包体流变模型体应变场时空演变的理论分析

基于包体流变模型的理论解,计算了三维粘弹性介质中球形硬包体与软包体在地面引起的体应变．结果表明,球形硬包体的地面体应变随时间的变化曲线表现出特征不同的３个阶段（,,）．它与大量地形变资料出现的,,阶段相似;而球形软包体却没有此特征．其中,阶段的前兆在近源区和远源区都向外扩展;阶段的前兆在近源区和远源区都处于极值状态;阶段前兆在远源区表现为向近源区收缩,而在近源区表现为向外扩展．这些结果对地震前兆的时空演化过程阶段性的解释具有一定的启示．      

地震孕育体源流变模型（一）-位移场

为了研究地震孕育过程，在弹性包体理论的基础上建立了流变介质的体源包体模型理论．本文基于弹性包体模型的位移场的解析解，运用流变力学理论中的对应原理，导出流变体介质中，包体在任意一点的3个方向分别产生的位移的粘弹性解析解.      

地震孕育体源流变模型(三)--前兆场

在三维流变介质体源孕震模型的粘弹性位移场与应变场理论基础上,建立了流变介质体源孕震模型的前兆场理论解,导出了流变介质中任意一点（x,y,z）的地倾斜、地下水位、电阻率的粘弹性解析解,并对地电阻率的应用作了初步分析,为地震孕育过程中前兆分析提供了一定的理论基础.      

加卸载响应比与其它地震前兆时空演化研究及其应用

本文重点研究了加卸载响应比的时空演化特征 ,并利用震例研究了长期地震活动性的时空演变特征的普适性。为了理解以上特征及地震前兆综合特征 ,应用解析、数值模拟等方法对二维圆形包体、二维硬软复合包体进行了研究 ,并推导出半无限流变介质中三维包体产生的粘弹性位移、应变、地倾斜解析表达式 ,详细地计算和分析了球形包体在地表产生的体应变的时空演变过程 ,从而使孕震模型理论化。应用理论研究结果 ,对地震前兆的时空演化进行了解释 ,提出了长期预测和中短期预测方法 ,并应用于实践 ,取得 5次地震的长期、中期预测的成效。主要结果如下…     

地震孕育过程中形变趋势变化形态的理论分析

利用流变介质包体模型理论中体应变解析解计算分析了孕震过程中不同观测点的形态异常特征，结果表明，硬包体产生的体应变具有明显的3阶段过程，软包体却只有2个阶段的特点，但它们的形态特征不仅都具有象限性与地区性，而且还随震中距的不同而不同。岩石实验结果也表明，观测点距破裂面的距离不同，其形态特征也不同。在理论分析与岩石实验结果一致的基础上，分析了张北地震与景泰地震前形变异常的形态特征，即具有明显的地区性与象限性；并且形态特征随震中距的变化而不同；变化幅度也随震中距的增大而减小。基于对形变异常形态特征的理解，提出了利用形态特征预测、判断发震地点及孕震状态的思路。     

地震前兆场物理模式与前兆时空分布机制研究（一）──坚固体孕震模式的由来与证据

首先针对“地震前兆场物理模式建立”项目的需要，阐述了该项目的研究思路与必须研究的若干科学问题，强调了强震孕育条件与过程的研究是其中的核心文中先对笔者８０年代提出的“坚固体孕震模式”的由来与发展作了概述；进而从深部构造、力学分析、破裂实验三个方面论证了该模式的合理性．从华北北部层析成像研究结果看出：强震震源都分布在高速块体内，或高速块体与低速块体接触地带，但偏于高速体一侧．通过硬、软包体力学模型研究，确认：硬包体（即坚固体）是大量应变能高度集中的重要条件．岩石失稳条件的理论与实验研究一致表明：只有震源体的刚度大于环境刚度时才可能导致岩体失稳、突然破裂与应力降的产生．     

地震前兆场物理模式与前兆时空分布机制研究(一)——坚固体孕震模式的由来与证据ns 100% secura

首先针对地震前兆场物理模式建立 项目的需要，阐述了该项目的研究思路与必须研究的若干科学问题，强调了强震孕育条件与过程的研究是其中的核心．文中先对笔者80年代提出的坚固体孕震模式的由来与发展作了概述；进而从深部构造、力学分析、破裂实验三个方面论证了该模式的合理性．从华北北部层析成像研究结果看出:强震震源都分布在高速块体内，或高速块体与低速块体接触地带，但偏于高速体一侧．通过硬、软包体力学模型研究，确认:硬包体(即坚固体)是大量应变能高度集中的重要条件．岩石失稳条件的理论与实验研究一致表明:只有震源体的刚度大于环境刚度时才可能导致岩体失稳、突然破裂与应力降的产生．      

在围压作用下硬包体模型若干力学性质的研究

为全国了解硬包体力学模型的基本力学性质,本文对软、硬匀质介质模型,非匀质软、硬包体模型及含有软弱层或空穴的不连续介质模型进行了三维弹性有限元分析。在常规围压作用下,得到了各具不同特征的位移场、应力场及变形势能密度场,对硬包体模型的发震条件、震源分布及前兆机理进行了探讨性研究。     

包体模型应力集中的定量研究

本采用二维弹性介质圆形包体模型,运用连续介和学理论求解出包体内外的应力场、位移场、平均应力、最大剪应力以及能量密度的解析解,从而讨论了硬、软件包体的应力集中特征;     

唐山大地震孕育过程的数值模拟研究

根据1976年唐山7.8级地震的前兆资料，结合岩石破裂物理、震源物理、构造物理、地震前兆、地震力源、地壳结构等方面的研究结果，采用含有菱形硬包体的饱和水孔隙介质模型，数值模拟了唐山大地震的孕育过程．首先导出了考虑岩石非弹性体积膨胀和应变软化、孔隙水渗透的固-液两相介质的孕震动力学方程组，提出了用增量形式求解该方程组的有限差分法，然后计算模拟了硬包体内含有断层软弱带时的唐山大震的孕育过程，及其时空变化特征．数值模拟结果表明，唐山大地震的孕育主要经历了弹性积累、早期非弹性体积膨胀、断层第1次加速软化(加速破坏和蠕滑)、天津-宁河一带第2次非弹性膨胀、断层第2次加速软化(临震加速破坏和蠕滑)和发震等过程．这里，与断层的加速破坏相对应，孕震介质的某些部分出现了非弹性膨胀的弹性恢复和二次非弹性膨胀．与前兆观测资料比较分析可以发现，上述模拟结果可以比较好地解释实际观测资料的变化特征．同时，数值模拟还进一步揭示了唐山地震孕育场的时空变化规律和复杂图象，为地震前兆场变化的物理机制的研究奠定了基础．      

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (Ⅰ)--Displacement field

Based on the three-dimensional elastic inclusion model proposed by Dobrovolskii, we developed athree-dimensional rheologic inclusion model and theory to study the earthquake preparation process. By usingcorrespondence principle in the theory of rheologic mechanics, we derived the analytic expression of the viscoe-lastic displacement at an arbitrary point (x, y, z) in three directions of x, y and z-axes (i. e., U(r, t), V*(r, t) and W(r,t)) produced by a three-dimension inclusion in the semi-infinite rheologic medium defined by the standard linearrheologic model.     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (I) — Displacement field

Based on the three-dimensional ela stic inclusion model proposed by Dobrovolskii, we developed a three-dimensional rheologic inclusion model and theory to study the earthquake preparation process. By using correspondence principle in the theory of rheologic mechanics, we derived the analytic expression of the viscoelastic displacement at an arbitrary point (x, y, z) in three directions of x, y and z-axes (i.e., U(r, t), V*(r, t) and W(r, t)) produced by a three-dimension inclusion in the semi-infinite rheologic medium defined by the standard linear rheologic model. Foundation item: Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation (101105)     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (I)—Displacement field

Introduction The rock medium shows mainly elastic character under low-temperature, low-pressure and external force for short duration, yet it shows rheologic property under high-temperature, high-pressure and long-time external force. It is reasonable that the rapid earthquake generating process lasted for tens seconds is analyzed by the elastic theory. As for the earthquake generating process for hundreds or thousand years, nevertheless, the rheologic property of rock must be taken into accou…     

地震前兆的象限性特征及其理论分析

在总结华北北部地区唐山、大同地震前地电阻率和形变前兆的象限性特征的基础上，分析并发现张北地震前的形变和地电阻率前兆也具有一定的象限性特征．说明前兆象限性的存在并非偶然，是与孕震体的存在有关．通过岩石实验与理论分析认为，在孕震过程中，前兆异常确实存在象限性特征．象限性的空间分布范围并不是固定不变，而是具有逐渐变大——最大——变小的过程．并且象限性的上升区与下降区（或压缩区与膨胀区）在近源区与远源区不同．如果基于对前兆象限性的认识，指导分析前兆异常不同形态异常的空间分布，对地震的可能发震地区预测将具有参考意义．      

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (Ⅱ):Strain field and its applications

On the basis of the three-dimensional elastic inclusion model, the analytic expression of viscoelastic strain field is derived, i.e., the analytic expression of viscoelastic strain at an arbitrary point (x, y, z) in x-axis, y-axis and z-axis produced by three-dimension inclusion in the semi-infinite rheologic medium defined by the standard linear rheologic model, namely the normal strains εxx(r, t), εyy(r, t) and εzz(r, t), the shear strains εxy(r, t) and εyx(r, t), εyz(r, t)and εzy(r, t), εxz(r, t) and εzx(r, t), and the bulk-strain θ (r, t). By computing the spatial-temporal variation of bulk strain on the ground produced by a spherical rheologic inclusion in a semi-infinite rheologic medium, we obtained some significant results that the bulk-strain variation with time produced by a hard inclusion has three stages (α, β,γ) with different characteristics, which are similar to those of most geodetic deformation curves, but not the case for those by a soft inclusion. It is meaningful that these theoretical results have been applied to explain preliminarily the characteristics of stage variation of spatial-temporal evolution, the pattern and quadrant distribution of earthquake precursors, the changeability, spontaneity and complexity of short-term and imminent-term precursors. It offers a theoretical base to found the physical model of earthquake precursors and a reference to predict physically the earthquakes.     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (II): Strain field and its applications

Introduction Based on the elastic theory of the hard inclusion (Dobrovolskii, 1991), we developed an inclusion theory of rheologic medium, and applied the results of bulk-strain field of a rheologic inclusion model to explain the spatial-temporal evolution process of earthquake precursors (SONG, et al, 2000). In the former paper (SONG, et al, 2003), we derived the viscoelastic displacement field of the rheologic inclusion model on the basis of the analytic expression of displacement field o…     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation （Ⅲ）： Precursor field

On the basis of the theory of viscoelastic displacement and strain field for the three-dimensional rheologic model of earthquake preparation, this paper mainly studies the theoretical solution of precursor field for the three-dimensional rheologic model of earthquake preparation. We derive the viscoelastic analytical expressions of the ground tilt, underground water level, earth resistivity at an arbitrary point （x, y, z） in the rheologic medium, and analyzed the earth resistivity preliminarily, providing a certain theoretical basis for the precursor analysis of seismogenic process.     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (Ⅲ): Precursor field

On the basis of the theory of viscoelastic displacement and strain field for the three-dimensional rheologic model of earthquake preparation, this paper mainly studies the theoretical solution of precursor field for the three-dimensional rheologic model of earthquake preparation. We derive the viscoelastic analytical expressions of the ground tilt, underground water level, earth resistivity at an arbitrary point (x, y, z) in the rheologic medium, and analyzed the earth resistivity preliminarily, providing a certain theoretical basis for the precursor analysis of seismogenic process.     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake prepa-ration (III): Precursor field

Introduction Based on the elastic theory of hard inclusion model proposed by Dobrovolskii (1991), we developed a rheologic inclusion model to study the spatial-temporal variation of earthquake pre-cursor by using the bulk-strain field resulted from rheologic inclusion model (SONG et al, 2000). Based on the elastic inclusion theory, the analytical expressions for the viscoelastic displacement field and strain field of rheologic inclusion model are derived (SONG et al, 2003, 2004). Further-m…