中国北方地区石炭纪岩相古地理

中国北方地区包括西北地区、华北地区和东北地区。该地区石炭系划分为上、下统,在西北地区、东北地区石炭系发育完整,华北地区普遍缺失下石炭统。87个标准剖面和529个辅助剖面的岩相古地理研究表明：早石炭世中国北方地区主要存在佳木斯古陆、额尔古纳古陆、中朝古陆、东塔里木─敦煌─中祁连─阿拉善古陆、陇西古陆、准噶尔─吐哈古陆、阿勒泰古陆等;从东至西主要发育松辽海盆、辽东海湾、北山海盆、祁连海、柴达木台地、宗务隆山海槽、塔里木台地、西昆仑海盆、南天山海盆、北天山─准噶尔海盆等海相沉积。晚石炭世海侵范围扩大,佳木斯古陆、额尔古纳古陆仍然存在,中朝古陆已明显缩小至其北部地区,东塔里木-敦煌-阿拉善古陆范围缩小,陇西古陆向西延伸扩大,北准噶尔─阿勒泰连为一体形成古陆;发育松辽海盆、华北海、祁连海、柴达木台地、宗务隆山海槽、塔里木海盆、南准噶尔-博格达山海盆等海相沉积。     

Depositional magnetization of Carboniferous Limestones from the Craven Basin of northern England

Carboniferous Limestones in the Craven Basin of northern England carry a stable natural remanent magnetization (NRM) the intensity of which is facies dependent. Dark argillaceous limestones are most strongly magnetized and pure, pale coloured limestones most weakly magnetized. Partial thermal and alternating field demagnetization suggest that magnetite is the principal carrier of the remanence although some haematite is present in the limestone. The presence of magnetite is confirmed by the low temperature transition, isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM build-up curves) and microprobe analysis. Partial demagnetization of IRM and ARM suggest that the magnetite is relatively coarse grained and in the multidomain state. There are no indications of pseudo-single domain behaviour but magnetite of this type cannot be excluded as a possible remanence carrier. A grain size estimate of 10–20 μm based on coercive force and remanent coercive force is compatible with the theoretical consideration of grain size. The limestones show a weak but marked magnetic susceptibility anisotropy. This anisotropy defines a depositional fabric which indicates that the magnetization is a depositional remanent magnetization (DRM). A DRM was acquired by each specimen before compaction and cementation and was preserved because of the reducing conditions which prevailed in the early diagenetic environments of the limestones.     

西藏羌北地区石炭纪地层的发现

西藏羌北地区从未发现过有可靠化石依据的石炭纪地层。在西藏1∶25万玛依岗日幅区域地质调查中,于原侏罗系分布区内,发现了一套厚度大于298·05m的以碳酸盐岩为主夹碎屑岩地层。碳酸盐岩中含丰富的Eostaffella、Pseudoendothyra、Milleralla、Ozawainella、Pseudostaffella、Profusulinella、Fusulina、Fusulinella、Triticites、Protricites等,属于典型的石炭纪分子。虽未见顶、底,但它是羌北地层分区的唯一一处有可靠化石依据的石炭纪地层,故建立瓦垄山组(C1-2w)。     

大别山北麓石炭系研究新进展

研究区石炭系属残留海盆沉积。在固始柳林泥盆纪（？）花园墙组上部首次发现社内期Ｄｉｂｏｌｉｓｐｏｒｉｔｅｓｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｕｓ－Ａｕｒｏｒａｓｐｏｒａｍａｃｒａ孢子组合，据此建立固始组。上覆大杨山组为典型磨拉石建造，推论造山运动发生于中、晚泥盆世。杨山组植物组合的特点似显示在早石炭世末华北、华南板块已互相接近，局部地段可能已拼合。     

塔里木盆地北部井中早石炭世介形类化石

记述了塔里木盆地下石炭统介形类化石。化石主要采自塔北井下双峰灰岩之上的央拜希组。自上而下有３个组合（１）ＰａｒａｐａｒｃｈｉｔｅＭｉｃｒｏｃｈｅｉｌｉｎｅｌａＢａｉｒｄｉａ;（２）ＰａｒａｃａｒｂｏｐｒｉｍｉｔｉａＣａｖｅｌｉｎａ;（３）ＨｅａｌｄｉａｎｅｌａＢｙｔｈｏｃｙｐｒｉｓ。化石组合的地质时代为早石炭世中期—晚期。     

Fluvial, inertia-dominated deltaic deposition in the Namurian (Carboniferous) of northern England

The Namurian (Upper Carboniferous) Scar House Beds of Yorkshire, northern England, are an example of a fluvial-dominated deltaic sequence that cannot be adequately described using existing classification schemes for deltas. For substantial periods of the Scar House delta history, inertial processes and hyperpycnal mixing prevailed in the river mouth area due to repeated, frequent flooding in the distributary system. This generated voluminous density currents which deposited their sandy loads in successively stacked lobes beyond the river mouth bar in the prodelta area. The position of a lobe was directly controlled by the position of an active river mouth. Only during periods of low discharge in the distributary system did homo- and hypopycnal mixing take place. In these periods, frictional and buoyant forces operated, and sand was deposited from tractional sheet flow on the mouth bar while mudstone was laid down in the otherwise density-current-dominated prodelta. Because of the dominantly hyperpycnal mixing mode, the river effluent experienced a low lateral spread causing an elongate delta lobe to form that in geometry can be compared with some recent and ancient ‘bar finger’ sands. Important differences exist in terms of dominant depositional processes however. Most other ‘bar finger’ sands were controlled by a hypopycnal mixing mode and buoyant forces (e.g. South Pass, Mississippi), while the Scar House delta was controlled by hyperpycnal mixing and inertial forces. This study shows that similar sand-body geometries can be generated from different river mouth processes. In the future, particularly in the field of hydrocarbon exploration, there may be a need to classify deltas both in terms of geometry and dominant river mouth processes. In that respect, the Scar House Beds represent a fluvial, inertia-dominated elongate delta.     

Early Carboniferous anorogenic magmatism in the Levant: implications for rifting in northern Gondwana

The Variscan orogenesis in Europe peaked during the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous times when Gondwanan terranes collided with Laurasia. Hitherto it has been thought that Carboniferous tectonics in northern Arabia and the adjacent parts of NE Africa were broad swells (‘arches’) and depressions (‘basins’) that formed as a far-field contractional effect of the Variscan compression. The discovery of a 351 ± 3 Ma (U–Pb in zircon) within-plate felsic volcanism in the Helez borehole, southern coastal Israel, suggests that the Levant Arch is, instead, extensional in origin. Felsic volcanism was associated with gabbro underplating of the crust, an extreme (~50°C/km) crustal thermal gradient, major uplift, and truncation of the ≥2.5 km section. Taken together with the recent discovery of the ~340 Ma oceanic crust in the Eastern Mediterranean, the Levant Arch is interpreted as an uplifted shoulder of a rift, preceding ocean spreading.     

西藏北部永珠地区石炭系永珠组岩石地层和古生物特征

永珠地区位于申扎古生代盆地,区内发育连续的早奥陶世—中二叠世海相沉积序列。石炭系永珠组岩石组合特征为细粒石英砂岩、页岩、粉砂岩,夹多层生物碎屑灰岩,含丰富的生物化石,主要有腕足类、双壳类、牙形刺、珊瑚、苔藓虫、菊石、三叶虫。牙形刺Gnathodusgirtyi—Gnathodustexanus为早石炭世晚期组合;腕足类Productus—Rhipidomellatibetena为早石炭世晚期组合,Choristites—Spirigerella为晚石炭世早期下部组合,Trigonatretacf.paucicostulata—Elivellabaschkirica为晚石炭世早期上部组合。Uncinunellina是典型的冷水习性腕足类,Cyathaxonia是典型的冷水习性珊瑚,表明了全球石炭纪冰期已影响到本区。确定了永珠组的时代为早石炭世晚期—晚石炭世早期,且早石炭世与晚石炭世分界线在第11层与第12层之间。     

The petrogenesis of Carboniferous–Permian dyke and sill intrusions across northern Europe

The presence or absence of a thermally anomalous mantle plume during the formation of the widespread Carboniferous–Permian magmatism of northern Europe is examined. The geochemistry of representative samples from the extensive Carboniferous–Permian dyke and sill intrusions across northern Europe are reported in order to ascertain whether they have a common ‘plume’ source. Both tholeiitic and alkaline magmas have diverse trace element compositions. Alkaline samples with relatively low Ti and Nb/La < 1 are considered to originate in the lithospheric mantle and those with Nb/La > 1 from the asthenosphere. The tholeiites have a close affinity to E-MORB but have mixed with variable amounts of lithosphere and upper crust. Tectonic reorganisation and decompression melting of a trace element-enriched mantle is considered to have controlled the Carboniferous–Permian magmatism, which contains no coherent geochemical evidence for a single plume-related thermo-chemical anomaly.     

Variations in the type and distribution of organic matter in some Carboniferous sediments from northern England

The organic content of a number of sediments from the Carboniferous of northern England have been examined as a function of their depositional environment. Extraction of the sediments yielded the soluble organic matter whilst microscopic examination of polished blocks of shales enabled the detection of particles of organic detritus. A relationship between the amount of extract and the quantity of terrestrial plant material in the sediments has been established. However, the yield of extract (mg/g org. C) is higher in the more marine environment than the nonmarine environment. The proportion of saturated hydrocarbons in the extract appears to be related to the amount of identifiable organic matter (coal macerals) in the sediment. The n-alkane distribution patterns have been compared with these obtained from coal macerals. The suggestion that the pristane to phytane ratios may reflect the source material of the organic matter has been examined.     

Deep distributary channels and giant bedforms in the Upper Carboniferous of the Central Pennines, northern England

Channels, with maximum depths of over 40 m, have been cut into the top of a coarsening upward sequence, in the Upper Carboniferous of northern England. The channels are interpreted as deep, distributaries cut into delta slope deposits. Giant cross-bed sets, up to 40 m thick, are the major channel infilling facies. Internal erosion surfaces occur within the giant cross-beds and some are draped by micaceous, silty sandstone. Previously interpreted as deltaic sedimentation units, the cross-beds are now thought to have been produced mainly by side attached, alternate bars and the drapes are interpreted as low stage deposits. Cosets of medium scale cross-beds overlie the giant cross-beds. These are thought to be deposits of dunes and smaller bars on top of the transverse bars and in the shallower parts of the distributary. The giant cross-beds are commonly underlain by unlaminated sandstone but may be underlain by undulatory bedding. The latter was apparently produced by ridges, parallel to the current, spaced between 9 and 23 m apart. The north of England appears to have had a major river by present day standards, for at least part of the upper Carboniferous.     

西藏北羌塘中部地区晚石炭世的 类动物群

北羌塘中部晚石炭世地层,尤其是晚石炭世晚期地层是否存在,长期以来缺少确凿的古生物化石证据。1∶25万区域地质调查工作对该区石炭系的研究取得了突破,建立了瓦垄山组,划分了6个 类化石带,时代为早石炭世晚期至晚石炭世晚期,但缺少Protriticites与Triticites之间的Montiparus带。针对这一问题,对瓦垄山组命名剖面北侧的剖面进行了测制,发现了丰富的Montiparus属和Triticites属的分子,从而为北羌塘中部晚石炭世晚期地层的存在提供了翔实确切的 类化石证据。     

柴达木盆地北缘上石炭统碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩高频转换过程及驱动机制*

碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩分别产自“外源、浑水”与“内源、清水”环境,二者的交替互层沉积可反映古水体性质、物源供给及气候等环境要素的频繁改变。晚石炭世,柴达木盆地北缘构造相对稳定,盆内发育巨厚的、多级次嵌套的“碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩混积层系”,记录了“冰室地球”冰川活动下的古海平面大幅度升降和古气候、古环境频繁交替信息。文中以柴达木盆地北缘连续完整露头剖面和钻井取心剖面为研究对象,结合区域地质资料、前人研究成果,通过详细的岩心、露头及镜下薄片观察,在研究区重点层段识别出下切谷充填型碎屑岩沉积和碳酸盐岩台地沉积组成的频繁互层序列。碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩互层组合序列在垂向上的有序叠加,构成了复合海平面变化旋回层序,其从碳酸盐岩—改造型台地沉积开始,向上依次发育碎屑岩下切谷充填序列的底部冲积河道沉积、中部河口湾序列和顶部代表海泛面的泥岩沉积,最后转变为碳酸盐岩向海到向陆台地亚相,反映了一个显著的早期海退—中期逐渐海侵—后期再次海退的旋回过程。冰川期急剧变冷的气候和冰川型高频的大幅度海平面升降,驱动滨线及相带迁移,影响到碎屑岩供给速率和碳酸盐生产率,造成了碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩的高频转换。     

Carboniferous palaeomagnetism of the Rocky Creek Block,northern Tamworth Belt,and the New England pole path

Palaeomagnetic, rock magnetic and magnetic fabric results are presented for a Carboniferous (Visean to Westphalian) succession of felsic, mainly ignimbritic, volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks from the Rocky Creek Block of the northern Tamworth Belt, southern New England Orogen. Detailed thermal demagnetisation of 734 samples from 64 sites show three groups of magnetic components with low (<300°C), intermediate (300–600°C) and high (500–680°C) unblocking temperature ranges. Well‐defined primary magnetisations have been determined for 28 sites with evidence of four overprint phases. The overprints arise from a mid‐Tertiary weathering event (or possibly recent viscous origin), and from fluid movements associated with the Late Cretaceous opening of the Tasman Sea, thrusting during the Middle Triassic main phase of the Hunter‐Bowen Orogeny, and latest Carboniferous — Early Permian formation of the Bowen‐Gunnedah‐Sydney Basin system. Rock magnetic tests establish that the primary magnetisation carriers in the volcanic rocks are mainly magnetite (predominantly single domain, or pseudo‐single domain, and little or no multidomain) and hematite. Optimal magnetic cleaning is achieved at high to very high temperatures, with subtle, but systematic, directional and statistical differences between primary components derived from the mainly hematite fraction and pseudo‐components derived from the mainly magnetite fraction. The 28 primary magnetisation results are presented as six mean‐site results, summarised below and representing 25 sites, and three single‐site results. Fold tests could be applied to five mean‐site results. These are all positive, but one of these results may represent a secondary magnetisation. The primary magnetisation results define a Visean to Westphalian pole path. This long pole path indi cates extensive latitudinal and rotational movement for the Rocky Creek Block, and potentially for the New England Orogen, as follows: (i) Yuendoo Rhyolite Member (Caroda Formation, Visean) pole 235.8°E, 27.7°S, ED₉₅ = 9.0°, n = 3; (ii) Peri Rhyolite Member/Boomi Rhyolite Member (Clifden Formation, Namurian, 318.0 ± 3.4 Ma) pole 177.4°E, 63.4°S, ED₉₅ = 5.2°, n = 3; (iii) tuffaceous beds above Boomi Rhyolite Member (Clifden Formation?, Namurian) pole 162.2°E, 59.1°S, ED₉₅ = 10.2°, n = 3; ((iv) upper Clifden Formation/lower Rocky Creek Conglomerate (Namurian/Westphalian) pole 95.3°E, 49.6°S, ED₉₅ = 8.1°, n = 3 (possible overprint)); (v) Rocky Creek Conglomerate (Westphalian) pole 136.5°E, 57.6°S, ED₉₅ = 5.3°, n = 5; (vi) Lark Hill Formation (Westphalian) pole 127.0°E, 50.4°S, ED₉₅ = 4.8°, n = 8.     

新疆伊犁北部石炭纪火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

石炭纪火山岩广泛分布于西天山伊犁陆块周缘,其岩性复杂,并大多与陆源碎屑岩伴生或互层。其中伊宁阿希、尼勒克和那拉提3个剖面的火山岩岩石地球化学特征显示,这些火山岩属于钙碱性系列,由玄武岩、粗玄岩、玄武质安山岩、玄武质粗面安山岩、安山岩、流纹岩、英安岩和粗面岩组成。稀土元素含量较高,轻稀土元素较重稀土元素富集。这些火山岩亏损高场强元素Nb,Ta,Zr等,而富集大离子亲石元素Th,Rb等,因而这些岩石的形成与板块俯冲有关。微量元素地球化学图解进一步表明,这些岩石形成于大陆岛弧环境。与之共生的早、中石炭世浅海—滨海相沉积地层以及伊犁陆块北缘巴音沟—莫托沙拉沟晚泥盆世—早石炭世蛇绿岩带的存在,表明伊犁陆块北缘在石炭纪时其环境为活动大陆边缘,石炭纪火山岩的形成可能与晚泥盆世—中石炭世早期北天山洋盆向南的俯冲作用有关。     

Interpreting complex fluvial channel and barform architecture: Carboniferous Central Pennine Province,northern England

The Bashkirian Lower Brimham Grit of North Yorkshire, England, is a fluvio‐deltaic sandstone succession that crops out as a complex series of pinnacles, the three‐dimensional arrangement of which allows high‐resolution architectural analysis of genetically‐related lithofacies assemblages. Combined analysis of sedimentary graphic log profiles, architectural panels and palaeocurrent data have enabled three‐dimensional geometrical relationships to be established for a suite of architectural elements so as to develop a comprehensive depositional model. Small‐scale observations of facies have been related to larger‐scale architectural elements to facilitate interpretation of the palaeoenvironment of deposition to a level of detail that has rarely been attempted previously, thereby allowing interpretation of formative processes. Detailed architectural panels form the basis of a semi‐quantitative technique for recording the variety and complexity of the sedimentary lithofacies present, their association within recognizable architectural elements and, thus, the inferred spatio‐temporal relationship of neighbouring elements. Fluvial channel‐fill elements bounded by erosional surfaces are characterized internally by a hierarchy of sets and cosets with subtly varying compositions, textures and structures. Simple, cross‐bedded sets represent in‐channel migration of isolated mesoforms (dunes); cosets of both trough and planar‐tabular cross‐bedded facies represent lateral‐accreting and downstream‐accreting macroforms (bars) characterized by highly variable, yet predictable, patterns of palaeocurrent indicators. Relationships between sandstone‐dominated strata bounded by third‐order and fifth‐order surfaces, which represent in‐channel bar deposits and incised channel bases, respectively, chronicle the origin of the preserved succession in response to autocyclic barform development and abandonment, major episodes of incision probably influenced by episodic tectonic subsidence, differential tilting and fluvial incision associated with slip on the nearby North Craven Fault system. Overall, the succession represents the preserved product of an upper‐delta plain system that was traversed by a migratory fluvial braid‐belt system comprising a poorly‐confined network of fluvial channels developed between major sandy barforms that evolved via combined lateral‐accretion and downstream‐accretion.     

准噶尔盆地北部石炭系富火山物质 烃源岩地球化学特征

准噶尔盆地北部乌伦古地区石炭系发育一套巨厚的混杂有火山物质、岩性复杂的暗色岩系。笔者以乌参1井为例,通过系统的薄片鉴定,依据火山物质、碎屑物质的含量把石炭系暗色岩系划分为4类岩性组合,自下而上凝灰质含量逐渐增加。综合应用薄片观察、地球化学测试等资料分析了富火山物质烃源岩的形成环境,认为石炭纪乌伦古地区为多岛弧的构造环境,受火山活动旋回期次的影响,沉积物中火山物质含量发生规律性变化。提出火山喷发初期混杂有火山物质的泥岩(凝灰质泥岩)形成于还原、水体分层、偏酸性的环境中,有机质丰度高,有机质类型以混合型为主,具有较高的生烃潜力。     

大别山北麓石炭系杨山组沉积体系及聚煤规律

大别山北麓石炭系杨山组是本区唯一的含煤地层,通过分析杨山组野外剖面及钻孔的沉积特点,详述了该区冲积扇、扇三角洲沉积体系的发育特点及其演化规律;探讨了沼泽发育的有利地区,沼泽的形成与沉积体系演化之间的关系;认为杨山组的可采煤层一般都形成在退积型扇三角洲的平原相。     

新疆准噶尔北缘早石炭世金-铜-钼成矿事件:年代学证据

新疆准噶尔北缘地区已发现多处大中型内生金属矿床,它们主要形成于2个构造-岩浆活动期,即泥盆纪洋陆俯冲期的岛弧型斑岩铜(金)矿,二叠纪后碰撞造山期的铜镍硫化物型矿床和造山型(或剪切带型)Au矿。作者近年来在对该区地质构造和矿床研究中获得了一批早石炭世成岩成矿年代学数据:除已发表的希勒库都克斑岩铜钼矿床流纹斑岩(329Ma)和辉钼矿(327Ma)年龄外,本文工作新近获得201金矿闪长岩年龄为324Ma、科克森套地区花岗闪长斑岩年龄为328Ma、库尔吐班套地区花岗岩年龄为323Ma、阿克塔斯Au矿区花岗闪长岩年龄为327Ma,这些年龄数据集中在323~328Ma,即早石炭世(主要在维宪阶和谢尔普霍夫阶)。综合分析认为,该区在早石炭世洋盆已经闭合进入碰撞造山阶段,该阶段岩浆活动以出露小规模中酸性岩脉、岩株为特征,构造活动和壳幔相互作用强烈,主要成矿类型有斑岩型Cu Mo矿、浅成低温热液型Au矿、脉岩-构造蚀变岩型Au矿,构成一独特的与浅成岩有关的早石炭世金-铜-钼成矿带。