NTSC守时氢钟性能分析

首先对NTSC(National Time Service Center)守时实验室的氢原子钟进行了测试,为了规避铯原子钟噪声较大的影响,没有采用TA(k)或UTC(k)作为参考,而是以4台氢原子钟互为参考进行测试,利用四角帽法对氢原子钟的频率稳定度进行分析,估计出单台氢原子钟在不同取样时间上的Allan标准差.然后根据氢原子钟的特性,扣除趋势项,剔除异常值,利用数学方法平滑,分离出了氢原子钟的高斯噪声,并且通过了Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验,估计出单台氢原子钟高斯噪声.     

原子时水平与原子钟性能的相关特性分析

根据1988－1994年国际计量局（BIPM）时间部时间公报公布的数据，应用相关分析方法对时间实验室的原子时水平与原子钟性能的关系进行了一些定量分析，结果表明：1、原子时水平的均匀性参数（双月平均速率标准偏差σr、时间起伏标准差σx、频率稳定度σy（τ）与原子钟性能的权重的相关系数为0.4-0.8，其中频率稳定度的相关系数大一些，多年平均结果大于0.6。2、这些定量分析可以说明原子时水平不仅取决于原子钟性能，而且与原子时算法优化程度和时间传递技术水平等其它因素也有密切关系；在原子钟组相对稳定的情况下，这些因素可能变成影响原子时水平的主要因素。     

用于守时工作的时间间隔计数法与双混频时差测量比对法的比较

为了比较用于守时工作的时间间隔计数法和双混频时差测量法,分析了国家授时中心时频基准实验室的两种测量比对设备(SR620时间间隔计数器和PCOMP多通道相位比较仪)对同一组原子钟进行测量时所得到的结果(钟的速率、RMS、测量精度和稳定度)。分析所得的主要结论是:双混频时差测量法具有更高的比对精度,更适用于氢原子钟短期(τ≤5 d)稳定度的测量。     

用于JATC的GPS CV时间比对中的数据处理

GPS CV(共视)时间传递技术将在重建的我国的综合原子时(JATC)系统中起重要作用。介绍了GPSCV时间比对中共视数据的选取和消除观测数据中的随机噪声的方法，对GPS共视时间比对中的电离层时延改正和几何时延改正方法作了阐述，给出了对NTSC(中国科学院国家授时中心)与CRL(日本通信研究所，现已更名为国家信息和通信技术研究院(NICT))两个时间实验室之间的共视比对数据的计算结果。     

基于时间频率数据平台的数据分析研究

时间频率数据是国家重要的信息资源,时间频率数据平台设计依托国家授时中心运行产生的时频数据、国际权度局(Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, BIPM)和国际地球自转服务机构(International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, IERS)公布的时间频率相关数据等实现,该数据平台可以为守时技术研究提供丰富的数据资源支撑。首先介绍时间频率数据平台的建设情况,随后利用数据平台汇交的本地守时系统比对和远距离链路比对数据开展守时技术研究,包括原子钟状态评估,主要分析原子钟异常跳变情况,研究跳变数据处理方法,针对不同类型守时钟,分析对比波动情况、稳定度等原子钟性能指标,此外基于ARIMA模型开展钟差预报研究。以上研究结果可为守时系统连续可靠运行提供重要参考。     

用小波变换原理检测原子钟环境温度的变化

根据小波变换的奇异性检测原理，分析了环境温度变化对原子钟特性的影响；基于小波变换的信号重建原理，将温度变化引起原子钟相位－时间起伏进行时域－频域分析；用小波变换理论分析了由于昼夜温度变化引起原子钟周期性波动的原因，结合传统的谱分析方法，认证了原子钟相位－时间起伏的周期性，结果表明：在有环境温度调节的环境中，氢原子钟的相位－时间起伏标准差为４１ｎｓ左右；在一般环境中，铯原子钟的相位－时间起伏标准差为     

用小波变换原理检测原子钟环境温度的变化

根据小演变换的奇异性检测原理，分析了环境温度变化对原子钟特性的影响；基于小坡变换的信号重建原理，将温度变化引起原子钟相位－时间起伏进行时域一频域分析；用小演变换理论分析了由于昼夜温度变化引起原子钟周期性波动的原因，结合传统的谱分析方法，认证了原子钟相位－时间起伏的周期性。结果表明：在有环境温度调节的环境中，氢原子钟的相位－时间起伏标准差为41ns左右；在一般环境中，铯原子钟的相位－时间起伏标准基为21ns左右，改善环境条件可以提高原子钟的频率稳定度。     

NTSC时频基准实验室守时系统自动监测软件

为了能实时了解中国科学院国家授时中心（NTSC）时频基准实验室守时系统的运转情况,编制了本软件。本软件的功能是对系统中原子钟最近一个月的比对数据进行实时计算后,得到一个纸面的加权平均时间尺度“TA”,用它作为监测UTC（NTSC）、UTC（JATC）和原子钟运转情况的参考,给出TA-UTC（NTSC）、TA-UTC（JATC）、以及每个钟相对于TA的速率曲线。通过选用窗体上设置的各个按钮,能很方便地监测原子钟和测量设备的运行情况。位于陕西蒲城的BPL监控室可以通过远程局域网得到NTSC守时实验室的数据,实时运行本软件,并用TA作为参考,即可监测BPL监控室原子钟运行情况,并且对BPL发播工作钟时间T（PU）进行监测和频率驾驭,以实现T（Pu）同步到扩形（NTSC）。     

50 m 射电望远镜的时间标准问题的讨论

定量分析了原子钟的时间频率特性产生的守时时差,估算了原子时频标准的守时时差对有关物理量测量所产生的影响．给出了现代实用型原子钟的性能指标比较表,和用现代无线电手段传递、比对时频标准信号达到的指标．论述了高精度时间频率标准在大地、深空间探测、VLBI及毫秒脉冲星计时应用测量中的重要地位、作用．阐述了50 m射电望远镜的科学目标、“嫦娥”1号探月卫星任务对时间标准提出的高精度要求和选用原则．为了实现其科学目标和任务,必须建设与其研究目标相适宜的、标准尽可能高的原子时频标准,才能获得高质量的数据信息和高效能的研究成果．并对建设怎样的时间标准等问题进行讨论和提出具体建议．     

一种基于小波熵的时间尺度算法

结合小波分析和熵的基本理论,在分析国际原子时TAI的基础上,提出了基于小波熵的时间尺度算法．通过对原子钟信号进行多尺度分解,根据能量划分,综合所有尺度的小波系数得到小波熵,然后利用小波熵对原子钟进行加权．最后,通过某实验室的实测数据对算法进行了检验,结果表明:这种方法能够综合各原子钟信号在不同尺度上的频率波动特征,明显提高了时间尺度的稳定度．     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...