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1.
Evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes in the Pleistocene aquifers of Middle Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh, India 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Janardhana Raju Nandimandalam 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(4):1291-1308
Evaluation of major ion chemistry and solute acquisition process controlling water chemical composition were studied by collecting
a total of fifty-one groundwater samples in shallow (<25 m) and deep aquifer (>25 m) in the Varanasi area. Hydrochemical facies,
Mg-HCO3 dominated in the largest part of shallow groundwater followed by Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 whereas Ca-HCO3 is dominated in deep groundwater followed by Mg-HCO3 and Na-HCO3. High As concentration (>50 μg/l) is found in some of the villages situated in northeastern parts (i.e. adjacent to the concave
part of the meandering Ganga river) of the Varanasi area. Arsenic contamination is confined mostly in tube wells (hand pump)
within the Holocene newer alluvium deposits, whereas older alluvial aquifers are having arsenic free groundwater. Geochemical
modeling using WATEQ4F enabled prediction of saturation state of minerals and indicated dissolution and precipitation reactions
occurring in groundwater. Majority of shallow and deep groundwater samples of the study area are oversaturated with carbonate
bearing minerals and under-saturated with respect to sulfur and amorphous silica bearing minerals. Sluggish hydraulic conductivity
in shallow aquifer results in higher mineralization of groundwater than in deep aquifer. But the major processes in deep aquifer
are leakage of shallow aquifer followed by dominant ion-exchange and weathering of silicate minerals. 相似文献
2.
Groundwater samples (n = 163) were collected across Kashmir Valley in 2010 to assess the hydrogeochemistry of the groundwater in shallow and deep aquifers and its suitability for domestic, agriculture, horticulture, and livestock purposes. The groundwater is generally alkaline in nature. The electrical conductivity (EC) which is an index to represent the total concentration of soluble salts in water was used to measure the salinity hazard to crops as it reflects the TDS in groundwater ranging from 97 to 1385 μS/cm, except one well in Sopore. The average concentration of major ions was higher in shallow aquifers than in deeper aquifers. In general, Ca2+ is the dominant cation and HCO \(_{3}^{-}\) the dominant anion. Ca–HCO3, Mg–HCO3, Ca–Mg–HCO3, Na–HCO3 were the dominant hydrogeochemical facies. High concentration of HCO3 and pH less than 8.8 clearly indicated that intense chemical weathering processes have taken place in the study area. The groundwater flow pattern in the area follows the local surface topography which not only modifies the hydrogeochemical facies but also controls their distribution. The groundwater in valley flows into four directions, i.e., SW–NE, NE–W, SE-NW and SE–NE directions. The results suggest that carbonate dissolution is the dominant source of major ions followed by silicate weathering and ion-exchange processes. The concentrations of all the major ions determined in the present study are within the permissible limits of WHO and BIS standards. The results of Total Hardness, SAR, Na%, Kelly Index, USDA classification, Magnesium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, and PI suggested that groundwater is good for drinking, livestock, and irrigation purposes. 相似文献
3.
Xianjun Xie Yanxin WangChunli Su Huaiqing LiuMengyu Duan Zuoming Xie 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2008
To better understand the sources and mobilization processes responsible for arsenic enrichment in groundwater in the central part of Datong Basin where serious arsenic poisoning cases have been reported, hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater and the geochemical and mineralogical features of the aquifer sediments were studied. The aqueous arsenic levels are strongly depth-dependent in the study area and the high arsenic concentrations are found at depths between 15 m and 60 m, with a maximum up to 1820 μg/L. The hydrochemical characteristics of high arsenic groundwater from the Datong Basin indicate that the mobilization of arsenic is related to reductive dissolution of Fe oxides/oxyhydroxides and/or desorption from the Fe oxides/oxyhydroxides at high pH (above 8.0). The bulk chemical results of sediments show the arsenic and iron are moderately correlated, suggesting that arsenic is associated with iron-bearing minerals. Results of sequential-extraction experiment show that solid-phase arsenic is similarly distributed among the different pools of reservoir in the aquifer sediments. Strongly adsorbed arsenic and co-precipitated arsenic are its dominant species in the solid-phase. Geochemical studies using chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy on magnetically separated fractions demonstrate that iron oxides/oxyhydroxides with residual magnetite and chlorite, illite, iron oxides/oxyhydroxides-coated quartz and feldspar, and ankerite are the dominant carriers of arsenic in the sediments. The major processes of arsenic mobilization are probably linked to desorption of As from Fe oxides/oxyhydroxides and reductive dissolution of Fe-rich phases in the aquifer sediments under reducing and alkaline conditions. 相似文献
4.
广汉市平原区浅层地下水化学演化及其控制因素 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为在广汉市城乡规划过程中提供地下水资源开发利用的基础信息,采用矿物风化系统分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和PhreeQC反向水文地球化学模拟等方法对广汉市平原区的浅层地下水的地下水水化学组分进行分析,确定了浅层地下水的水化学演化及控制因素,完成了地下水资源的质量及时空分布特征分析。分析表明:Gibbs图显示岩石风化主导该区地下水水化学特征,风化过程产生离子和次生矿物又经历水解作用,在矿物风化系统稳定场图中显示水样中铝硅酸盐矿物逐渐趋于溶解,碳酸盐矿物处于饱和状态;PhreeQC反向水文地球化学模拟结果显示在水流模拟路径上主要发生了钙蒙脱石、钾长石溶解和高岭石、石英、钠长石的沉淀,以及Ca-Na2之间的阳离子交换吸附作用;离子相关性和主成分分析进一步的验证了溶滤作用、蒸发浓缩作用和阳离子交换吸附作用是引起浅层地下水水化学过程和矿物组成改变的主要原因。研究区地下水水质总体不会对人体健康造成不良影响。 相似文献
5.
Ashis Biswas Santanu MajumderHarald Neidhardt Dipti Halder Subhamoy BhowmickAishwarya Mukherjee-Goswami Amit KunduDebasree Saha Zsolt BernerDebashis Chatterjee 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(4):516-525
Patchy occurrences of elevated As are often encountered in groundwater from the shallow aquifers (<50 m) of the Bengal Delta Plain (BDP). A clear understanding of various biogeochemical processes, responsible for As mobilization, is very important to explain this patchy occurrence and thus to mitigate the problem. The present study deals with the periodical monitoring of groundwater quality of five nested piezometeric wells between December 2008 and July 2009 to investigate the temporal changes in groundwater chemistry vis-a-vis the prevalent redox processes in the aquifer. Geochemical modeling has been carried out to identify key phases present in groundwater. A correlation study among different aqueous redox parameters has also been performed to evaluate prevailing redox processes in the aquifer. The long term monitoring of hydrochemical parameters in the multilevel wells together with hydrogeochemical equilibrium modeling has shown more subtle differences in the geochemical environment of the aquifer, which control the occurrence of high dissolved As in BDP groundwater. The groundwater is generally of Ca-HCO3 type. The dissolved As concentration in groundwater exceeded both WHO and National drinking water standard (Bureau of Indian Standards; BIS, 10 μg L−1) throughout the sampling period. The speciation of As and Fe indicate persistent reducing conditions within the aquifer [As(III): 87-97% of AsT and Fe(II): 76-96% of FeT]. The concentration of major aqueous solutes is relatively high in the shallow aquifer (wells A and B) and gradually decreases with increasing depth in most cases. The calculation of SI indicates that groundwater in the shallow aquifer is also relatively more saturated with carbonate minerals. This suggests that carbonate mineral dissolution is possibly influencing the groundwater chemistry and thereby controlling the mobilization of As in the monitored shallow aquifer. Hydrogeochemical investigation further suggests that Fe and/or Mn oxyhydroxide reduction is the principal process of As release in groundwater from deeper screened piezometric wells. The positive correlations of U and V with As, Fe and Mn indicate redox processes responsible for mobilization of As in the deeper screened piezometric wells are possibly microbially mediated. Thus, the study advocates that mobilization of As is depth dependent and concentrations of As in groundwater depends on single/combined release mechanisms. 相似文献
6.
Groundwater in the Latrobe Valley in the Gippsland Basin of southeast Australia is important for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. This sedimentary basin contains a number of aquifers that are used for water supply, dewatered for open pit coal mining, and which are potentially influenced by off-shore oil and gas production. Major ion chemistry together with stable and Sr isotope data imply that the main hydrogeochemical processes are evapotranspiration with minor silicate and carbonate weathering; methanogenesis and SO4 reduction in reduced groundwater associated with coal deposits have also occurred. Groundwater has estimated 14C ages of up to 36 ka and is largely 3H free. Carbon-14 ages are irregularly distributed and poorly correlated with depth and distance from the basin margins. The observations that the geochemistry of groundwater in aquifers with different mineralogies are similar and the distribution of 14C ages is irregular implies that the aquifers are hydraulically connected and horizontal as well as vertical inter-aquifer mixing occurs. The connection of shallow and deeper aquifers poses a risk for the groundwater resources in Gippsland as contaminants can migrate across aquifers and dewatering of shallow units may impact deeper parts of the groundwater system. 相似文献
7.
M. Shamsudduha L. J. Marzen A. Uddin M.-K. Lee J. A. Saunders 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(7):1521-1535
The present study has examined the relationship of groundwater arsenic (As) levels in alluvial aquifers with topographic elevation,
slope, and groundwater level on a large basinal-scale using high-resolution (90 m × 90 m) Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
(SRTM) digital elevation model and water-table data in Bangladesh. Results show that high As (>50 μg/l) tubewells are located
in low-lying areas, where mean surface elevation is approximately 10 m. Similarly, high As concentrations are found within
extremely low slopes (<0.7°) in the country. Groundwater elevation (weekly measured by Bangladesh Water Development Board)
was mapped using water-table data from 950 shallow (depth <100 m) piezometers distributed over the entire country. The minimum,
maximum and mean groundwater elevation maps for 2003 were generated using Universal Kriging interpolation method. High As
tubewells are located mainly in the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna delta, Sylhet Trough, and recent floodplains, where groundwater
elevation in shallow aquifers is low with a mean value of 4.5 m above the Public Works Datum (PWD) level. Extremely low groundwater
gradients (0.01–0.001 m/km) within the GBM delta complex hinder groundwater flow and cause slow flushing of aquifers. Low
elevation and gentle slope favor accumulation of finer sediments, As-carrying iron-oxyhydroxide minerals, and abundant organic
matter within floodplains and alluvial deposits. At low horizontal hydraulic gradients and under reducing conditions, As is
released in groundwater by microbial activity, causing widespread contamination in the low-lying deltaic and floodplain areas,
where As is being recycled with time due to complex biogeochemical processes. 相似文献
8.
《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2021,81(1):125680
A comparative hydrogeochemical study evaluated arsenic release mechanism and differences in contamination levels in the shallow groundwater of two areas within the deltaic environment of West Bengal (i.e. Karimpur and Tehatta blocks of Nadia district) in India. Groundwaters from both the areas are Ca-Na(K)-Cl-HCO3 type with highly reducing character (−110.16 ± 16.85 to −60.77 ± 16.93 mV). Low correlations among As, Fe, and Mn and the higher association between As and DOC are indicative of microbial decomposition of organic matter enhancing the weathering of shallow aquifer materials. Arsenic contamination in groundwater is higher in Karimpur (95 ± 81.17 μg/L) than that in Tehatta (43.05 ± 41.06 μg/L). The release mechanism of arsenic into groundwater is very complex. Low Fe (0.27–4.78 mg/L and 0.81–4.13 mg/L), Mn (0.08–0.2 mg/L and 0.03–0.22 mg/L), and SO42− (3.82 ± 0.31 and 2.78 ± 0.40 mg/L) suggest that the mechanism of arsenic release is not a single mechanistic pathway. Clustering of redox-active parameters in the principal component planes indicate that the reductive dissolution, and/or weathering/co-precipitation of Fe/Mn-bearing minerals in the shallow aquifer sediments control the dominant mechanistic pathway of arsenic release. 相似文献
9.
Huguette C. Emvoutou Béatrice Ketchemen Tandia Suzanne Ngo Boum Nkot Rodrigue C. S. Ebonji Yvon B. Nlend Georges E. Ekodeck Christine Stumpp Piotr Maloszewski Serigne Faye 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(5):219
Douala city, located in the littoral province of Cameroon, receives abundant rainfall quantities due to its geographical position in the Gulf of Guinea and bears considerable surface water and groundwater resources. Due to socioeconomic development and rapid demographic growth in the city and its consequences of unplanned urbanization and improper sanitation system, these water resources are poorly protected and managed. Streams in the Wouri watershed receive large amounts of wastewater discharge, and hundreds of boreholes have been drilled into the aquifer system without any management plan. A detailed hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemistry study in Douala town and its environs was conducted to get a better insight into the groundwater system functioning in order to provide information for the sustainable management and protection of the groundwater resource. Two field campaigns were carried out with 187 samples collected and analyzed for major ions, stable isotopes (18O, 2H), and tritium 3H. The results of the sampling have shown that the weathering of silicate minerals is the dominant geochemical process affecting groundwater chemistry in this system. However, acid rainfall in the humid climate has also caused carbonate mineral dissolution, amorphous silica deposition, and ion exchange reactions to occur in aquifers in the region. The various water types identified were categorized into four major clusters C1 to C4, based on the major ion composition and the local hydrogeological conditions. Environmental isotope data reveal that modern-to-submodern waters occur in the phreatic Quaternary/Mio-Pliocene and Oligocene/Upper Eocene aquifers, respectively. These results corroborate with the conceptual model built where modern groundwater types indicated silicate mineral weathering and calcite dissolution (C1 and C2), whereas submodern groundwater mostly showed silica deposition, ion exchange, and, to a lesser extent, carbonate mineral dissolution (C3 and C4). This improved understanding of the aquifer system functioning is essential to provide a reasonable basis for effective control measures and sustainable water management. 相似文献
10.
11.
岩溶地下水的水化学特征及其水岩作用过程研究对岩溶地下水合理开发利用和污染防治具有重要意义.综合利用水化学分析、主要离子比值、锶含量和87Sr/86Sr比值分析和反向水文地球化学模拟,深入分析了贵阳市地下水和地表水不同季节的水化学特征变化和水文地球化学演化过程.水化学特征分析表明,贵阳市地下水以HCO3·SO4-Ca型和HCO3-Ca·Mg型为主,水化学组成在季节和空间分布上存在一定的规律性变化,地表水与地下水的直接混合对地下水化学组成有一定的影响.锶同位素比值和水文地球化学反向模拟表明,地下水水化学组分主要受岩石风化作用的控制,以方解石和白云石为主的碳酸盐的溶解-沉淀作用以及硫酸盐和岩盐的溶解是控制研究区地下水水化学特征的重要过程,并受上覆孔隙含水层硅酸盐矿物水解的影响. 相似文献
12.
Deeper groundwater chemistry and geochemical modeling of the arsenic affected western Bengal basin,West Bengal,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A regional scale hydrogeochemical study of a ∼21,000-km2 area in the western Bengal basin shows the presence of hydrochemically distinct water bodies in the main semiconfined aquifer and deeper isolated aquifers. Spatial trends of solutes and geochemical modeling indicate that carbonate dissolution, silicate weathering, and cation exchange control the major-ion chemistry of groundwater and river water. The main aquifer water has also evolved by mixing with seawater from the Bay of Bengal and connate water. The isolated aquifers contain diagenetically altered water of probable marine origin. The postoxic main aquifer water exhibits overlapping redox zones (metal-reducing, sulfidic and methanogenic), indicative of partial redox equilibrium, with the possibility of oxidation in micro-scale environments. The redox processes are depth-dependent and hydrostratigraphically variable. Elevated dissolved As in the groundwater is possibly related to Fe(III) reduction, but is strongly influenced by coupled Fe–S–C redox cycles. Arsenic does not show good correlations with most solutes, suggesting involvement of multiple processes in As mobilization. The main river in the area, the Bhagirathi–Hoogly, is chemically distinctive from other streams in the vicinity and probably has little or no influence on deep groundwater chemistry. Arsenic in water of smaller streams (Jalangi and Ichamati) is probably introduced by groundwater discharge during the dry season. 相似文献
13.
《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2023,83(2):125952
Although arsenic (As) contamination has been extensively investigated in the aquifers of the lower and middle Gangetic plains, less attention has been given to the distribution and fate of As in the groundwater of the upper Gangetic plain, India. In the current study, groundwater samples (n = 40) were collected from Moradabad district in the upper Gangetic plain and analyzed for several physicochemical parameters to characterize the groundwater chemistry and evaluate various geogenic and anthropogenic factors controlling the occurrence, mobilization, and fate of As in the plain. Arsenic concentrations in groundwater ranged from 0.17 μg/L to 139 μg/L, with the majority of high-As groundwater associated with high Fe, Mn, and HCO3− and low NO3−, SO42−, and negative Eh values, implying that As was released via reductive dissolution of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides in reducing conditions under the influence of organic matter degradation. Interrelationships between various geochemical variables and the natural background level (NBL) quantification of As suggested the influence of anthropogenic processes on the mobility of As in groundwater. Piper and Gibbs diagrams and various bivariate plots revealed that the majority of groundwater was of the Ca2+ − Mg2+ − HCO3− type and that the major ions in groundwater were derived from carbonate and silicate weathering, cation exchange and reverse ion exchange processes, and anthropogenic activities. Moreover, the results of principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) also suggested geogenic and anthropogenic sources for the ion concentration in groundwater. The health risk assessment showed a higher non-carcinogenic risk for children and a higher carcinogenic risk for adults, respectively, due to the daily intake of As contaminated groundwater. Overall, this study represents the first systematic investigation of the distribution, geochemical behavior, and release process of As in groundwater in the study area and provides a strong base for future research in the alluvial aquifers of the upper Gangetic plain. 相似文献
14.
新安江流域上游地区地下水水化学成分复杂,水与含水介质间发生的各种溶解、沉淀、吸附等水-岩相互作用在地下水复杂成分形成和演化过程中发挥重要功能。文章采用数理统计、主成分分析和聚类分析、Gibbs模型、硅酸平衡、主要离子比例系数等方法,研究了新安江流域上游地区地下水水化学特征和水文地球化学作用,分析了水化学组分来源。结果表明:研究区地下水阳离子以Ca2+、Na+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主,还存在少量Cl-、SO2-4,地下水主要水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型、HCO3-Na·Ca型、HCO3-Ca·Mg型;地下水水化学组分主要来自碳酸盐矿物和硅酸盐矿物的风化溶解,其次来源于蒸发岩的风化溶解。地下水的溶滤作用、阳离子交替吸附作用以及人类生产生活等活动共同影响地下水水化学特征。 相似文献
15.
江汉平原被确认为我国南方新的饮水型砷中毒病区,目前对于江汉平原高砷地下水的成因机理研究还有待完善.综合运用水文地球化学分析与PHREEQC地球化学模拟计算,分析了地下水和沉积物中REE分异特征及其沿地下水流向形态变化规律.江汉平原地下水REE含量为0.032~0.843 μg/L,富集LREE,具显著Eu正异常,且地下水中Eu异常与As含量呈正相关关系.地下水中REE形态主要以LnCO3+及Ln(CO3)2-为主,沿地下水流向LnCO3+降低、Ln(CO3)22-升高.地下水REE浓度分布受到HCO3-的络合作用及Fe氧化物矿物的还原性解吸附过程控制,径流途径中继承沉积物矿物的REE配分模式及Fe氧化物矿物对LREE的优先解吸附可能是地下水富集LREE的原因,并且沿流向上REE形态分布受到pH控制.研究区中Eu含量及Eu正异常对地下水As富集程度具有一定的指示意义. 相似文献
16.
内蒙古河套盆地地表水-浅层地下水化学特征及成因 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
地表水-地下水的相互作用不仅影响地下水化学演化,而且控制地下水化学组分的空间分布,是地下水研究领域的重要课题之一。在内蒙古河套盆地采集地下水样品58组,雨水和地表水样品32组,分析了主要离子、微量组分和氢氧稳定同位素等18个指标。结果表明,研究区地表水除了受蒸发浓缩作用影响外,还受到人为活动的影响,水中钙离子、硫酸根、硝酸根等组分明显升高。浅层地下水具有与地表水类似的主要组分和同位素特征,表明浅层地下水可能受到地表水的影响。地表水补给进入含水层的过程中,可能发生了硅酸盐矿物的非全等溶解、盐岩全等溶解、重晶石沉淀、硝酸根、铁氧化物矿物和硫酸根还原等作用。其中,铁氧化物矿物的还原是地下水砷含量高的主要原因。此外,砷浓度还受硫酸根还原的影响。因此,地下水-地表水的综合研究有助于揭示地下水的成因及水文地球化学过程。 相似文献
17.
Major ion geochemistry of shallow groundwater in the Qinghai Lake catchment, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
Conventional hydrochemical techniques and statistical analyses were applied to better understand the solute geochemistry and the hydrochemical process of shallow groundwater in the Qinghai Lake catchment. Shallow groundwater in the Qinghai Lake catchment is slightly alkaline, and is characterized by a high ion concentrations and low water temperature. The total dissolved solids (TDS) in most of the samples are <1,000?mg/L, i.e. fresh water and depend mainly on the concentration of SO4 2?, Cl? and Na+. Groundwater table is influenced directly by the residents?? groundwater consumption. Most of the groundwaters in the Qinghai Lake catchment belong to the Ca2+(Na+) ?CHCO3 ? type, while the Qinghai Lake, part of the Buha (BHR) and the Lake Side (LS) samples belong to the Na+?CCl? type. The groundwater is oversaturated with respect to aragonite, calcite and dolomite, but not to magnesite and gypsum. Solutes are mainly derived from strong evaporite dissolution in Daotang, BHR and LS samples and from strong carbonate weathering in Hargai and Shaliu samples. Carbonate weathering is stronger than evaporite dissolution with weak silicate weathering in the Qinghai Lake catchment. Carbonate weathering, ion exchange reaction and precipitation are the major hydrogeochemical processes responsible for the solutes in the groundwater in the Qinghai Lake catchment. Most of the shallow groundwaters are suitable for drinking. More attention should be paid to the potential pollution of nitrate, chloride and sulfide in shallow groundwater in the future. 相似文献
18.
Geochemistry and assessment of hydrogeochemical processes in groundwater in the southern part of Bathinda district of Punjab, northwest India 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Hydrogeochemistry of groundwater is important for sustainable development and effective management of the groundwater resource. Fifty-six groundwater samples were collected from shallow tube wells of the intensively cultivated southern part of district Bathinda of Punjab, India, during pre- and post-monsoon seasons. Conventional graphical plots were used to define the geochemical evaluation of aquifer system based on the ionic constituents, water types, hydrochemical facies and factors controlling groundwater quality. Negative values of chloroalkaline indices suggest the prevalence of reverse ion exchange process irrespective of the seasons. A significant effect of monsoon is observed in terms chemical facies as a considerable amount of area with temporary hardness of Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3 ? type in the pre-monsoon switched to Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl? type (18%) followed by Na+–HCO3 ? type (14%) in the post-monsoon. Evaporation is the major geochemical process controlling the chemistry of groundwater process in pre-monsoon; however, in post-monsoon ion exchange reaction dominates over evaporation. Carbonate weathering is the major hydrogeochemical process operating in this part of the district, irrespective of the season. The abundance of Ca2+ + Mg2+ in groundwater of Bathinda can be attributed mainly to gypsum and carbonate weathering. Silicate weathering also occurs in a few samples in the post-monsoon in addition to the carbonate dissolution. Water chemistry is deteriorated by land-use activities, especially irrigation return flow and synthetic fertilisers (urea, gypsum, etc.) as indicted by concentrations of nitrate, sulphate and chlorides. Overall, results indicate that different natural hydrogeochemical processes such as simple dissolution, mixing, weathering of carbonate minerals locally known as ‘‘kankar’’ and silicate weathering are the key factors in both seasons. 相似文献
19.
20.
Geochemistry of soil, soil water, and soil gas was characterized in representative soil profiles of three Michigan watersheds. Because of differences in source regions, parent materials in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (the Tahquamenon watershed) contain only silicates, while those in the Lower Peninsula (the Cheboygan and the Huron watersheds) have significant mixtures of silicate and carbonate minerals. These differences in soil mineralogy and climate conditions permit us to examine controls on carbonate and silicate mineral weathering rates and to better define the importance of silicate versus carbonate dissolution in the early stage of soil-water cation acquisition.Soil waters of the Tahquamenon watershed are the most dilute; solutes reflect amphibole and plagioclase dissolution along with significant contributions from atmospheric precipitation sources. Soil waters in the Cheboygan and the Huron watersheds begin their evolution as relatively dilute solutions dominated by silicate weathering in shallow carbonate-free soil horizons. Here, silicate dissolution is rapid and reaction rates dominantly are controlled by mineral abundances. In the deeper soil horizons, silicate dissolution slows down and soil-water chemistry is dominated by calcite and dolomite weathering, where solutions reach equilibrium with carbonate minerals within the soil profile. Thus, carbonate weathering intensities are dominantly controlled by annual precipitation, temperature and soil pCO2. Results of a conceptual model support these field observations, implying that dolomite and calcite are dissolving at a similar rate, and further dissolution of more soluble dolomite after calcite equilibrium produces higher dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations and a Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of 0.4.Mass balance calculations show that overall, silicate minerals and atmospheric inputs generally contribute <10% of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in natural waters. Dolomite dissolution appears to be a major process, rivaling calcite dissolution as a control on divalent cation and inorganic carbon contents of soil waters. Furthermore, the fraction of Mg2+ derived from silicate mineral weathering is much smaller than most of the values previously estimated from riverine chemistry. 相似文献