Seismic damage analysis of the outlet piers of arch dams using the finite element sub-model method

This study aims to analyze seismic damage of reinforced outlet piers of arch dams by the nonlinear finite element(FE) sub-model method. First, the dam–foundation system is modeled and analyzed, in which the effects of infinite foundation, contraction joints, and nonlinear concrete are taken into account. The detailed structures of the outlet pier are then simulated with a refined FE model in the sub-model analysis. In this way the damage mechanism of the plain(unreinforced) outlet pier is analyzed, and the effects of two reinforcement measures(i.e., post-tensioned anchor cables and reinforcing bar) on the dynamic damage to the outlet pier are investigated comprehensively. Results show that the plain pier is damaged severely by strong earthquakes while implementation of post-tensioned anchor cables strengthens the pier effectively. In addition, radiation damping strongly alleviates seismic damage to the piers.     

基于地震易损性分析的平塘特大桥关键构件破坏顺序研究

为探究山区超高墩三塔大跨斜拉桥在地震作用下各关键构件（桥塔、支座、基础和桥墩）的破坏顺序,以在建的贵州平塘特大桥为工程依托,首先基于OPEENSEES软件建立空间有限元模型,然后基于概率理论建立斜拉桥地震易损性模型,最后以混凝土应变和支座相对位移为易损性指标进行增量动力分析,得到各构件易损性曲线,并基于各构件的易损性曲线对此类桥型的构件破坏顺序进行分析。研究表明：横向地震对该斜拉桥造成的破坏程度要大于纵向地震;在纵向地震作用下桥梁结构最易发生破坏的是中塔支座和边塔基础,在横向地震作用下桥梁结构最易发生破坏的是边塔支座和过渡墩基础。     

Apparent damping induced by spurious pitching in shaking‐table testing

A seismic shaking‐table test performed on a one‐storey steel frame with an 8 ton RC floor slab was reproduced on a similar specimen by means of the pseudo‐dynamic (PsD) method. A satisfactory agreement of the results could only be achieved after recalibration of the theoretical mass in the PsD equation and proper inclusion in the PsD test input of the horizontal and pitching accelerations measured on the table. In the shaking‐table test, the spurious pitching motion produced a significant increase in the apparent damping that could be estimated as a function of the pitching dynamic flexibility of the system. Dynamic and PsD snap‐back tests were also performed to provide an additional check of the reliability of the PsD method. The spurious pitching motion of the shaking table should always be measured during the tests and reported as a mean to increase the reliability and usefulness of the results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑主余震作用的近海桥墩时变地震易损性分析

基于OpenSEES平台,以某近海刚构桥桥墩为例,选取符合场地类型的地震波,并根据地震记录构造主余震序列。运用"能力需求比"分析方法建立不同服役时间节点桥墩控制截面在不同损伤状态条件下的地震易损性曲线,研究氯离子侵蚀和主余震序列对桥墩抗震性能的影响。结果表明:同一损伤状态的超越概率随着服役时间延长和PGA增大而不断变大,且随着损伤状态等级提高,超越概率逐渐降低。轻微损伤状态下,主余震序列对桥墩易损性影响较小;中等损伤、严重破坏和完全倒塌状态下,同一服役期,考虑主余震序列作用下桥墩的超越概率相比于仅考虑主震作用明显增大。     

基础非线性对桥墩地震反应的影响

在桩基础桥墩滞回特性的模型试验基础上,提出了用Clough模型模拟基础(地基)的恢复力特性。桥墩采用Takeda恢复力模型。用强震记录与人工合成地震动作为输入对铁路简支梁桥进行了非线性地震反应分析,讨论了不同地震动输入及不同地震强度时基础非线性对桥梁地震反应的影响。研究结果表明,考虑基础的非线性一般会使墩顶位移增大,而墩底的曲率明显减小,且随着地震动强度的增加,基础的非线性影响更加明显。     

铁路桥梁根式挖井基础桥墩的水平承载特性研究

根式基础作为一种新型变截面结构形式,已被证明对于提高沉井基础与桩基础的竖向及横向承载力有明显影响,但其对挖井基础抗震性能的改善作用尚不明确。为明确根键对挖井基础桥墩承载力特征的影响,对一铁路根式挖井基础桥墩进行拟静力试验,研究其滞回曲线与骨架曲线特性,通过建立符合试验的有限元模型,讨论不同根键参数对挖井基础桥墩耗能能力及承载力的影响。结果表明根键的存在充分带动了周围土体的参与度,可大大提高挖井基础桥墩的承载力,且随着墩顶位移荷载的增加承载力呈非线性增加。试验及数值模拟均表明：根式挖井基础的破坏主要是由基础周围的土体失效引起的,基础自身并未发生损坏;增加根键的长度可以明显提高根式挖井基础桥墩的承载能力与耗能能力;当根键之间的间距大于根键自身宽度时,增宽根键可明显提高根式挖井基础桥墩的承载能力与耗能能力,而当根键的间距小于自身宽度时,加宽根键对承载力的影响不明显;增加根键的数量能明显提高根式挖井基础桥墩的承载力;在基础底部布置根键的效果并不弱于在侧壁布置,且根键布置在侧壁时不宜靠近土体表面。研究成果可为根式挖井基础在我国铁路桥梁中的应用提供科学依据。     

可更换构件铁路高墩抗震性能研究

针对一种具有可更换构件的新型铁路高墩结构,基于增量动力分析(IDA)曲线,采用易损性分析方法对9度设计、罕遇与极罕遇害地震时的墩柱进行抗震性能评价。建立全桥有限元分析模型,以墩柱最不利截面材料的应变为损伤指标,以地面峰值加速度为地震动强度指标,以357条地震波作为地震动输入,IDA分析得到墩柱关键截面的IDA曲线簇及50%、84%和16%的分位曲线,结合定义的极限状态,探讨墩柱可能产生的塑性铰数量及位置,并通过绘制易损性曲线,对墩柱进行基于概率性的抗震性能评估。研究结果表明：可更换构件在桥墩中首先屈服,从PGA=0.5g时开始屈服、到PGA=1.1g时全部屈服,可更换构件实现分级耗能;墩柱在9度罕遇地震作用下处于基本完好的概率约为99.5%;可更换构件新型高墩结构在9度巨震下超越基本完好状态的概率为36.6%,超越可修复性损伤状态的概率不足1%,其大概率处于可修复性损伤状态。可更换构件高墩抗震性能优越,在近断层地区具有较好的应用前景。     

采用SMA拉索的摇摆自复位桥墩试验研究与动力分析

为了提升桥梁结构的抗震韧性,提出了一种采用超弹性形状记忆合金（SMA）拉索的摇摆自复位桥墩。首先对单根SMA拉索进行变幅循环拉伸试验,随后以SMA拉索的预张拉应力为试验参数,针对新型桥墩开展缩尺模型试验,详细考察了试件的力学行为与损伤模式,讨论了桥墩的滞回曲线和复位能力;提出了新型桥墩的初步设计建议,并利用OpenSees进行非线性时程分析验证。研究表明:得益于摇摆机制以及SMA拉索良好的可恢复变形性能,桥墩试件在4%滑移率内几乎不产生损伤;与传统梁桥相比,采用SMA拉索桥墩的新型梁桥可有效降低结构残余变形以及桥墩本身的损伤。虽然最大变形有所放大,但仍处在可控范围。     

汶川大地震曲线梁桥震害及破坏机理分析

以汶川大地震中严重破坏的回澜立交桥为例,基于数值模拟手段并结合现场震害调查,分析了回澜立交桥的地震破坏机理。数值分析表明,地震时设有支座的最矮的1号桥墩支座发生滑移破坏,以致刚度较大（次矮）的2号刚构桥墩承受很大的地震惯性力,2号墩首先发生弯曲屈服,此后随延性发展因抗剪能力不足最终发生剪切破坏直至倒塌损毁,呈现典型的弯剪破坏特征。现场震害调查发现,回澜立交桥震害集中于抗弯刚度较大的刚构墩上,而其余桥墩震害相对较轻,主要表现为混凝土保护层的脱落、混凝土开裂以及墩顶支座的滑移破坏等。数值分析结果与震害调查呈现出较好的一致性。     

基于损伤分析的旧曲线梁桥抗震性能评估

曲线桥梁在役期间可能面临地震灾害,导致结构损坏甚至坍塌,为了评估在役桥梁的抗震性能,提出基于损伤分析的曲线梁桥抗震性能评估方法.建立旧曲线梁桥有限元模型,基于损伤分析的原理,提出适合曲线梁桥地震响应特性的构件损伤模型,在全桥有限元模型中输入不同类型地震动,计算各构件的损伤指数,并结合旧桥检算系数,由各构件损伤指数综合得...     

Controlled rocking pile foundation system with replaceable bar fuses for seismic resilience

Bridges designed following a conventional approach minimize the risk of collapse, but often require challenging, costly, and time-consuming restoration after an earthquake occurs. The new seismic design philosophy requires bridges to maintain functionality even after severe earthquakes. In this context, this paper proposes a controlled rocking pile foundation(CRPF) system and numerically evaluates bridges′ degree of seismic resilience. The CRPF system allows a pile cap to rock on a pile foundati...     

不同地震激励方向下隔震曲线梁桥易损性分析

为进一步评估隔震曲线梁桥在地震激励下的抗震性能,从地震易损性角度出发并兼顾考虑地震激励方向对其易损性的影响。利用APDL建立采用板式橡胶支座的隔震曲线梁桥有限元模型,从PEER中选取同一地震事件中的近断层地震动,按规范规定比例输入水平双向地震动进行非线性动力时程分析,结合地震响应与损伤指标计算得到各构件地震易损性曲线;考虑地震激励方向的变化,通过MATLAB编程绘制得到桥梁结构构件(桥墩与支座)以及整体系统的地震易损性曲面,分析探讨地震激励方向对隔震曲线梁桥易损性的影响。结果表明：不同极限状态下各桥墩切向损伤条件概率明显大于其径向,各支座的切向与径向易损性相差不大,但仍是各支座的切向易损性略大于径向易损性;桥梁各构件(桥墩与支座)切向易损性对地震激励方向均表现出很强依赖性,而径向易损性对其的依赖性相对较弱,且伴随损伤等级的提高,构件易损性对地震激励方向更加敏感;桥梁整体系统易损性对地震激励方向的变化不太敏感,且因各构件响应之间的相关性较高,其系统易损性更接近于易损性最大的构件——易损性下限;当进行隔震曲线梁桥抗震性能评估时,应考虑不同地震激励方向对其地震易损性的影响,从而使得易损性分析...     

灌浆波纹管装配式桥墩双向地震损伤评价方法

灌浆波纹管连接是装配式墩常用接头连接方式之一,但没有系统研究其受到双向往复荷载作用的整体抗震性能,地震损伤评价方法不够完善。通过双向拟静力试验,研究在双向往复荷载作用状态下灌浆波纹管连接装配式墩的滞回特性变化和破坏模式,讨论了损伤指标构建方法,依据易损性曲线损伤评估了灌浆波纹管装配式墩的抗震性能。结果发现:装配式墩的变形能力和承载能力因双向荷载的耦合效应而急剧下降,装配式墩双向受力损伤状态可以采用Park-Ang值综合反映。在所给加速度情况下,可通过易损性分析得到各装配式墩构件不同损伤状态的超越概率,在峰值加速度一样时,纵桥向损伤状态发生的最大超越概率要比横桥向高。研究结果可以为灌浆波纹管装配式墩双向地震损伤评价提供方法。     

海底地震动作用下近海桥梁地震响应研究

以某近海大桥引桥段连续梁桥为工程背景,建立考虑海底地震动特性和腐蚀效应的近海桥梁地震反应分析模型。采用增量动力分析方法分析腐蚀效应以及海底地震动作用对近海桥梁地震响应的影响。研究结果表明:腐蚀效应与海底地震动作用都会不同程度影响近海桥梁结构的抗震性能。其中:腐蚀效应会增大近海桥梁的破坏指标,降低最大墩底剪力和弯矩值,从而降低桥梁的抗震性能;海底地震动作用会增大近海桥梁的破坏指标及最大墩底剪力、弯矩值;在2种因素耦合作用下,桥梁的抗震性能将会进一步降低。     

Shaking table testing of an existing masonry building: assessment and improvement of the seismic performance

This paper aims to assess and improve the seismic performance of an existing masonry building with flexible floors, representative of a Portuguese building typology—‘gaioleiro’ buildings. The study involved seismic tests and dynamic identification tests of two models (nonstrengthened and strengthened) in the shaking table. Each model was subjected to several seismic tests with increasing amplitude. Before the first test and after each seismic test, the dynamic identification of the model was carried out, aiming at obtaining their seismic vulnerability curves based on a damage indicator obtained from the decrease of the frequencies of the modes. In the strengthened model, steel elements were used to improve the connection between walls and floors, together with ties in the upper stories. The results show that adopted strengthening technique is effective for reducing the seismic vulnerability of ‘gaioleiro’ buildings, namely for improving the out‐of‐plane behavior of the facades. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MPA方法在不同高度桥墩地震响应分析中的适用性研究

桥梁通常是线路中的控制工程,其抗震性能显得尤为重要。作为梁桥重要组成部分的桥墩,往往是地震作用下容易受到损伤的构件。结合西部山区梁桥的典型桥墩结构形式,基于纤维模型的有限元方法建立桥墩的非线性数值分析模型。采用MPA方法对不同高度桥墩的地震响应进行分析,以非线性时程分析方法的计算结果为基准研究MPA方法的适用性。计算表明MPA方法在分析高阶模态参与程度较高的高墩构件时适用性较差。     

Experimental investigation on seismic behavior of scoured bridge pier with pile foundation

This study investigated the seismic performance and soil‐structure interaction of a scoured bridge models with pile foundation by shaking table tests using a biaxial laminar shear box. The bridge pier model with pile foundation comprised a lumped mass representing the superstructure, a steel pier, and a footing supported by a single aluminum pile within dry silica sand. End of the pile was fixed at the bottom of the shear box to simulate the scenario that the pile was embedded in a firm stratum of rock. The bridge pier model was subjected to one‐directional shakes, including white noise and earthquake records. The performance of the bridge pier model with pile foundation was discussed for different scoured conditions. It is found that the moment demand of pile increases with the increase of scoured depth whereas the moment demand of the bridge pier decreases, and this transition may induce the bridge failure mechanism transform from pier to pile. The seismic demand on scoured pile foundations may be underestimated and misinterpreted to a certain degree. When evaluating the system damping ratio with SSI, the system response may not be significantly changed even if the soil viscous damping contribution is varied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

斜交连续刚构桥桥墩地震易损性分析

以美国西部地区某斜交公路连续刚构桥为研究对象，研究其不等高墩易损性差异以及斜交角的改变对桥墩地震易损性的影响。考虑桥梁结构参数和地震动的不确定性，选取100条地震动，沿纵桥向输入，生成"结构-地震动"样本库，以地震动峰值加速度（PGA）为强度指标（IM），利用OpenSees软件对结构进行非线性时程分析得到桥墩动力响应，而后以桥墩曲率延性比衡量桥梁破坏状态，在确定桥墩损伤指标的基础上，采用可靠度理论得到各桥墩的地震易损性曲线，判断桥墩的损伤模式、损伤特点。在此基础上，改变桥梁斜交角度进行易损性分析，得到斜交角变化对桥墩地震易损性的影响。研究表明：该桥最矮墩发生损伤的概率大于其他桥墩，桥墩最先进入塑性的是墩顶和墩底区域；不同斜交角对桥墩的地震响应影响显著，各墩损伤破坏排序与斜交桥结构构造特点有关，同一排架墩的两侧墩柱易损性呈现与角度变化趋势相反的排列，损伤越严重，趋势越明显；对于此不等高的斜交刚构桥，最矮墩为其抗震薄弱环节，斜交角越大，越应该关注钝角处矮墩的损伤情况，并提高其设计标准，在进行斜交刚构桥抗震设计中应予以重视。     

高承台下自由桩长对双薄壁墩连续刚构桥地震响应的影响

为探究高承台下自由桩长对双薄壁墩连续刚构桥地震响应的影响,基于OpenSees程序建立了实桥有限元模型并进行弹塑性时程分析,通过对比不同自由桩长模型的时程曲线、峰值响应及滞回特性,分析了自由桩长对桥梁地震响应的影响.结果表明:自由桩长增加会减小桥梁刚度;地震作用下,随自由桩长增加,主梁、支座及自由桩顶的水平位移增大,且...     

Pseudo‐dynamic testing of bridges using non‐linear substructuring

Pseudo‐dynamic tests on a large‐scale model of an existing six‐pier bridge were performed at the ELSA laboratory using the substructuring technique. Two physical pier models were constructed and tested in the laboratory, while the deck, the abutments and the remaining four piers were numerically modeled on‐line. These tests on a large‐scale model of an existing bridge are the first to have been performed considering non‐linear behavior for the modeled substructure. Asynchronous input motion, generated for the specific bridge site, was used for the abutments and the pier bases. Three earthquake tests with increasing intensities were carried out, aimed at the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of a typical European motorway bridge designed prior to the modern generation of seismic codes. The experimental results confirm the poor seismic behavior of the bridge, evidenced by irregular distribution of damage, limited deformation capacity, tension shift effects and undesirable failure locations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.