西藏一江两河地区人口分布与地形要素关系分析

地形条件是影响区域人口分布的最基本的因素之一,本文基于1 km×1 km人口空间分布公里网格数据定量分析一江两河地区人口分布基本特征及其与高程、坡度、坡向、地形起伏度等地形要素之间的关系,有助于揭示西藏高原人口分布现状的本质、理解人口空间分布结构特征,对于今后宜居地选址、改善农牧民人居环境、制定区域经济发展政策,促进区域内人口、资源与环境可持续发展具有重要意义。研究结果表明：① 一江两河地区90%的区域人口密度不足10人/km²,80%的人口分布在不足5%的土地上,人口分布比较集中。当前一江两河地区有2个主要的人口集中区,分别是拉萨市城关区和日喀则地区日喀则市,拉萨市城关区尤其显著。② 一江两河地区人口沿河分布,80.46%的人口居住在距离河流10 km以内区域,人口总数、人口密度与距河流距离呈明显的指数关系,距离河流2 km以内的区域人口密度高于50人/km²;③ 近99%的人口分布在海拔4500 m以下,当高程超过3800 m时,人口密度随海拔升高呈下降趋势;④ 近70%的人口分布在坡度小于15°的区域,而且随着坡度越大,人口密度越小,人口分布受坡向的影响不明显;⑤ 地形起伏度对人口分布的影响显著,近85%的人口分布在地形起伏度小于800 m的区域,人口密度与地形起伏度之间为倒指数关系。     

Depositional features and sedimentary model of Buqu Stage in Mid-Jurassic in Quangtang Basin, Xizang (Tibet), China

The largest Mesozoic northward transgression in Qangtang Basin of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau occurred during the Buqu Stage, Middle Jurassic. Mainly filled with carbonate rocks, the whole basin is composed of transgression-regression sedimentary cycle. Field outcrops and indoor analysis revealed 8 types of sedimentary facies markers in this region. 4 types of sedimentary facies have been recognized: platform facies, platform marginal facies, foreslope facies and basin facies. Influenced by the northern Lazhuglung-Jinshajiang suture zone, central uplift region and southern Bangongco-Nujiang suture zone, these facies belts extended east-west. The sedimentary model was established based on observed depositional features. From their biological features and sedimentary characteristics, it is suggested that the paleoclimate was warm and humid at that time. The Buqu Formation is a promising target for oil and gas exploration in Shuanghu-Duoyong area in future. Sponsored by National ‘Ninth Five Year Plan’ Science and Technology Project (970204-01-01).     

Depositional features and sedimentary model of Buqu Stage in Mid-Jurassic in Qangtang Basin, Xizang （Tibet）, China

The largest Mesozoic northward transgression in Qangtang Basin of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau occurred during the Buqu Stage, Middle Jurassic. Mainly filled with carbonate rocks, the whole basin is composed of transgression-regression sedimentary cycle. Field outcrops and indoor analysis revealed 8 types of sedimentary facies markers in this region. 4 types of sedimentary facies have been recognized: platform facies,platform marginal facies, foreslope facies and basin facies. Influenced by the northern Lazhuglung-Jinshajiang suture zone, central uplift region and southern Bangongco-Nujiang suture zone, these facies belts extended east-west. The sedimentary model was established based on observed depositional features. From their biological features and sedimentary characteristics, it is suggested that the paleoclimate was warm and humid at that time.The Buqu Formation is a promising target for oil and gas exploration in Shuanghu-Duoyong area in future.     

内蒙古自治区水泉沟果园铁铜矿成矿特征分析

研究区位于内蒙古大兴安岭南段,属古亚洲成矿带与环太平洋成矿带复合叠加部位,通过矿产地质调查,发现该区内有Fe,Cu等多金属矿化现象,通过对研究区岩石特征、物化探异常、矿体特征等分析,确定该地区为岩浆热液型铁铜矿床,有良好的成矿前景,为该区进一步寻找隐伏矿床提供依据。     

Development strategies of water and land resources in the hexi region,China

Hexi region is located in the northwest arid zone in China, being both the base of industry and agriculture, and the prop of developing northwestern China on a large scale in the next century. On the basis of the study on exploitation and utilization process of water and land resources in past 40 years, and present productivity, this paper approaches the utilization trend and development potential of water and land resources; analyses the characteristics, problems and directions of resource utilization in the future; and proposes the countermeasures of rational development of water and land resources.     

西藏高原短临天气预报预警系统构建研究

参考气象信息综合分析处理系统和卫星广域网灾害天气短时临近预报预警系统的界面操作特征,利用现有卫星遥感资料、自动站资料、闪电定位资料、探空资料和常规气象要素资料等观测资料,以及已研制的有关西藏高原的降水预报预警模型、物理统计诊断模型和三维云模式预报模型等,同时考虑西藏高原地区雷达资料应用的地理障碍,设计构建了西藏高原短临天气预报预警系统。通过可视化简单编程指令代码语言环境实现了能集成气象信息综合分析处理系统的信息分析功能、适合西藏高原的短临天气预报预警的实用系统。     

Spatial structure and land use control in Extended Metropolitan Region of Zhujiang River Delta,China

The Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta is one of the most developed Extended Metropolitan Regions (EMR) in China.With the rapid urbanization,the agglomeration of population and industries has emerged,which has led to dramatic changes of spatial structure and land use in this region.With data of high resolution TM remote sensing images and Google Earth maps,this paper identified and analyzed the spatial pattern of the Zhujiang River Delta EMR using Envy and ArcGIS tools.It was found that 1) the industrial land uses were expanding substantially,particularly on the bank sides of the Zhujiang River estuary;2) large-scale housing developments were concentrated in the fringe of metropolitan areas such as those of Guangzhou and Shenzhen;3) a regional transportation network with the spatial pattern of ″1 circle +2 pieces + 3 axes″ had significantly affected the location choice of manufacture enterprises.At the same time,both highly specialized land use and severely mixed land use patterns were identified.As a consequence of the latter,land use efficiency of the whole EMR areas was reduced.Moreover,ecologic and environmental problems were severe.Based on the above analysis,suggestions were given from the viewpoint of spatial safety,land use efficiency,and the reorganization of spatial structure in the Zhujiang River Delta EMR.     

Road impacts on spatial patterns of land use and landscape fragmentation in three parallel rivers region, Yunnan Province, China

The structure and function of network is a central issue in landscape ecology.Road networks with hierarchical structure are crucial for understanding landscape dynamics.In this study,we compared the distribution of national road,provincial road,county road and rural road in the Three Parallel Rivers Region(TPRR)in Yunnan Province of China,and estimated the effect of roads(and other factors)on the spatial patterns of land use and land cover with logistic regression.In addition,we analyzed the land use and land cover change(LUCC)and landscape fragmentation in 1989–2005 along a buffer zone of the primary traffic corridor,national road G214.The results showed that,county and rural roads had much higher percentage of length extending into more natural habitats at higher elevation and steeper slope,compared with the higher level roads in this region.While the distributions of natural land cover types were dominated by environmental factors,human land use types i.e.,building land and farmland types were significantly related with roads,linking more closely with lower level roads.The LUCC dynamics(1989–2005)of the G214 buffer zone showed a general trend of land transformation from conifer forests and valley arid shrubs to building land and farmland,and from ice and snow to alpine shrubs and forests.With the length of G214 unchanged during the time,the overall landscape pattern changed little in the buffer zone,but habitat fragmentation and area decrease had occurred for the natural vegetation types,in contrast to patch mergence and expansion of human land use types,and landscape fragmentation was intensified above 2500 m a.s.l.but declined below the elevation.The results indicated the dynamics of landscape composition and patch type level distribution in spite of the stability of the overall landscape pattern,and implied the potential role of roads,especially the low level roads on landscape changes.     

Spatiotemporal patterns of road network and road development priority in three parallel rivers region in Yunnan, China: An evaluation based on modified kernel distance estimate

Road network is a critical component of public infrastructure,and the supporting system of social and economic development.Based on a modified kernel density estimate(KDE)algorithm,this study evaluated the road service capacity provided by a road network composed of multi-level roads(i.e.national,provincial,county and rural roads),by taking account of the differences of effect extent and intensity for roads of different levels.Summarized at town scale,the population burden and the annual rural economic income of unit road service capacity were used as the surrogates of social and economic demands for road service.This method was applied to the road network of the Three Parallel River Region,the northwestern Yunnan Province,China to evaluate the development of road network in this region.In results,the total road length of this region in 2005 was 3.70×104km,and the length ratio between national,provincial,county and rural roads was 1∶2∶8∶47.From 1989 to 2005,the regional road service capacity increased by 13.1%,of which the contributions from the national,provincial,county and rural roads were 11.1%,19.4%,22.6%,and 67.8%,respectively,revealing the effect of′All Village Accessible′policy of road development in the mountainous regions in the last decade.The spatial patterns of population burden and economic requirement of unit road service suggested that the areas farther away from the national and provincial roads have higher road development priority(RDP).Based on the modified KDE model and the framework of RDP evaluation,this study provided a useful approach for developing an optimal plan of road development at regional scale.     

基于GIS的东黄海渔场影响因子分析

利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术、结合近年对东黄海海洋渔业资源与环境的调查资料,对东黄海渔场的渔业资源变化的主要影响因子进行空间分析与叠加,得到该渔场的资源分布与水温、初级生产力、饵料、底质等因子的时空分布专题图,经过相关分析,即可掌握当前该渔场资源的概况。     

ESTARFM模型在西藏色林错湖面积时空变化中的应用分析(1976-2014年)

湖泊（特别是内陆湖）作为全球气候变化的敏感区域,是气候变化与环境变异的指示器,其面积变化在一定程度上可反映区域的气候变化。因此,精确监测湖泊面积的时空变化,对分析区域生态环境变化具有重要的意义。本文基于ESTARFM时空数据融合模型,利用MODIS数据模拟了2000年后无法得到的Landsat数据;利用NDWI和MNDWI 2种水体指数并辅以DEM数据分析了1976-2014年西藏色林错湖湖面面积的时空变化;综合湖区周围6个气象站点的气象数据(1970-2014年),探究了湖面面积变化的原因及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：(1)利用ESTARFM时空融合模型得到的Landsat-Like数据与真实的Landsat数据在水体信息提取方面具有较高的相关性,R²可达0.93,时空数据融合的结果可用于湖泊水体的信息提取;(2)近40年来（1976-2014年）,色林错湖处于持续扩张状态,面积呈较显著的增长趋势,增加了近711.652 km²,增幅为42.36%,年平均增长速率约为18.728 km²a^-1,增长最快时可达55.954 km²a^-1;湖面面积变化先后经历了平稳变化-迅速变化-平稳变化3个阶段;北部湖区在40年间变化最为明显,向北扩展了约22.812 km;2003-2005年,南部湖区已与雅根错湖连为一体,随后二者共同扩张;(3)气温的持续升高造成的冰雪融水补给增加可能是导致湖泊面积扩张的主要因素,风速的降低为次要因素,湖面的面积变化与降水量、日照时数的变化相关性不明显。     

基于植被状态指数的云南省农业干旱状况时空分析

本文首先计算了云南省2004-2013年农业干旱指数VCI,然后使用Pearson相关系数评价降水与VCI的相关性,基于VCI识别云南省2004-2013年农业干旱事件,最后,与SPEI气象干旱识别结果进行对比分析,在VCI农业干旱识别的基础上,使用干旱频率和干旱面积占比指标分析了云南省2004-2013年农业干旱时空特征。结果表明：降水只是影响VCI指数的关键因素之一;VCI和SPEI指数均能够较好对干旱进行监测并识别典型干旱,但两者的识别结果存在差异;云南省农业干旱频率在春冬两季较高,夏季较低,秋季介于夏季和春冬季之间;春夏冬三季农业干旱频率空间分布较为均匀,秋季农业干旱频率呈南低北高的分布态势,整体上北部干旱频率高于南部;2004-2013年云南省整体干旱面积占比呈现先减小后增加再波动的趋势,春冬两季整体干旱面积占比最高,分别为46.63%和47.18%,呈现下降趋势,夏季整体干旱面积占比最低,为43.81%,呈现上升趋势,秋季整体干旱面积占比介于冬春季和夏季之间,为45.74%,呈现下降趋势。总之,云南省农业干旱春冬易发性最高,影响范围最大,夏季易发性最低,影响范围最小。     

Transformation pathway of carbonate pedofeatures based on their micromorhology and carbon isotope data in the Northern Caucasus region, Russia

Carbonate pedofeatures （CPs） in a chronosequence of paleosols buried under kurgans in the Northern Caucasus region of Russia in a period from the end of the 4th to the middle of the 5th centuries AD （It seams that there is no time left） were studied by using a set of morphological and isotopic methods. The CPs in chernozem-type soils of Russia are usually represented by crystallomorphic calcite whereas the non-segregated carbonates occurred at the same horizons - by collomorphic one. Those two morphotypes of calcite have the differences in elemental composition and isotopic composition of carbon and, hence, should have different origins - from true and colloidal solutions, respectively. The same differences including radiocarbon age have been revealed for pseudomycelium of the ABca horizon of the youngest paleosols as compared with the same CPs of other paleosols in the chronosequence studied. Our assumption is that it was succeeded in finding that the pseudomycelium right away after its precipitation from a colloidal solution migrated from the lower soil horizons to the surface horizons during the periods of climatic aridization. After a short time interval （not more than 25-50 years） collomorphic calcite in the pseudomicelium of the yongest paleosols mentioned above will likely become by ＂usual＂ acicular calcite.     

Preliminary determination of calcium, phosphorus, and the calcium/phosphorus ratio in cortical bone of Chinstrap penguin using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence analysis

Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence （SR-XRF） approach was applied to analyzing of Chinstrap penguin （ Pygoscelis Antarctica） cortical bone. The method enabled the in situ determination of Ca and P concentrations and the Ca/P ratio in cortical bone. The preliminary results show that ： （ 1 ） there is the bone site-related difference for Ca and P concentrations. The mean values for the investigated parameters （ on a dry-weight basis） are： 30.7% （Ca） and 14.9% （P） for the femoral cortical bone, 21.4% （Ca） and 11.5% （P） for wing cortical bone. （2） The variation for the Ca/P ratio in cortical bone is lower than those for Ca and P separately. This is in agreement with the previous report that the specificity of the Ca/P ratio is better than that of Ca and P concentrations and is more reliable for the diagnosis of bone disorders. The authors suggest that further studies be conducted to establish norreal values of Ca, P and Ca/P ratio for polar animals and provide a basis for the diagnosis of bone disorders.     

A study on the meat and bone meal or poultry by-product meal as protein substitutes of fishmeal in concentrated diets forParalichthys olivaceus

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal （MBM） and poultry by-product meal （PBM） as the replacement of fishmeal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibility coefficient （ADC） of Japanese flounder （Paralichthys olivaceus）. The experimental diets included 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% MBM or PBM replacement of total fishmeal respectively. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric. The results showed that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance among the treatments fed with 0% -60% MBM replacement of fishmeal, while the percent weight gain （WG, % ）, body length gain （BLG, % ） and ADC significantly decrease when fishmeal is replaced by 80% MBM. The result showed also that there are no significant differences （P 〉0.05） in growth performance and ADC among all treatments fed with the diets with 0% -80% replacements of fishmeal with PBM.     

A Study on the Meat and Bone Meal and Poultry By-product Meal as Protein Substitutes of Fish Meal in Practical Diets for Litopenaeus vannamei Juveniles

1　Introduction　Proteinisanimportantnutritionalingredientofaquaticfeed .Thehighproteinneedsoffish ,shrimpandmostotheraquaticanimalsissuppliedmainlybyfishmeal (WilliamsandBarlow ,1996 ) .Recently ,thefishmeal,asamainproteinsourceofaquaticfeedisshort suppliedintheinternationalmarketanditspriceisbecominghigherandhigher .Therefore ,itisnecessarytofindsubstitutesoffishmealasaproteinsourceofaquaticfeed .　Someotheranimalby productmealssuchasmeatandbonemeal (MBM )andpoultryby productmeal(PBM )ha…     

Study on the distribution,abundance and growth condition of Antarctic Krill(Euphausia superba)in the Prydz Bay region,Antarctica during the Austral summer of 1999/2000

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) were collected from the Prydz Bay region during the austral summer of 1999/2000. The sample - collection was made at 15 sites in 3 longitudinal transects. Although krill were encountered at 14 sites, the abundance was comparatively low in general. The main component of the krill population was of post -larval stages. The mean numerical and weight density of krill integrated for all sampling stations in the survey area were 16. 17 ind. 1000 m -3and 12.02 g 1000 m -3 , respectively. In the survey area, stations with larger krill density are mainly located in the slope zone, except that the largest sample was collected in the open sea zone. No krill occurred in the only station of the shelf zone during our investigation. Krill collected from the slope zone were under better growth condition than those from the open sea zone, but when the survey area is considered as a whole, the growth condition is normal. The results of the comprehensive analysis of the environmental fa     

西北太平洋秋刀鱼渔场分布及与海水表层温度的关系分析

根据2003~2004年西北太平洋秋刀鱼资源调查结果,对西北太平洋秋刀鱼渔场分布及其与海水表层温度(SST)的关系进行分析。结果表明,7~9月西北太平洋秋刀鱼渔场主要集中在40.5°N~44.5°N、151.5°E~158°E,SST为10℃~19℃,捕捞群体以中大型个体为主;各月最高产量及最大CPUE时的SST各不相同,渔场的形成和丰度与亲潮和黑潮的势力强弱及其分布密切相关。经K-S检验,结果表明,各月SST与产量及样本平均体长、平均体重的差异均不显著。这些渔场可作为我国远洋鱿钓渔业的兼作渔场。     

新旧动能转换视角下山东省土地资源保障能力研究

充分认识山东省土地资源利用所面临的形势,是保障经济社会新旧动能有序转换的基本问题。土地资源与新旧动能转换存在着相互渗透、相互促进的关系,土地资源以宏观调控的方式,促进新旧动能的有序转换,是保障新旧动能有序转换的有效手段;新旧动能转换又是土地资源管理、利用和保护的内在需求。该文从新旧动能转换基本概念出发,深入剖析了二者之间的相互关系,从土地利用方式、土地利用结构和布局、土地质量和土地生态环境四个方面,分析了新旧动能转换对土地保障能力的要求,探究了土地资源利用管理中的旧动能和新动能,总结归纳土地资源管理、利用和保护对经济发展的新旧动能转换的作用,提出了保障新旧动能有序转换的措施。     

A study on the meat and bone meal and poultry by-product meal as protein substitutes of fish meal in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of meat and bone meal (MBM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) as the replacement of fish meal in the diets on the growth performance, survival and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of Litopenaeus vannamei. The basal diets were formulated with 22% fish meal and other ingredients which provided about 40% protein and 9% lipid in the diet. The experimental diets included MBM or PBM to replace 0, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of total fish meal respectively. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and isocaloric in gross terms. The results showed that there were no significant differences (Pτ;0.05) in growth performance and ADC among the treatments fed with the diets in which 0–60% fish meal had been replaced with MBM, while the percent weight gain (WG, %), body length gain (BLG, %) and ADC significantly decreased when the MBM was up to 80% of the fish meal. There were no significant differences (Pτ;0.05) in growth performance and ADC among all the treatments fed with the diets in which 0–80% fish meal had been replaced with PBM.