储冷对井所在储冷含水层具有良好的储冷效果。     

Research on changes of hydrodynamics and ion-exchange adsorption in Brackish-Water Interface

In light of multiple field experiments in typical tidal areas with active sea-land interaction, corresponding analysis through hydrodynamic simulation and of ion composition evolution all insist on following conclusions. Due to the tide, the groundwater level is basically in line with its level but with a slight lag. Moreover, smaller amplitude of such changes were always accompanied by greater distance from shores. In this paper, two salt-freshwater interfaces were identified, namely, a large wedge-shaped interface and an inverted U-shaped one located at K5 (monitoring point). The critical hydraulic gradient of saltwater intrusion was between 0.0345 and 0.0377. Apart from that, mathematical and physical models were adopted to measure the influence of tides, showing a inverse proportion to the hydraulic gradient. In addition, characteristics of ionic components can prove that K+ was adsorbed and Ca2+ was displaced during saline intrusion, while a reverse process was witnessed during desalting. In summary, cation exchange adsorption plus other complex physical chemical effects would take place during saltwater intrusion.