河北中南部两次超级单体雷达特征对比分析

2004年河北省中南部地区共有17次冰雹天气过程,以6月20日和24日2次天气过程最为典型。将这2个典型个例对照天气背景和灾情,主要运用新一代多普勒天气雷达的基本反射率、平均径向速度、垂直积分液态含水量(VIL)等产品进行对比分析,发现6月20日是典型超级单体,24日呈强降水超级单体。回波强度大于等于50dBz、回波顶高大于等于10 km、垂直积分液态含水量大于等于35 kg/m2时极易降雹,冰雹落区与VIL的大值区有较好的对应关系,VIL高值维持时间越长冰雹直径越大,降雹范围越大,三体散射维持的时间越长产生的灾情越是严重。风暴相对径向速度产品上,可更早更清楚地得到对流风暴将发展加强的信息。     

陕西冰雹实例垂直累积液态含水量指标分析

利用2005年5月30日和8月1—3日陕西4次冰雹过程的多普勒雷达产品中垂直累积液态含水量(QV IL)资料,分析了14个回波中心与实况对应关系,初步得到降雹的QV IL指标:在多普勒雷达回波图上,雷达探测范围50~150 km内,QV IL≥50 kg/m2会出现降雹,QV IL≥60 kg/m2时可出现大冰雹,QV IL最大可达80 kg/m2;降雹前后,QV IL值一般都较大;QV IL大值区对冰雹落区及强度有较好的指示作用。分析还发现距离雷达50 km以内、150~200 km的范围,雷达回波对QV IL值估计过低,这些区域QV IL≥25 kg/m2时,就有可能产生冰雹,应用时要注意订正。     

一次超级单体风暴的雷达回波特征分析

利用兰州CINRAD／CC雷达对2008年7月18日甘肃省定西市境内的降雹过程连续观测,对探测到的资料进行分析,总结出此次降雹过程的反射率因子、径向速度、RCS垂直剖面、垂直累积液态含水量等产品的主要特征,初步探讨了使用多普勒雷达监测冰雹的方法,找出了超级单体风暴呈现出的钩状弓状回波、有界弱回波区、回波墙、悬挂回波、明显的人流缺口、存在中气旋等典型的回波特征,归纳出VIL剧烈变化、ET与冰雹过程的一致对应关系、明显的三体散射特征等一些对冰雹的临近预报有指导意义的信息,为使用天气雷达探测此类灾害性天气提供了参考。     

VIL产品在人工防雹中的应用

利用西安多普勒雷达垂直累积液态含水量（VIL）产品及地面实况资料,分析2005--2006年渭南19个典型雹日的VIL回波特征。得出指标：VIL值的变化可以应用于预测降雹;降雹时VIL值在50kg／m。以上;一般在降雹前VIL值有明显的“跃增”;VIL值的迅速减小会给本地和下游地区造成雷雨大风冰雹天气;在距离雷达较远的合阳、韩城VIL值可信度较低。这些指标的应用对强对流天气的临近预报和有效开展人工防雹作业具有指导意义。     

铜仁市一次冰雹天气的多普勒雷达回波特征分析

为了提高铜仁市冰雹天气的预报预警服务能力,该文应用铜仁市新一代多普勒天气雷达资料和常规气象资料,对2013年3月19日铜仁市冰雹天气过程进行综合分析,结果表明:①多普勒雷达反射率因子在0℃层上出现大于50.0 dBz的回波时,则可能降雹;②反射率因子在0℃及以上层(如-20℃、-30℃层)在降雹前强度明显增加,50 dBz的回波高度超过0℃层高度且发展到对流云中上部,且其剖面具有明显的穹窿结构;③风随高度的垂直切变是强对流产生发展和维持的重要条件;逆风区的存在是冰雹天气速度回波场的明显特征;④垂直累积液态含水量产品对冰雹天气的分析也有很好的辅助作用。⑤强天气概率和冰雹指数对降雹亦具有一定的预报预警指示意义。     

三门峡市冰雹出现规律与防雹工作探讨

利用1971-2005年三门峡市冰雹天气过程资料,分析了冰雹时空分布特征、主要影响系统、本站要素指标及雷达回波特征等,结果表明:渑池县降雹次数最多,灵宝次之,卢氏最少;降雹集中在4-8月,13-19时降雹几率最高.三门峡降雹的天气形势主要有蒙古-华北冷槽、冷涡型和西北气流型.受上述天气系统影响时,500 hPa有冷平流,若地面连续2～3天增温增湿,有可能出现冰雹天气.此外,雹云雷达回波强度＞50 dBz,云顶高度＞10 km,云顶温度＜-40℃,垂直积分液态含水量有明显的跃升.是降雹的前兆.     

黑龙江省一次降雹过程的多尺度分析

本文选取2015年6月20日一次冰雹过程,对这次降雹过程进行多尺度的分析,分析了降雹的成因及各物理量的特征,研究表明:冷暖空气交汇是导致这次降雹的主要原因,此次降雹雷达回波具有较典型的冰雹云回波特征,研究垂直累积液态水发现,在降雹前垂直累积液态水(VIL)值发生了跃增,最大值达到50-60 kg/m2,随着降雹的发生出现了跃减,下降幅度达30-40kg/m2,降雹后缓慢降低至10 kg/m2以下。     

冰雹云的多普勒天气雷达识别参量及其预警作用

使用宜昌多普勒天气雷达基数据资料,采用统计计算方法,分析了2004—2008年宜昌境内52块强对流云的特征。结果表明：（1）在宜昌地区,产生冰雹的对流云中其平均最大反射率因子均在50 dBz及以上;回波顶高均在9 km以上,最高达到22 km,其中80%的冰雹云的回波顶高在12～16 km之间;最大垂直液态含水量在50 kg.m-2以上的比例为76%;利用回波强度、回波顶高和垂直液态含水量均不能很好地辨别雹云和雷雨云,但可将这些参量作为冰雹发生的参考条件。（2）利用45 dBz回波顶高可较好地识别冰雹云,当强回波高度达到7.6 km时预示有冰雹出现,其临界成功指数达86%。（3）降雹前,强中心回波顶高会出现跃增现象,跃增后不久地面出现降雹,这一特殊现象有助于提前进行冰雹预警。     

文山州两次强冰雹天气的环流背景和雷达产品对比分析

该文通过对2012年8月5日和2012年8月12日2次强冰雹天气的天气背景及多普勒雷达回波强度、径向速度、垂直液态水含量、冰雹指数等雷达产品的对比分析,总结出在大范围水汽条件不是很有利的环流背景下,文山州8月冰雹天气在多普勒雷达产品上的表现特征和一些定量指标:回波强度≥55 dBz、≥50dBz的强回波垂直伸展高度≥6 km,垂直液态水含量VIL≥25 kg/m2时,容易产生冰雹天气,注意发布强对流天气预警;强对流降雹天气与逆风区和风的辐合有关,超级单体所在区域均对应着逆风区或是辐合线;冰雹指数产品对冰雹预报有很好的指示作用,降雹概率和强降雹概率达到100%时发布冰雹预警,但是冰雹最大直径与实况偏大,只能作为参考。     

一次强雹暴过程多普勒雷达产品特征分析

分析延安市2006年8月1日至2日出现的一次大冰雹过程的多普勒雷达产品,得出大冰雹形成过程中形成的三体散射长钉和相应的反射率因子、径向速度、组合反射率、垂直累积液态含水量、回波顶高等变化特征,三体散射现象是大冰雹预警的一个指标。指出强风暴顶辐散是与风暴中强上升气流密切相关的小尺度特征,它提供了上升气流强度的度量,可以与最大冰雹尺寸相关连,并且是风暴强度变化的早期指标。回波强度最大值及所在高度,有界弱回波区区域大小,垂直累积液态含水量的大值区都是判别强降雹潜势的指标。通过对各项产品数据特征变化研究。为今后大冰雹早期预报提供参考。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.