西藏仁布地区上三叠统复理石物源分析

运用砂岩碎屑组分、古水流、微量和稀土元素方法对西藏南部仁布地区上三叠统朗杰学群和涅如组的物源进行了分析.碎屑组分和地球化学研究结果显示,盆地中的碎屑物源主要来自再旋回造山带,部分来自造山之前的混合区,少数源于大陆基底,且物源区蕴含有造山前的大陆边缘岛弧过程;物源区母岩主要为沉积再旋回和后太古代再旋回沉积物;古水流测量分...     

Provenance analysis of the Voirons Flysch (Gurnigel nappe,Haute-Savoie,France): stratigraphic and palaeogeographic implications

International Journal of Earth Sciences - The Chablais Prealps (Haute-Savoie, France) represent a well-preserved accretionary wedge of the Western Alpine Tethys. They comprise a stack of...     

西藏山南地区上三叠统复理石郎杰学群岩性分布样式及其意义

对西藏山南地区雅鲁藏布江以南的上三叠统复理石郎杰学群进行了野外地质调查,完成了14条地质路线调查和65个点的观测,重点统计了露头观测点陆源碎屑岩各种岩性的厚度。根据不同岩性（反映粒度大小）的厚度统计对每个观察点上的砂岩与（粉砂质）板岩厚度的比例进行了计算,将砂岩/板岩比值投点到平面图上,编绘出不同层位的砂岩/板岩比值等值线图。结果表明,绝大部分层位的砂岩/板岩比值呈现由北向南变小的变化,反映了向南粒度变细的趋势;这一变化趋势与过去发表的由北而南古水流格局所反映的物源来源具有相同涵义,进一步支持并夯实了郎杰学群系北部来源而非印度大陆（特提斯喜马拉雅）来源的科学认识。物源来源和东西部砂岩/板岩比值的大小差异还暗示郎杰学群至少有两个主流物源方向和两个叠合的海底扇沉积体系。     

Sedimentation in the Carpathian Flysch sea

On the ground of the sedimentary features of the Flysch the general conditions of sedimentation in the Carpathian Flysch sea are tentatively reconstructed. It is admitted that the Carpathian Flysch has been deposited in a fairly deep basin under the influence of turbidity currents. The directions of transport are presented and the distances covered by currents estimated. Some inferences concerning the shape and relief of the basin are discussed.     

一个前寒武纪安底斯复理石--皖南羊栈岭组复理石的岩石学及地球化学

晚元古代羊栈岭组复理石的砂屑岩为岩屑杂砂岩,石英含量中等,富含火山岩及浅变质岩岩屑与长石。复理石沉积时有中酸性岩浆喷出。轻矿物、重矿物以及岩屑特征表明,复理石的物源区由中酸性火山岩、花岗岩、浅变质岩及沉积岩组成。砂屑的颗粒格架组分及常量元素与稀土元素地球化学特征一致说明,复理石盆地是在实底斯型构造背景下发育的弧间盆地。     

川甘青复理石盆地地壳结构与演化

本文讨论川甘青复理石盆地的地质概况、地壳属性、形成机制和资源前景.这个地区是中央造山带中未发生陆-陆碰撞的构造单元,包括甘南、青海东及川西北的倒三角形地区,过去称为"松潘甘孜造山带".地壳波速结构的特点包括:①上地壳分两层,上层的波速较低的沉积岩层,厚度可达7km,波速小于6.0km/s;下层为结晶基底,波速6.0～6.2km/s.②中地壳为正常波速,但厚度较大,可达20km以上.③下地壳波速从6.6km/s随深度上升到7.3 km/s,厚度亦增加到20 km以上.上述特点的产生与复理石盆地形成时洋壳的俯冲有关.构造演化可分四个阶段,①洋壳俯冲阶段;②深水浊流沉积及等深流沉积阶段;③陆坡凸起沉积加剧阶段;④古特提斯洋封闭以后,地壳推挤成高原阶段.川甘青复理石盆地也许是中国大陆浅层油气勘探的最后希望.在盆地边部及西秦岭西延余脉,有良好的金矿资源开发前景.     

Flysch,molasse et formations apparentees

The term flysch has a definite meaning; it is applied to sedimentary groups having certain specific characteristics in common with each other.     

Tektonischer,sedimentologischer oder biologischer Flysch?

Zusammenfassung Tektonischer, sedimentologischer und biologischer Aspekt liefern eine gleichwertige Teildefinition für die echte Flysch-Fazies. Sind davon eine bzw. zwei nicht erfüllt, so kann nur von einem in bestimmter Richtung atypischen Flysch bzw. flysch-ähnlichen Gestein die Rede sein. Eine solche Unterscheidung ist auch genetisch bedeutsam.

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Frequent association of certain tectonical, sedimentological, and biological features at various points of earth history demonstrates the significance of the flysch concept. Examples intermediate to other facies types are relatively rare and differ from true flysch in either one, or two, of the three aspects. Tectonically, sedimentologically or biologically aberrant flysch, and formations that are flysch-like with regard to one aspect may be distinguished accordingly.

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Résumé Une définition valable du Flysch-faciès peut être trouvée sous l'aspect tectonique, sédimentologique ou biologique. S'il en manque un ou deux, il y a seulement un Flysch atypique ou bien une roche pareille au Flysch. Une telle distinction est importante au point de vue génétique.

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Der nordalpine Flysch zwischen der Ostschweiz und Salzburg

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Provenance of the terrestrial planets

Earlier work on the simultaneous accumulation of the asteroid belt and the terrestrial planets is extended to investigate the relative contribution to the final planets made by material from different heliocentric distances. As before, stochastic variations intrinsic to the accumulation processes lead to a variety of final planetary configurations, but include systems having a number of features similar to our solar system. Fifty-nine new simulations are presented, from which thirteen are selected as more similar to our solar system than the others. It is found that the concept of "local feeding zones" for each final terrestrial planet has no validity for this model. Instead, the final terrestrial planets receive major contributions from bodies ranging from 0.5 to at least 2.5 AU, and often to greater distances. Nevertheless, there is a correlation between the final heliocentric distance of a planet and its average provenance. Together with the effect of stochastic fluctuations, this permits variation in the composition of the terrestrial planets, such as the difference in the decompressed density of Earth and Mars. Biologically important light elements, derived from the asteroidal region, are likely to have been significant constituents of the Earth during its formation.     

Some petrological features of Bosnian peridotitegabbro-complexes in the Dinaride zone of Yugoslavia

Summary The ophiolite zone of the Dinarides is part of the long gabbro-peridotitebelt stretching from the Alps to the Himalajas. It comprises plutonic rocks. ranging from peridotite to albite granite which intrude sediments of Jurassic (?) age (Diabase-Hornstein Formation) and are unconformably overlain by coarse-grained clastic sediments of Tithonian age.The principal plutonic rocks are alpine-type peridotite, represented by gneissic lherzolite and banded lherzolite with alternating olivinite and pyroxenite bands. Contacts between ultramafics and country rocks are distinctly tectonic and no contact phenomena have been detected. The banding of the ultramafics is dicordant with the long dimension of the larger rock units. It is presumed that the ultramafics were intruded into the Jurassic rocks as solid masses.Gabbro is about 5 percent as abundant as peridotite. It appears to be of two kinds, one related to peridotite, and the other related to dolerite. Feldspathic peridotite, troctolite, olivine gabbro and subordinate diallage gabbro are interlayered with, and grade into, feldspar-free peridotite. Compositional variations in the gabbro are obscure on a small scale and banding is not as easily recognized as in the ultramafic rocks.Gabbro related to dolerite forms distinct sill-like bodies in Jurassic sediments, frequently unrelated to ultramafic rocks. Rocks intruded by the sills are metamorphosed, unlike those along contacts with peridotite-related gabbro. The sills consist, predominantly of more or less amphibolized gabbrodolerite with subordinate gabbro-diorite, oligoclasite, albitite, albite syenite, and albite granite. The degree and trends of differentiation vary in different gabbro-dolerite masses.Amphibolites are as abundant as gabbro and occur mostly along contacts between ultramafics and Jurassic rocks. They appear to be of two kinds which can be correlated with the two kinds of gabbroic rocks.The two intrusive associations cannot be explained by a single magmatic process as proposed by the classical ophiolite hypothesis. All the relations suggest that the peridotite and associated gabbro were intruded in a nearly, if not quite solid state. They may have been derived from the basement of the Jurassic eugeosyncline made up of old Paleozoic formations or from the upper mantle.The gabbroic rocks associated with dolerite are cumulates formed by gravitational crystal settling from a primary tholeiite magma. The associated albite-containing rocks might be considered as final products of this fractionation, which also may have produced flows of spilite and subordinate keratophyre in the Jurassic sediments. It seems possible, however, that the soda-rich rocks could be a separate group formed from a hydrous spilitekeratopyre melt complementary to primary tholeiite magma. The gabbrodolerite rocks have been transformed into amphibolite of epidote amphibolite and low amphibolite facies by regional metamorphism.The interlayering of the amphibolite of higher metamorphic facies, containing labradorite and bytownite, with peridotite, suggests that they once were layered gabbro. This interlayering indicates a common origin. The relations of the banding and foliation indicate a good deal about the character of the flowage processes both in the amphibolite and in the ultramafics.

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Einige petrographische Züge bosnischer Peridotit-Gabbro-Komplexe der Dinariden-Zone Jugoslawiens

Zusammenfassung Die Ophiolith-Zone der Dinariden bildet einen Teil des langen Gabbro-Peridotit-Bogens, der sich von den Alpen bis zum Himalaya erstreckt. Sie umfaßt von Peridotit bis Albit-Granit reichende Erstarrungsgesteine, welche in Sedimente jurassischen (?) Alters intrudieren (Diabas-Hornstein-Formation) und welche diskordant von grobklastischen thitonen Sedimenten überlagert werden.Die verbreitesten Erstarrungsgesteine sind alpinotype Peridotite, die durch gneisartige Lherzolithe und gebänderte Lherzolithe mit abwechselnden Olivinit-und Pyroxenit-Bändern vertreten werden. Die Kontakte zwischen den Ultramfiten und den Rahmengesteinen sind eindeutig tektonisch—es wurden keinerlei Kontakterscheinungen gefunden. Die Bänderung der Ultramafite liegt diskordant zur Längserstreckung der größeren Gesteinseinheiten. Es wird angenommen, daß die Ultramafite als feste Massen in die jurassischen Sedimente intrudiert wurden.Die Gabbros machen mengenmäßig etwa 5 Prozent der Peridotite aus. Es scheint zwei Arten zu geben: Die eine hat Beziehungen zu den Peridotiten, die andere zu den Diabasen. Feldspat-führende Peridotite, Troktolithe, Olivingabbros und untergeordnete Diallaggabbros wechseln lagenweise mit Feldspat-freiem Peridotit und gehen in diesen über. In kleinem Maßstab sind Wechsel in der Zusammensetzung der Gabbros undeutlich, und die Bänderung ist nicht so leicht zu erkennen wie bei den ultramafischen Gesteinen.Die Gabbros, welche Beziehungen zu den Doleriten zeigen, bilden getrennte Lagergang-ähnliche Körper in jurassischen Sedimenten; sie zeigen häufig keine Beziehungen zu ultramafischen, Gesteinen. Im Gegensatz zu den Kontakten von Peridotit-verwandten Gabbros zeigen Gesteine, in welche Lagergänge intrudierten, Metamorphoseerscheinungen. Die Lagergänge bestehen hauptsächlich aus mehr oder weniger amphibolisierten Gabbro-Doleriten mit untergeordneten Gabbro-Dioriten, Oligoklasiten, Albititen, Albit-Syeniten und Albit-Graniten. Ausmaß und Richtung der Differentiation variieren in den verschiedenen Gabbro-Dolerit-Massen.Amphibolite sind ebenso häufig wie Gabbros und kommen meist an den Kontakten zwischen Ultramafiten und jurassischen Gesteinen vor. Es scheint zwei Arten zu geben, welche den beiden Arten gabbroider Gesteine zugeordnet werden können.Die zwei intrusiven Assoziationen können nicht durch einen einzigen magmatischen Prozeß erklärt werden, wie dies durch die klassische Ophiolith-Hypothese versucht wurde. Alle Beziehungen weisen darauf hin, daß die Peridotite und die damit assoziierten Gabbros im fast, wenn nicht sogar völlig festen Zustand intrudiert wurden. Sie können vielleicht aus der Basis der jurassischen Eugeosynklinale, die aus altpaläozoischen Formationen aufgebaut ist, oder aus dem oberen Mantel stammen.Die mit Doleriten verknüpften gabbroiden Gesteine sind Anreicherungen, die durch gravitative Kristallabsonderung aus einem primären tholeiitischen Magma entstanden sind. Die zugehörigen Albit-führenden Gesteine könnten als Endprodukte, dieser Fraktionierung, welche auch Ströme von Spilit und untergeordnet Keratophyr in den jurassischen Sedimenten erzeugt haben könnten, betrachtet werden. Es scheint indessen möglich, daß die Natriumreichen Gesteine eine eigene Gruppe bilden könnten, die aus einer zum primären tholeiitischen Magma komplementären, wasserreichen Spilit-Kerato-phyrschmelze entstanden. Die Gabbro-Dolerit-Gesteine wurden durch Regionalmetamorphose in Amphibolite der Epidot-Amphibolit-und der unteren Amphibolitfazies umgewandelt.Die Wechsellagerung der höher metamorphen Amphibolite, die Labrodor und Bytownit enthalten, mit Peridotit weist darauf hin, daß sie früher gebänderter Gabbro waren. Diese Wechsellagerung zeigt, einen gemeinsamen Ursprung an. Die Beziehungen zwischen Bänderung und Schieferung geben sowohl in den Amphiboliten wie in den Ultramafiten starke Hinweise über den Charakter der Strömungsprozesse.

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With 14 Figures     

Biostratigraphy of the lower red shale interval in the Rhenodanubian Flysch Zone of Austria

In the Rhenodanubian Flysch Zone of Austria, between the Aptian–Albian “Gault Flysch” and the Cenomanian–Turonian Reiselsberg Formation, an interval with predominant red shales (“Untere Bunte Schiefer”) occurs. In the Oberaschau section near Attersee (Upper Austria) a ca. 18-m-thick interval of alternating red and grey shales and marlstones with minor sandstones is present. Thin sandstone intercalations are interpreted as distal turbidites. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages indicate the Litosphaeridium siphoniphorum Zone. The concurrent presence of Litosphaeridium siphoniphorum and Ovoidinium verrucosum in all samples allows a correlation to the lower part of this zone, thus defining a Late Albian–Early Cenomanian age. Based on foraminifera, the red beds can be assigned to the topmost Rotalipora appenninica Zone and the Rotalipora globotruncanoides Zone due to the presence of small morphotypes of the index taxa. Nannofossils indicate standard zones CC9/UC0 throughout the red interval, defined by the first occurrence of Eiffellithus turriseiffelii, and UC1 above the red shales. Based on these multistratigraphic data, a latest Albian–Early Cenomanian age can be inferred.     

川西雅江晚三叠世复理石盆地砂岩特征

雅江三叠纪复理石盆地是巴颜喀拉海盆的重要组成部分，晚三叠世沉积了厚度巨大的复理石地层，其中砂岩属特征夹层。根据1：25万区域地质调查资料和剖面研究，在详细观察描述砂岩宏观特征的基础上，通过薄片鉴定等方法，详细研究了其物质成分及结构特征，指出其成分成熟度为中等至较高，结构成熟度较低，探讨了砂岩的物质来源。     

南盘江盆地中三叠统复理石中的同沉积挤压构造——一类新的沉积构造的归类、命名和构造意义探讨

南盘江盆地在中三叠世时接受了厚达5000m的复理石沉积，而该复理石中保存有丰富的原生沉积构造。笔者等在这些沉积构造中识别并命名了一类新的构造——同沉积挤压构造，并用简单的实验定性地模拟了该类构造的形成机理。这些同沉积挤压构造包括：挤压皱纹、挤压岩枕、挤压裂隙和挤压皱脊，发育于复理石砂岩层的底面或泥岩层的顶面，是相关砂层或泥层沉积后到成岩前复理石盆地遭受挤压收缩的动态记录。根据这些同沉积挤压构造的方向初步判断，南盘江盆地在中三叠世接受复理石沉积的同时受到了SSW—NNE方向的挤压作用，盆地处于挤压收缩阶段。这些构造为复理石盆地的动态演化研究提供了新的证据。     

Out-of-sequence thrusts and paleogeography of the Rhenodanubian Flysch Belt (Eastern Alps) revisited

The Oberstdorf nappe of the Western and the Laab nappe of the Eastern Rhenodanubian Flysch (ERF) were independently identified as out-of-sequence thrust units by facies studies (Mattern 1999) and zircon analyses (Trautwein et al. 2001a, b, c), respectively. A new look at both areas reveals mutual similarities and new evidence for the out-of-sequence concept. Paleocurrent and heavy mineral data make it possible to reconstruct the sediment influx directions. From the Barremian to the mid-Campanian, the western and eastern basin segments were fed with south-derived garnet and north-derived zircon/”ZTR” (i.e., zircon, tourmaline, and rutile). Because both out-of-sequence units are relatively rich in zircon/ZTR they must have occupied the northernmost basin position. In the Western Rhenodanubian Flysch segment, the Sigiswang nappe occupied the central and the Üntschen nappe the southernmost basin position. In the ERF segment the central basin is represented by the Greifenstein nappe and the southernmost basin by the Kahlenberg nappe. Both out-of-sequence units do not occur in the northernmost and tectonically lowest position in their respective nappe piles as they were thrust over the other nappes. The reconstructed basin positions of the thrust units are suggested by the observation of a gradient in heavy mineral content in the thrust units. This paleogeographic arrangement is least problematic and renders models with differently positioned thrust units, requiring debris-shedding intrabasinal ridges, as unnecessarily complicated. Instead, we suggest that gradual changes in heavy mineral composition existed in across-basin direction. Garnet may stem from the Central Gneiss Complex of the Tauern window and formerly exposed lateral equivalents, all representing the southern Mid-Penninic zone. We assign the Falknis/Tasna nappe and formerly exposed lateral equivalents to the northern Mid-Penninic zone which served as the zircon/ZTR source. Interpreting Ebbing’s (Ph.D. thesis, Freie Universität Berlin, pp 1-143, 2002; Fig. 6.10) density section, we suggest that Mid-Penninic crust exists beneath the Central Gneiss Complex. During the latest Cretaceous much garnet was also N-derived. This may reflect processes related to the consumption of the North Penninic basin.     

沉积物物源分析研究进展

沉积物物源分析是盆地分析的重要内容,是再现沉积盆地演化、恢复古环境的重要依据.简要回顾了物源分析的发展史,重点介绍了重矿物、沉积物地球化学和同位素测年技术在物源分析中的应用和发展,指出了物源分析中尚需解决的地质问题.在强调多种方法综合使用的同时,也应考虑构造背景和化学风化作用.     

物源分析的研究与展望

物源分析在盆地分析中具有重要意义,是沉积盆地的大地构造背景判别、古环境恢复的重要依据。本文简要回顾了砂岩成分,阴极发光、古水流流分析以及主元素和重矿物组合分析在物源研究中的应用,着重阐述了稳定同位素测年技术、风化强度的量化ＲＥＥ和痕量元素等地球化学方面的新技术和新方法在物源分析中的应用及其前景,在此基础上指出物源分析应强调利用多种方法进行综合分析,才能获得准确的沉积物源信息。     

The Lower Miocene volcaniclastic sedimentation in the Sicilian sector of the Maghrebian Flysch Basin: geodynamic implications

Abstract

Volcaniclastic debris-rich formations, characterising the Troina-Tusa Unit in the Sicilian Maghrebian Chain, are examined. The Troina-Tusa Unit terrains sedimented in the Maghrebian Flysch Basin, which, from Jurassic to Early Miocene, constituted the southernmost branch of the Western Tethys, located between Africa and the Mesomediterranean Terrane margins. New field, biostratigraphic and pétrographie data enable a reconstruction of the palaeogeographic and structural evolution of the Flysch Basin immediately before its deformation. All the studied formations transpired to be Burdigalian in age. The sandstone compositions, showing different source areas (magmatic arc, recycled orogen and continental block), indicate a provenance for the clastic material from a crystalline basement with an active volcanic arc, replaced by a remnant volcanic arc, which was rapidly completely eroded. The source area that has been considered is Sardinia, where Upper Oligocene -Aquitanian calc-alkaline volcanites are widespread, but the sedimentological characteristics and the Burdigalian age do not fit with this provenance. The Burdigalian calc-alkaline arc should be located on the internal side of the Troina-Tusa Basin, above the already stacked Peloritanian units. A migration of the volcanic activity, connected with the subduction plain roll-back, can be envisaged from the Sardinia Block to the Peloritanian Chain, this latter still docked to the Sardinia-Corsica massif. © 2002 Editions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.