2004-07-05云南德宏州山洪泥石流气象成因分析

应用气象资料,卫星、雷达资料及带通滤波方法,分析了引发云南德宏州2004-07-05特大山洪泥石流灾害的天气成因。结果表明,除了德宏州区域地质、地貌等自然原因外,德宏州入汛提前,入汛后多低温阴雨是造成这次灾害的前期气候背景;中尺度辐合天气系统、充沛水汽输送及辐合、低空急流的作用导致07-04T20-07-05T20发生特大暴雨,是引发此次山洪泥石流灾害的直接天气原因。     

新一代天气雷达在泥石流灾害中的应用探讨

天气雷达的发展大致经历了4个阶段，其主要用于监测强对流天气、定量估计降水，是气象部门的重要探测和监测手段之一。新一代天气雷达观测的实时回波强度（Z）、径向风速（V）、速度谱宽（W）的回波图像中，提供了丰富的有关强对流天气的信息，综合使用Z、V、W的图像分析，有利于较准确和及时地监测灾害性天气。云南滑坡泥石流灾害高发区与云南暴雨中心有很好的对应关系，云南滑坡泥石流灾害空间分布与暴雨空间分布的空间相关系数为0．19，通过了0．05的显著性水平检验，也进一步说明云南暴雨在滑坡泥石流灾害发生中起着重要作用。以2004年7月5日德宏州特大山洪泥石流灾害为例子，探讨了新一代天气雷达在泥石流灾害的临阵预警中的应用。     

云南滑坡泥石流灾害的气象成因与监测

根据云南滑坡泥石流灾害资料，分析了其形成环境与分布特征，给出了典型降水滑坡泥石流灾害事件，研究了滑坡泥石流灾害与气象环境的关系。云南滑坡泥石流灾害主要出现在盛夏7～8月，主要影响天气系统有切变线、冷锋、西风槽、西南涡、孟加拉湾风暴、南海西行台风和两高辐合区。诱发滑坡泥石流灾害的前期降水类型有3种，即暴雨型，中～大雨型和连阴雨型。得出了云南滑坡泥石流发生的区域临界雨量指标，提出了滑坡泥石流灾害的气象监测预警方法。     

1993年雨季云南省滑坡泥石流灾害趋势预测

一、1992年回顾 1992年我省遇到了90年来罕见的干旱年,表现为雨季开始特迟,夏旱连秋旱,滇东雨季雨量比历年平均值少一半以上,其它地方少2-3成。8月普遍出现高温少雨天气,9月持续少雨。直到10月,受孟加拉湾低压影响,出现了10-12天全省性的连续降雨天气过程,由于降雨时间长,雨量过多,滇西如德宏州及滇中局部仍有滑坡泥石流发生,1992年全省除7月12日昭通地区发生特大暴雨引起的滑坡泥石流灾害规模较大外,年内滑坡泥石流灾害是近几年较轻的一年。     

对甘肃舟曲特大泥石流灾害的初步认识

2010-08-07T23:00左右,甘肃省甘南藏族自治州舟曲县县城北面的罗家峪、三眼峪流域突降强暴雨,引发了特大泥石流灾害.泥石流将沿途村庄和城区夷为平地,摧毁了沿途的楼房民居,毁坏了大量的农田.泥石流还冲进白龙江形成堰塞湖,将半个舟曲县城淹在水中.此次泥石流流速快、流量大、规模超大,发生于半夜,且表现为山洪-泥石流-堰塞湖灾害链形式,因而造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失.截止08-15,共造成4 496户、20 227人受灾,水毁农田约95 hm2、房屋5 508间,1 248人遇难,496人失踪,是建国以来我国损失最严重的泥石流灾害.现场调查与遥感图像分析表明,舟曲泥石流是局部强降雨作用下发生的百年一遇的水力型特大泥石流灾害.三眼峪、罗家峪泥石流总方量约220×104 m3.沟内储存的大量的崩塌、滑坡体及坡积物、残积物为泥石流提供了丰富的固体物质.形成区陡峭的地形以及沟道内堆石坝、拦沙坝形成的陡坎级联堵溃效应,加大了泥石流的流速、流量与破坏力.在分析本次泥石流的背景条件、灾害成因、特征以及发展趋势的基础上,提出了相应的减灾对策.     

普格县荞窝镇8.8泥石流灾害应急调查研究

2017年8月8日凌晨4点至4点30分,普格县荞窝镇耿底村4组和5组发生泥石流灾害,导致25人死亡,71间房屋损毁,造成1.6亿元经济损失。采用现场调查、室内分析实验、参数模拟计算等方法对灾害的特征和成因进行了分析。研究结果显示8.8普格泥石流属于低频率中等规模的稀性泥石流。泥石流是由于流域内广泛发育的"凹槽土体"在旱后叠加暴雨的影响下激发的,其成灾过程是一系列致灾因素叠加的结果。首先,灾害与乡村道路堵塞行洪道关系密切;此外区域灾害伏旱后由局地强降雨引发,流域自然条件复杂;隐蔽性强低频率的老泥石流沟排查识别困难;流域上游无雨量观测站点,难以准确预警;洪流夜间发生,逃生难度大等因素的存在进一步促使灾害发生。     

昭通“7.12”暴雨滑坡泥石流灾害初步研究

昭通“7.12”暴雨过程诱发了区域性滑坡泥石流的强烈活动,造成严重的灾害。本文通过对灾害现场考察,剖析了暴雨成因、时空分布,并阐明了“7.12”暴雨滑坡泥石流区域分布和成灾特征,并以彝良县为例,探讨了暴雨与滑坡泥石流形成关系。根据昭通地区暴雨滑坡泥石流发生规律和发展趋势,提出了减灾对策。     

天山泥石流灾害的形成条件和过程特点

泥石流是天山主要自然灾害之一， 天山泥石流按触发因素可以分为暴雨型泥石流和冰川型泥石流两类。目前天山泥石流主要对效能运输造成灾害在部分地点对厂矿企业和居民点造成灾害，天山泥石流的形成和发生有其特点，掌握其形条件和过程特点有利于减轻自然灾害。     

云南新平2002-08-14特大滑坡泥石流灾害及防治对策

云南新平2002—08—14发生了超过百年一遇的特大滑坡泥石流灾害。这次灾害点多、面广，几乎同时暴发。通过对灾害的实地考察，分析了灾害发生的地质、气象、地貌等方面原因。崩塌滑坡灾害沿哀牢山东坡的高山与中低山交接处分布，而泥石流灾害则沿戛洒江和现刀河的支流沟口分布，这一区域处于红河大断裂范围内。灾害主要是特大暴雨激发所致。针对本区的社会条件和自然条件，提出了防灾、减灾对策，具体分为近期措施和远期措施。     

"8.13"四川清平群发性泥石流灾害成因及其影响

汶川地震触发的大量崩塌滑坡改变了泥石流流域的物源条件,地震灾区震后泥石流活动呈现出愈加明显的高频率、群发性、大规模的特征.地处四川省绵竹市西北部的绵远河上游震后已多次暴发了泥石流.2010-08-13和08-18,在局地暴雨诱发作用下,绵远河上游的清平乡和天池乡境内的24条沟谷同时暴发了泥石流,冲出的固体物质高达1.08×107m3,其中仅清平乡附近,泥石流堆积扇规模就达到7.62×106m3,泥石流淤满河道形成了1.5 km2的堰塞体,致使14人死亡和失踪,清平乡境内大量震后重建的民房遭淤埋,泥石流多次中断九环线的重要支线--绵(竹)茂(县)公路汉旺-清平段,直接经济损失高达4.3亿元.此次群发性泥石流灾害剧烈的改变着震后局部的河流微地貌形态,对灾后恢复重建和发展规划也将产生深远影响.本研究从汶川地震对绵远河上游泥石流流域物源条件的影响分析入手,着眼于泥石流形成的基本条件,分析了2010-08-13(简称"8.13")特大群发性泥石流的成因:汶川地震后绵远河上游两侧支沟内积聚的巨最固体松散物源是此次泥石流形成的前提条件;1 h雨强达37 mm、累计达203.5mm的高强度暴雨是泥石流最直接的激发因素.泥石流物源区和堆积区的堆积物颗粒分析结果表明,泥石流以粘性泥石流活动为主.作为汶川地震后典型的次生山地灾害链过程,泥石流活动是自然地貌演化的必然结果,但此类远远超越常规规模和频率的泥石流灾害的影响将是一个长期的过程.因此,建议对危害居民点的重点沟谷提高泥石流治理标准,调整汛期的防洪方案.     

A method for assessing regional debris flow risk: an application in Zhaotong of Yunnan province (SW China)

Based on the definitions of the United Nations, the assessment of risk involves the evaluation of both hazard and vulnerability. This forms the basis of a generalized assessment model of debris flow risk. Hazard is a measure of the threatening degree of an extreme event and is expressed theoretically as a function of event magnitude and frequency of occurrence. Mathematically, it is the definite integral area under the magnitude–frequency curve. Based on the need for a model applicable in regions that lack data, a new method that incorporates theoretical concepts with empirical analysis is presented to calculate the regional hazardousness of debris flows. Debris flow hazard can be estimated from gully density, mean annual rainfall and percentage of cultivated land on steep slope. Vulnerability is defined as the potential total maximum losses due to a potential damaging phenomenon for a specified area and during a reference period. On a regional scale, it is dependent on the fixed assets, gross domestic product, land resources and population density, as well as age, education and wealth of the inhabitants. A nonlinear, power-function model to compute the vulnerability degree is presented. An application of the proposed method to Zhaotong prefecture of Yunnan province, SW China, provides high accuracy and reasonable risk estimates. The highest risk of debris flow is in Zhaotong county with a value of 0.48; the lowest risk of debris flow is in Yanjin county with a value of 0.16. The other counties have debris flow risks ranging from 0.22 to 0.46. This provides an approach for assessing the regional debris flow risk and a basis for the formulation of a regional risk management policy in Zhaotong prefecture.     

泥石流灾害水文气象联合预报

由于降雨型泥石流是我国泥石流灾害的主要类型,所以以往对泥石流灾害的预测预报主要通过对雨量数据的分析来实现。但是由于雨量站记录雨量和灾害发生雨量并不一致,这就极大的影响了单纯依赖雨量数据预测预报的准确性。在分析环境因素影响的基础上,将水文和气象资料结合起来,用于泥石流灾害的预测预报。通过比较灾害发生前、发生时和发生后的河流洪峰流量、日降雨量和小时降雨量,发现洪峰流量和小时降雨量对灾害发生有很好的指示作用。经过在辽宁省岫岩满族自治县的试验,得到洪峰流量1 800 m3/s和小时降雨量50~60 mm这两个该县泥石流灾害发生临界值。结果表明水文和气象资料的联合应用,会大大改进泥石流灾害的预测预报效果。     

中国2004年泥石流灾害特点及其对减灾的启示

分析了我国2004年成灾特点,大陆首次出现大规模的大风泥石流,在植被较好的地区仍然有泥石流发生,年内同一地区多次成灾增大了灾害损失,建筑选址不当是造成人员死亡的一个重要原因,低频性泥石流常造成严重灾害.受上述成灾特点的启示,提出在进行潜在泥石流判识时要慎重对待植被较好的区域,注重对低频泥石流的防范,在建筑物选址时应注意潜在泥石流危害,加强重大工程建设区泥石流灾害的预警,建立群测群防体系,进行监测预警,制定临灾预案,发展灾害保险业务以分担灾害风险等减灾对策.     

四川省西溪河地洛水电工程区“7.31”泥石流灾害

2009-07-31,四川省凉山彝族自治州西溪河流域金阳县地洛电站施工区暴发泥石流,造成9人死亡、施工道路及设施损毁.通过现场调查和分析认为,"7.31"泥石流是一场高容重低粘度坡面型泥石质泥石流,强降雨是此次泥石流形成的激发条件,工程弃渣是其形成的物质基础和条件,过沟公路未合理设置排水涵洞,路基被毁,沿途大量物质补给是泥石流形成的促进因素."7.31"泥石流隐蔽性强,人们对其危害范围认识不足,防灾意识薄弱,监测预警不到位,是造成人员伤亡与财产损失的重要因素.结合西溪河流域水电开发的现状,针对性地提出了规范人类工程活动,提高防灾意识,加强地质灾害的监测预警等防治对策,建议进一步加强中小水电工程施工的监管力度,切实落实灾害危险性评估与防灾措施,最大限度地减少人为地质灾害.     

民勤春季强降水过程的气候特征及其成因

干旱区春季强降水对安排春耕播种生产、缓解风沙危害和春旱、净化空气质量、改善生态环境和促进农作物生长具有十分重要的意义。以1953-2015年民勤春季3-5月降水为背景,针对2001-2015年春季日降水量≥5 mm强降水天气过程,综合运用地面、高空和云图等气象资料,以及NCEP再分析资料,通过12个春季典型干湿年对比分析,得出春季强降水过程的气候特征和成因。1953-2015年民勤春季强降水日数和降水量呈增加趋势,过程特点是降水时间长,集中在上午,多为连续降水。新疆至河西冷空气东移南下,与青藏高原低值系统、深厚湿层共同影响,生成高原云系发展北抬造成民勤春季强降水。春季强降水的发生,与欧亚纬向气流、高原低槽和东亚大槽的强度密切相关。预报关注重点是西北冷空气、高原天气系统和云系、偏南气流水汽输送。     

贡嘎山东坡磨西河流域泥石流暴发的临界雨量值初探

在实地调查和前人研究的基础上,查明了贡嘎山东坡磨西河流域内泥石流沟的分布状况、暴发规律及危害特征等;并根据近20年来流域内发生的典型泥石流灾害,分析了泥石流发生前的降雨过程,发现磨西河流域内泥石流发生的当日雨量和前6 d有效雨量之间具有明显的幂函数关系,据此以泥石流发生的当日雨量和前6 d有效雨量为指标,初步探讨了磨西河流域内泥石流暴发的雨量值。     

雅砻江二滩水电站库区泥石流

雅砻江二滩水电站库区泥石流十分活跃，在库区内，沟谷型泥石流沟１００条．库首左岸的金龙沟，多次暴发过泥石流，用金龙沟泥石流活动特征与短历时雨强的资料，经计算分析后，得到了库区泥石流活动规律、流域环境条件与雨强之间的关系式，并给出了金龙沟暴发泥石流的降水指数３６００，有助于泥右流预报．     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN)real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system′s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system's performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.