海洋生物质能研究进展及其发展战略思考

生物质能的研究与开发的目的是解决化石资源短缺和温室气体排放等全球性问题。利用油料作物生产生物柴油和利用淀粉作物生产燃料乙醇是当前生物质能产业化开发的重要内容,其原料来源主要依赖农作物,从而导致了生物质能开发与粮食、耕地和水资源竞争的局面。海洋生物质能的开发和利用为解决上述问题提供了一条可能有效的出路。介绍了海洋生物质能的国内外研究进展,分析了有关国家战略需求和关键科学问题,提出了我国发展海洋生物质能的战略思考和下一步的研究重点。     

Feasibility,emission and fuel requirement analysis of hybrid car versus solar electric car: a comparative study

The problem regarding environment has been considered as contemporary issue, and to cater this, various technologies have been revolutionized in vehicle transport field. Efforts have been made to make vehicle engine efficient and introducing hybridized vehicles with the aim of reducing emissions and less fuel dependency. In essence of this, trends of solar electric cars in different countries have been reviewed. Feasibility analysis is done by doing fuel cost analysis of two cases, i.e., simple hybrid vehicle and hybrid vehicle equipped with solar module and increased battery energy storage capacity for a specific round trip distance between two cities, i.e., Rawalpindi and Islamabad in comparison with feasibility of third case, i.e., proposed solar electric car model. The solar module selection along with desired number of batteries with charging and discharging time and motor power required to carry five persons weight (70 kg each) is calculated for third case. Moreover, total carbon dioxide emission analysis has been carried out from car material production to its assembly, manufacturing solar module and nickel metal hydride battery for each case. The annual carbon dioxide emitted from fuel in first two cases relative to electric outlet in third case for specific distance has been analyzed. On large scale, emission analyses for hundred cars of each case have been done at 100 km distance. From calculations, it is revealed that overall emissions in third case on large scale and from its material production, assembly, solar module and batteries manufacturing perspective are comparatively less than other cases.     

基于全生命周期的褐煤制气与发电温室气体排放对比研究

我国褐煤资源较为丰富,主要分布于内蒙古东部、云南省和黑龙江省。褐煤主要的传统利用方式是直接燃烧发电,但其存在能效低、污染重等问题。除发电外,褐煤新型利用方式逐渐成熟,制取天然气以及提质后发电就是其中的代表。本文基于全生命周期评价法,计算了褐煤制取天然气与褐煤提质后发电在终端利用能效相同的情况下,产生1 GJ有效能量的温室气体排放量,分别为158.173/e kg/GJ、480.68/e kg/GJ(e为能源终端使用能效)。显然,从温室气体排放角度,褐煤制取天然气优于提质褐煤发电技术。     

Hydrogen from coal: Production and utilisation technologies

Although coal may be viewed as a dirty fuel due to its high greenhouse emissions when combusted, a strong case can be made for coal to be a major world source of clean H₂ energy. Apart from the fact that resources of coal will outlast oil and natural gas by centuries, there is a shift towards developing environmentally benign coal technologies, which can lead to high energy conversion efficiencies and low air pollution emissions as compared to conventional coal fired power generation plant. There are currently several world research and industrial development projects in the areas of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles (IGCC) and Integrated Gasification Fuel Cell (IGFC) systems. In such systems, there is a need to integrate complex unit operations including gasifiers, gas separation and cleaning units, water gas shift reactors, turbines, heat exchangers, steam generators and fuel cells. IGFC systems tested in the USA, Europe and Japan employing gasifiers (Texaco, Lurgi and Eagle) and fuel cells have resulted in energy conversions at efficiency of 47.5% (HHV) which is much higher than the 30–35% efficiency of conventional coal fired power generation. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) are the front runners in energy production from coal gases. These fuel cells can operate at high temperatures and are robust to gas poisoning impurities. IGCC and IGFC technologies are expensive and currently economically uncompetitive as compared to established and mature power generation technology. However, further efficiency and technology improvements coupled with world pressures on limitation of greenhouse gases and other gaseous pollutants could make IGCC/IGFC technically and economically viable for hydrogen production and utilisation in clean and environmentally benign energy systems.     

全球清洁能源发展现状与趋势分析

一次能源尤其是化石能源的大规模开发利用,导致环境破坏越来越严重,对人类生活造成了极大的负面影响,因此,清洁能源的开发利用引起全球的广泛重视,美国、日本、欧盟、中国、印度等国家或地区从20世纪开始开展清洁能源的开发利用工作.本文在前人的研究基础上,首先明确了清洁能源的概念和能源种类.其次,从投资、装机容量和消费变化等方面...     

Legal and environmental concerns affecting electric utility involvement in cogeneration

The National Energy Act of 1978 included cogeneration as one of the leading strategies to help solve the nation's energy problems. As a result many new regulations have been formulated to encourage the development of industrial cogeneration facilities. These regulations are aimed at reducing oil imports, conserving nonrenewable resources, and preserving air quality. The electric utilities are uncertain whether the regulations will accomplish these goals. They are concerned that the regulations will lead to the proliferation of small industrial cogeneration facilities giving rise to increased air pollution and other adverse environmental impacts. The utilities are also concerned that, because of the way the regulations are written, they will discourage the electric utilities from fully participating in the cogeneration process.     

浅层地热能水源井工程问题与技术研究

浅层地热能具有储量大、分布广、埋深浅、易开发等特点,是可再生新能源。在传统能源资源紧张和环境恶化形势下,大力开发利用浅层地热能对全球低碳经济和节能减排具有重要的意义。水源热泵以能量利用率高、成本低、维修方便的优势占据重要地位,其中水源井是其关键,水源井的工程质量将直接影响着系统运行、回灌和使用寿命。通过大量的调查,分析研究了目前水源井工程存在的突出问题,并在试验和实际经验基础上提出了合理的水源井工程技术。     

贵州境内乌江水电梯级开发联合生态调度

为保护乌江干流水生生态系统,实现水能资源开发和生态环境双赢,进行乌江水电梯级开发联合生态调度。分析计算了乌江主要生态控制断面洪家渡、乌江渡和思林的最小、适宜及理想生态流量过程;构建了乌江干流梯级水电站多目标联合优化调度模型,采用智能优化算法对其进行求解。计算得到乌江干流9座水库多年平均发电量和典型年年发电量、3个主要控制断面的生态用水保证率及其典型年水库调度过程。结果表明,通过乌江干流梯级水电站联合优化调度,在保证水电站防洪安全和发电效益正常发挥的同时,可提高乌江干流生态流量保证率;对于偏枯年和枯水年,即使通过梯级水电站优化调度,其理想生态流量用水需求也难以满足。     

Relationship between magnetic properties and heavy metals of urban soils with different soil types and environmental settings: implications for magnetic mapping

Two types of soil (fluvisols and anthrosols) were collected from different environmental settings (suburb and industrial area) in Wuhan, central China, aiming to examine the applicability of magnetic mapping for heavy metal pollution of urban soil in a large region. Magnetic measurements and chemical analysis indicated elevated magnetization and heavy metal concentrations of topsoils in the industrial area. Magnetic susceptibility (χ), anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) of fluvisols are much higher than those of anthrosols, but contrary for frequency-dependent susceptibility, indicating that soil magnetism strongly depends on the soil type/condition. Predominant magnetic carrier in topsoils in industrial area is pseudo-single-domain/multi-domain magnetite. Environmental scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray examination of the magnetic extracts from these topsoils revealed abundant spherical particles with diameters of 10–50 μm that are rich in iron-oxides, and could be attributed to the nearby industrial activities (e.g., steel work and power generation). Significant correlations were observed between magnetic concentration-related parameters (e.g., χ, ARM and SIRM) and concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg and Tomlinson pollution load index. These results proposed that magnetic proxy mapping of soil pollution is an effective, fast and inexpensive tool for delineation of heavy metal pollution. However, interpretation of magnetic properties for such a purpose must be done on a site-specific basis, taking into account the possibilities of pedogenic enhancement/depletion under the specific soil conditions.     

深井钻机柴改电升级改造及其应用

针对柴油机驱动存在的可靠性低、钻井成本高、环境污染大等问题,提出将传统的柴油机驱动钻机改造为电驱动钻机的节能环保升级改造方案。直接利用工业电网作为动力源,对钻井的动力驱动系统进行优化,在地热井施工、石油钻井施工和其它深井钻井施工中得到广泛的应用。实践证明,柴改电升级改造在节能环保方面效果明显,提高了钻机运行的可靠性、先进性、经济性和安全性,达到了预期的目的。     

Optimal operation of a micro-grid containing energy resources and demand response program

In profit-based unit commitment, the objective of programming is to maximize profit and optimize generation. Practically, the gross profit depends not only on the revenue but also on the total expenditures. In this article, an efficient algorithm is suggested to assess the effect of uncertainties in determining 24-hour optimal strategy of a microgrid (MG) containing wind farms, photovoltaic, fuel cell, combined heat and power units, boiler, and energy storage devices (ESDs). The optimization problem is presented to determine the optimal points for the energy resources generation and to maximize the expected profit considering demand response (DR) programs and uncertainties. The uncertainties include wind speed, photovoltaic power generation (PVPG), market price, power, and thermal load demand. For modeling uncertainties, an effort has been made to predict uncertainties through the hybrid method of wavelet transform (WT)-artificial neural network (ANN)-imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA). In this study, three cases are assessed to confirm the performance of the proposed method. In the first case study, programing MG is isolated from the grid. In the second case study, which is grid-connected mode the WT-ANN-ICA and WT-ANN uncertainties predictions methods are compered. In the third case, which is grid-connected mode the effect of DR programs on the expected profit of energy resources is assessed.     

全球工业领域白银需求预测

在全球能源低碳转型的背景下,白银不仅广泛应用于电子电气、钎焊合金等传统工业领域以及首饰银器和投资领域,更是与光伏、电动汽车和5G技术等绿色清洁能源领域密切相关。本研究采用部门分析法分别预测在既定政策情景(STEPS)、宣布承诺情景(APS)和2050年净零排放情景(NZE)三种情景下光伏、电动汽车领域的白银需求,并使用ARIMA模型分析传统工业领域需求,预测至2035年全球白银需求。研究结果表明,三种情景下, 2035年工业领域对白银的需求量分别为19 360 t、21 621 t和26 894 t。在中情景下(APS情景)低碳领域白银需求量将在2031年超过传统工业领域白银需求量;在高情景下(NZE情景)低碳领域需求量将在2024年超过传统工业领域白银需求量。     

化能自养型微生物利用太阳能途径的实验研究

针对自然界中天然半导体矿物和化能自养微生物之间的能量交换途径进行了详细的实验研究.半导体光电化学实验结果显示,天然半导体矿物在光照情况下产生的光生电子可将Fe3+还原为Fe2+,其中金红石光催化还原Fe3+的效率为12.5%,闪锌矿为7.86%,该过程通过天然半导体矿物的日光催化作用实现了太阳光能→电能→化学能的转化;控制电势的微生物电化学反应实验结果显示,化能自养型微生物A.f.菌的细胞增加量与外界电子传入而生成的Fe2+的量呈线性关系,且有外来电子传入实验组的A.f.生长量是无电子传入组的441%,该过程通过菌的生长代谢作用实现了化学能→生物质能的转化.进一步的光电化学和微生物电化学耦合实验结果证明,在太阳光和天然半导体矿物共同作用下,A.f.菌的对数生长期由无光时的36 h延长到72 h,同时细菌的生长在该能量转化过程中得到了明显促进.在天然闪锌矿催化条件下,有光条件的A.f.菌数量增加到无光条件的1.90倍;而在金红石催化条件下,有光条件的A.f.菌数量增加到无光条件的1.69倍.实验结果说明,在以天然半导体矿物为媒介的情况下,化能自养微生物可间接利用太阳能来获得自身的生长繁殖所需的能量,这一过程也实现了太阳光能→电能→化学能→生物质能的能量转化途径.     

Non-Conventional Energy Sources: A Geo-Spatial Study of Site,Situation, Production and Economy of Wind Farms in Satara District

Wind energy is a popular from the non-conventional energy sources in the World. In India states like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Orissa, and Maharashtra are as regarded as superior areas with respect to this type energy. The installed capacity of wind in India till December 2010 was 13,056.37 MW, principally distributed throughout the Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, etc. In Maharashtra, there are 38 wind farms and the 3655 wind machines are installed with the 3431.86MW capacity of power generation up to September 2013. In Satara district, 17 wind sites and also other some sites are discovered. At present there are 1636 wind turbines are installed with its capacity of power generation is 1122.61MW and the production of wind energy of 2183745.15KWh average per annum in Satara district.The main objectives of the present paper are to assess the scope of non-conventional energy resources especially the power generation from wind and to analyze the trend and distribution of the wind mills and wind farms in Satara district. It is find out the amount of recovered from the power generation comes around 12 years without subsidy and around 8 years with subsidy. The total life span of wind turbines is 25 years. It is very much clean and does not cause any problem to the environment as well as to the survival on the surface of the earth. Therefore, it is inferred that the generation of power from wind is not only cheaper and permanent energy source but also a non-polluting, freely available source. It is helpful for the development of economically and socially in a region especially in rural development. With these consequences the income level will increase and it will further help in minimising the social disparities.     

Economic evaluation for air pollution control technologies selection in power plants processes

Air quality legislation is entering a transformation phase, shifting the concept of atmospheric emission control towards pollution prevention and emission minimization through a more integrated approach. This transformation, along with public pressure and increased foreign trade, is providing industries with incentives to consider their effect on the environment and to take action where required. To assist industries in determining what air pollution control technologies are best suited to power plants; an assessment of air pollution control technologies used in other countries was carried out. This assessment concluded that the best available technologies for power plants to control air emissions are electrostatic precipitators, low-NOX burners, selective catalytic reduction systems and wet flue gas desulphurization (limestone) systems. An assessment of the financial effects associated with air pollution control at power plants was conducted by completing a cost analysis. This analysis demonstrated that by increasing capital expenditure on control technologies by US$ 0.25 billion, the external costs associated with producing electricity can be reduced by almost US$ 0.5 billion. Formulation of external cost factors and the development of a software database for the information obtained from the different countries, will promote future technology selections.     

高精度多频电法数据采集系统

开发了新一代高精度多频电法数据采集系统.该系统在硬件上采用24位A/D转换器、大规模可编程门阵列和低功耗PENTIUM-166 PC-104工控机;在软件上采用面向对象软件设计与分析、WINDOWS编程及多种程序设计语言混合编程技术;在数据处理中采用数字滤波、相关检测等信噪比增强技术,有效地压制了各种干扰;可开展电阻率法、激电法(时间域或频率域)、复电阻率法、CSAMT等多种电法勘探.     

Customer concerns about uncertainty and willingness to pay in leasing solar power systems

Although solar power systems are considered as one of the most promising renewable energy sources, some uncertain factors as well as the high cost could be barriers which create customer resistance. Leasing instead of purchase, as one type of product service system, could be an option to reduce consumer concern on such issues. This study focuses on consumer concerns about uncertainty and willingness to pay for leasing solar power systems. Conjoint analysis method is used to find part worth utilities and estimate gaps of willingness to pay between attribute levels, including various leasing time lengths. The results show the part worth utilities and relative importance of four major attributes, including leasing time. Among concerns about uncertainties, government subsidy, electricity price, reliability, and rise of new generation solar power systems were found to be significantly related to the additional willingness-to-pay for a shorter leasing time. Cluster analysis is used to identify two groups standing for high and low concerns about uncertainty. People with more concerns tend to pay more for a shorter lease time.     

流域水资源调度多目标时变偏好决策方法及应用

传统多目标决策方法难以刻画流域水资源系统调度周期内多目标互馈关系及需求动态变化, 可能导致关键时期特定目标保障不足。为弥补该缺陷, 提出多目标时变偏好决策方法。以金沙江下游为例, 分析发电与生态目标需求的时空变异性, 构建并求解两目标随时程变化的Pareto前沿簇, 量化各时期目标间竞争强度, 基于灵敏比的非支配关系, 定量识别各调度时期决策人的目标偏好, 形成偏向度决策支持集, 建立多目标时变决策模型。结果表明: 考虑时变偏好的决策方法, 其动态累积Pareto前沿可以支配传统静态Pareto前沿; 相较于传统方法, 研究区全年增发电量0.7亿kW·h, 全年和关键生态期生态效益分别提升8.06%和2.83%, 可以在保持发电效益的同时显著优化生态效益, 并提高关键时期生态需求的保障程度。     

城市垃圾填埋场甲烷资源量与利用前景

垃圾填埋气的主要成分为CH4、CO2等气体,可严重污染大气、地下水和生态环境,并对全球气候变暖产生一定的影响;同时填埋气也是一种清洁可再生能源和资源,回收和利用垃圾填埋气可实现环境、安全、能源、资源、经济多重效益。目前,垃圾填埋气的利用主要为甲烷利用。本文介绍了填埋气中甲烷资源量的计算方法,采用一阶动力模型对国内城市垃圾填埋气中的甲烷排放量进行了计算和预测,获得了城市生活垃圾填埋气中甲烷的资源量的范围,并分析了国内垃圾填埋气排放的特点和趋势以及国内外对填埋气利用的途径、方法及效果。结合清洁发展机制（CDM）项目和国情分析了垃圾填埋气的利用前景,并提出了填埋气回收利用的主要问题和建议,为国内城市生活垃圾填埋气的利用提供了有益参考。     

开发水泥工业新技术，争创节能减排新水平

我国在国民经济持续高速发展的同时也承受着能源消耗和环境恶化的巨大压力,水泥行业是耗能、排污大户,面临技术升级和节能减排的重大课题和历史任务。天津水泥工业设计研究院有限公司一直致力于我国水泥工业开发和提供新技术和新装备,推动我国水泥工业走资源节约型、环境友好型的新型工业化道路。近年来的新成果主要在新一代烧成节能技术、无球磨粉磨节能技术、余热发电技术、水泥工业处置工业废弃物和城市生活垃圾以及减少水泥生产有害粉尘和气体的排放等方面,代表了我国新型干法水泥生产技术和装备的先进水平。