莱州湾南岸平原古湖泊的形成与演变

运用查阅历史文献，地层剖面分析、地名考证，卫片译等多种方法确证了莱州湾南岸古湖泊的存在，同时研究了它的形成与演变过程，莱州湾南岸有巨淀湖，黑冢泊，别画湖等古湖泊，它们形成于距今约6000年以前，系由河口湾泻湖演变而成，该区古湖泊经历了中全新世全盛期和晚全新世收缩期两个阶段，湖泊消亡的原因是气候变干，河道迁移，人类活动影响等，其中河道迁移是是主要原因。     

晚冰期以来河西走廊花海古湖泊演化过程及其对气候变化的响应

通过分析河西走廊花海古湖泊沉积物中的盐类矿物组成,结合年代序列,重建了花海晚冰期以来湖泊演化过程及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：晚冰期及新仙女木时期,花海湖泊以芒硝沉积为主,属硫酸盐型湖泊,湖水的盐度较高且周期性波动频繁;全新世早期（10.47 cal ka BP以前）,湖泊以洪泛堆积和风成沉积为主,揭示了湖泊萎缩、甚至干涸;全新世早期至全新世中期（10.47～8.87 cal ka BP）盐类矿物以碳酸盐沉积为主,为碳酸盐型湖泊,湖水淡化,湖泊水位开始逐渐回升;全新世中期（8.87～5.50 cal ka BP）盐类矿物呈现一定的波动变化,其中,8.8 cal ka BP 时期盐类矿物以硫酸盐沉积为主,湖泊由碳酸盐型转化为硫酸盐型,湖水咸化,盐度升高;随后盐类矿物以碳酸盐沉积为主,湖泊由硫酸盐型转化为碳酸盐型,湖水盐度降低、湖泊扩张;全新世中晚期（5.50 cal ka BP以来）出现沉积间断,表明中晚全新世时期湖泊逐渐萎缩。在全新世期间,花海湖泊千年尺度演化过程揭示了该区域气候干湿状况受亚洲季风和西风共同控制的影响。     

花海古湖泊外源碎屑矿物含量揭示的河西走廊早、中全新世降水变化

花海地区位于河西走廊的西段,在全新世早期和中期亚洲季风增强时,该区域降水是否很好地响应亚洲季风的变化,以及季风的水汽输送是否会影响到该区域是仍需继续探讨的问题.本文通过对花海古湖泊沉积物样品的矿物测定,分析了花海古湖泊早、中全新世湖相沉积阶段中外源碎屑矿物含量的变化,并以此重建了该区域早全新世(10.47～8.87 cal ka BP)和中全新世(8.87～5.5 cal ka BP)的降水变化.结果显示,早全新世时期花海湖泊外源碎屑矿物含量高于中全新世时期,表明了该区域早全新世时期的降水高于中全新世时期,反映了该区域早、中全新世千年尺度的降水变化响应了印度季风的强弱变化,降水量受到了印度季风强度的影响.在全新世中期,由于西风环流的增强,花海地区水汽输送可能受到了印度季风和西风环流的双重影响.但全新世最湿润期出现在中全新世,与早全新世降水强度高于中全新世的结果并不一致.这种差异可能主要是由于中全新世时期较低的湖面蒸发所造成的.     

黄旗海沉积岩芯烧失量变化曲线:冰后期环境演变的有效代用指标

重建黄旗海水位、水化学和湖泊生物学变化历史可为研究我国夏季风边缘区冰后期气候变化提供重要环境记录。对该湖中央HQH4岩芯研究结果显示,末次冰期晚期沉积物中湖泊自生有机质烧失量和自生碳酸盐烧失量的平均值分别仅为全新世沉积物的1/13和1/5,造成这种结果的主导因素是夏季气温在全新世初显著升高和黄旗海从此进入稳定的湖泊环境。晚全新世自生碳酸盐烧失量平均值比早、中全新世低14%,其最大值也明显低于早、中全新世,这种情况很可能是因为晚全新世夏季温度略低于早、中全新世所致。自生有机质和碳酸盐烧失量是快速、经济地获取闭流型半咸水湖泊冰后期环境变化的有效代用指标。     

欧亚大陆中北部末次盛冰期以来的湖泊水位变化及其古气候指示意义

湖泊水位高低通常能有效地指示湖盆内湿润条件的变化,进而反映区域有效降水（降水—蒸发）变化,成为重建第四纪古气候演变的重要指标之一。通过对苏联和蒙古国古湖泊数据库以及中国晚第四纪古湖泊数据库中149个湖泊水位变化资料的梳理总结,探讨了末次盛冰期（18 cal. ka BP）以来该地区干湿变化规律及区域分异。根据研究区气候特征、地理位置及已有研究成果将其分为东欧湖泊区、中东亚干旱区和中国北方季风区三大湖区。根据不同水位记录在整个湖泊历史中出现的频率,采用3级重新分类区分出高、中、低3级水量,并把每个湖泊数字化的3级古水量表示成与现代的差值,得到每个湖泊样点每千年时间间隔内相对现代的5级水量变化（很湿润、湿润、无变化、干旱和很干旱）。结果表明,三大湖区末次盛冰期以来可能经历了不同的干湿变化过程：东欧地区湖泊水量记录在晚冰期之前较少,至全新世逐渐增多,且基本表现为早全新世干旱、中晚全新世相对湿润的状况。中东亚干旱区整体呈现出末次盛冰期至中全新世均较湿润而晚全新世干旱的气候状况,但区域内部不同湖泊在起讫时间和强度上存在显著差异。中国北方季风区的湿润期主要发生在早中全新世,但是不同湖泊有所不同。对比分析显示,早全新世时东欧地区东部气候随着斯堪的那维亚冰流的逐渐消退而逐渐变湿润,中全新世由于夏季北欧反气旋东翼的气旋气流增强而达到最湿润状态,西部地区早全新世由于强劲的西伯利亚热高压存在而整体偏干旱,中全新世由于夏季亚洲季风的渗透而转为湿润。中东亚干旱区冰期内的湿润条件可能主要与西风带降水及低温低蒸发有关,而全新世则可能主要与夏季风深入内陆导致降水增加有关。中国北方季风区全新世湿度变化可能主要受东亚季风控制。     

河西走廊盐池晚冰期以来沉积地层变化综合分析——来自夏季风西北缘一个关键位置的古气候证据

盐池位于祁连山北麓的河西走廊中段,是研究长时间尺度亚洲夏季风影响区北部边界变化的关键区域。现代气候学证据显示,亚洲夏季风的水汽输送限于祁连山东部地区,但是在全新世长尺度气候变化的背景下,夏季风西北边界是否会南北向移动是一个关键的科学问题。本研究对盐池古湖泊沉积物进行了孢粉浓缩物AMS14C测年,并分析了岩性、粒度、矿物及地球化学等指标。年代结果显示剖面下部湖相沉积层主要形成于晚冰期和早全新世期间,配合指标研究,该时期盐池沉积物体现了湖泊扩张的特征;剖面中部湖相沉积层主要形成于早、中全新世过渡时期,该段年代序列混乱,且普遍偏老,与之对应的指标结果显示湖泊开始退缩。湖泊退缩过程中,湖泊边缘附近水动力作用较强,导致再搬运及再沉积作用明显,从而使得年代结果较老且混乱。中全新世以来盐池古湖泊退缩明显,沉积速率较低,以泥沼相沉积为主。盐池晚冰期以来湖泊演化过程与青藏高原区和典型季风区的古气候记录具有一致性,整体表现为晚冰期及早全新世湖泊扩张,中、晚全新世期间湖泊退缩明显,这种变化模式与西风区湖泊演化存在差异,显示了千年尺度亚洲夏季风对该区域的影响,证明了夏季风北部边界摆动的事实。     

古尔班通古特沙漠及周边区域全新世环境演变研究进展

古尔班通古特沙漠作为中国最大的固定、半固定沙漠,是中国境内受西风环流影响最为明显的沙漠之一,其全新世环境演变过程及其对全球气候变化的响应和反馈,对理解该区现代地表过程与未来环境演变趋势具有重要的科学意义。古尔班通古特沙漠及周边区域全新世环境演变研究的结果明显不同,存在中晚全新世和中全新世降水/湿度变化最优期的分歧,成因机制存在季风深入内陆和西风总体控制的争议。以目前区域已发表的多载体记录为基础,通过降维和集成分析重建了该区全新世气候/湿度变化背景,梳理区域风沙沉积地层年代学时空分布,集成了该区全新世风沙活动历史,进而探讨区域风沙活动与湿度变化的耦合关系。结果表明该区早中全新世（12～6 ka）气候干旱,风沙活动强烈;中晚全新世以来湿度逐渐增加、风沙活动逐渐减弱。通过区域及半球尺度的对比分析,发现该区环境演变过程主要受西风环流的控制。     

末次盛冰期以来中国湖泊记录对环流系统及气候类型的响应

为了探讨中国长时间尺度湖泊时空演变规律和潜在的驱动机制,本文在柯本气候分区和中国季风—非季风区的划分基础上,对中国34个有明确数据的典型湖泊运行CCSM 3.0气候模拟系统和水量能量平衡模型模拟其水位变化,同时利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对中国按水汽输送划分的季风区进行验证。结果表明,末次盛冰期以来中国湖泊演化主要受千年尺度大气环流的驱动影响,在各个柯本气候区内没有明显的规律性。末次盛冰期以来,在季风区中国湖泊演化主要有早中全新世湖泊水位相对较高以及末次盛冰期和早全新世湖泊水位均较高2种演变规律;在东亚干旱区主要有中晚全新世期间湖泊水位相对较高以及末次盛冰期和中全新世湖泊水位均较高2种演变规律。本文为中国过去气候变化及湖泊演化机制研究提供新的证据,同时为人类全面认识末次盛冰期以来湖泊水位变化提供了新的视角。     

中国内陆区湖泊沉积所反映的全新世干湿变化

湖泊沉积记录的环境演变是全球变化的重要研究领域之一,通过对中国内陆区中30 个湖泊研究成果的总结和梳理,探讨了全新世以来该地区干湿变化的规律和区域分异。通过降水量结合传统分区方法将中国内陆区分为西北干旱区、东亚季风边缘区和青藏高原区。对每个湖泊样点以500 年为时间间隔,以孢粉为主要干湿指标,综合氧同位素、有机质及碳酸盐等,将湖泊干湿状况划分3 个干湿等级（干旱,半湿润,湿润）,建立区域干湿指数。结果表明,中国内陆不同区域全新世可能经历了不同的干湿变化过程：①西北干旱区基本上是早中全新世干旱,中晚全新世相对湿润,但区域差异明显;②东亚季风边缘区早全新世早期干旱,早全新世晚期和中全新世相对湿润,晚全新世干旱;③青藏高原区的湿润时期主要发生在早中全新世,但是不同地区有所不同。对比分析显示：西北干旱区的干湿变化可能受西风环流控制,但在时间和强度上区域内部差异较明显;东亚季风边缘区可能主要受东亚季风控制;青藏高原地区早中全新世的湿润可能与印度季风的增强相关。     

撒哈拉沙漠东北部全新世气候环境与人类活动

现代极端干旱的撒哈拉沙漠东北部,在12000 aB.P.前出现了代表湿润气候记录的湖相沉积;全新世以来,在9900~2400 aB.P.形成了大面积的连续湖泊,并在9800~6450 aB.P.达到鼎盛时期。在6000 aB.P.~3600 aB.P.前,湖泊演化进入波动期,反映了该时期气候环境周期性的变动并具600年的准周期。撒哈拉沙漠东北全新世湿润时期,是该区古人类发展与进步、繁演与分化的时期;也是自然演变史上一个十分重要的时期,其中强烈的风化作用和碎屑物质积累为今日撒哈拉沙漠的形成奠定了物质基础。     

甘青地区末次冰消期以来植被与气候演化的孢粉记录对比分析

选用甘青地区达连海、青海湖、苏家湾、大地湾4个典型高分辨率的钻孔资料进行对比分析,阐明了该地区末次冰消期以来气候变化规律与主要气候事件,初步探讨了该地区植被纬向时空演化规律。结果显示末次冰消期大致开始于15.2~14.6 ka BP之间,冰消期期间该地区气候表现为冷暖波动频繁,气候不稳定,植被类型由东向西为草原-荒漠化草原。全新世早期阶段10.4~8.2 ka BP气候表现为温干,植被类型由东向西为疏林草原-草原。全新世中期8.2~4.3 ka BP气候温暖湿润,植被发育良好,由东向西出现森林-森林草原植被。4.3 ka BP以后该地区气候总体向凉干方向发展,3.9~3.4 ka BP期间陇中地区气候波动较显著,植被类型草原-森林草原交替出现。晚全新世后期2.3~0 ka BP气候冷干,从东到西发育草原-荒漠化草原植被。     

Climatically controlled lacustrine clinoforms: Theory and modelling results

Lacustrine basins and their deposits are good paleoclimate recorders and contain rich energy resources. Shelf-margin clinoforms do exist in deep lacustrine basins, but with striking differences from those in deep marine basins, caused by a correlation between the river-derived sediment supply and the lake level. This study uses empirical relationships to calculate the water and sediment discharge from rivers and coeval lake level during wet–dry cycles at 10 s of ky time scale. Sediment supply and lake-level changes are used for a stratigraphic forward model to understand how lacustrine clinoforms develop under different climate conditions. The results show that both wet and dry cycles can be associated with thick deep-water fan deposits, supporting the existing climate-driven lacustrine model proposed based on field data (e.g. Neogene Pannonian Basin and Eocene Uinta Basin). The wet period with high sediment supply and rising lake level creates the highly aggradational shelf, progradational slope and thick bottomset deposits. This is contrary from marine basin settings where the presence of rising shelf-margin trajectory commonly indicates limited deep-water fan deposits. This work suggests marine-based stratigraphic models cannot be directly applied to lacustrine basins.     

西藏南羌塘盆地重要湖盆孢粉组合与环境意义

对南羌塘盆地内流湖盆区多个湖盆晚更新世—全新世地层孢粉组合进行分析,采用蒿属（Artemisia）与藜科（Chenopodiaceae）比值（A/C值）和麻黄（Ephedra）、藜科、蒿属含量变化趋势分析,恢复了该地区的植被与气候变化特征,总结了3个钻孔和区域上湖盆环境干湿度变化规律：扎仓茶卡湖盆南侧、搭拉不错湖盆南侧,呈针阔叶混交森林草原植被,气候总体温暖湿润;别若则错湖盆西侧,呈针阔叶混交疏林植被,气候总体较寒冷干燥。区域上由西向东干燥程度逐渐加强,佐证了通过孢粉组合分析得出的气候变化特征。此次成果对南羌塘盆地湖盆区气候演变趋势具有重要的研究意义。     

Mineralogy and lithostratigraphy of Harris Lake,southwestern Saskatchewan,Canada

Harris Lake, a small, groundwater fed lake in the Cypress Hills area of Saskatchewan, is one of the few lacustrine basins in the Great Plains that contains a complete, uninterrupted record of Holocene sedimentation. The lithostratigraphy and variation in the mineralogical composition of the sediments in this basin provide insight into the paleolimnology and paleohydrology of the lake and surrounding watershed. Although there is no evidence that the basin was dry for extended periods during the Holocene, the lake did experience numerous short-lived episodes of high salinity, as well as significant changes in solute composition during the early to mid-Holocene. An abrupt change, from a lake dominated by detrital sediments to one characterized almost entirely by endogenic deposition, occurred about 4000 years ago in response to the combined influence of forestation of the watershed and diversion of major fluvial and detrital influx by landsliding. These adjustments to the Harris Lake drainage basin were likely the result of the onset of cooler and wetter climatic conditions after 4500 B.P. During the late Holocene, slope failure continued to sporadically provide fresh clastic material to the otherwise endogenic-sediment dominated lake.     

北疆地区全新世气候波动与水热组合特点

湖沼沉积、黄土沉积和冰积等地质记录的研究表明,北疆地区全新世气候受地理位置和大气环流影响,气候变化较为复杂。整个北疆地区早全新世气候暖干,中全新世至现代,气候特点因地因时而异。受西风控制地区,代表暖干环境的黄土沉积可一直延伸到晚全新世,而可能受夏季风影响的地区和偏北的阿尔泰山,环境的好转早于西风区,并且气候的波动也较西风区更为频繁。     

中昆仑山阿什库勒盆地地貌与第四纪环境问题

本文论述了阿什库勒盆地的地貌和沉积物的发育等问题。认为:(1)阿什库勒盆地的火山锥至少有11座,1号火山1951年不可能有岩浆喷发,火山泥石流体是不存在的;(2)黄土物质是全新世风积物,戈壁荒漠是其物源区;(3)阿什库勒湖与乌鲁克库勒湖均是火山堰塞湖,前者是18kaB.P.前熔岩流阻塞盆地东部出口而成;后者则是6.5kaB.P.新期火山喷发物拦截阿什库勒湖的部分水域所致。     

毛乌素沙地南缘全新世自然环境

根据毛乌素沙地南縁柳树湾剖面的孢粉分析,结合岩性、¹⁴C测定等资料,揭示该地全新世植物群落的演替,讨论自然环境的变迁。     

近56a蒙古高原草原地上净初级生产力变化

草原生产力及其对气候变化的响应是全球变化研究的热点。利用ArcGIS插值技术,将蒙古高原32个气象站点数据插值成1°×1°的格点数据,然后利用CENTURY模型模拟了蒙古高原1961—2016年草原地上净初级生产力（ANPP）时空分布特征。结果表明：（1） CENTURY模型模拟的蒙古高原草原ANPP时空分布能够很好地反映该区域草原生产力的变化,草原ANPP分布由北向南,由东向西逐渐减少。（2） 草甸草原和典型草原单产均呈波动下降趋势,草甸草原下降速率较大,荒漠草原单产呈波动上升趋势,草原总产以典型草原最大,荒漠草原面积虽然最大,但总产最低。（3） 降水对草原生产力起主导作用,湿期会有荒漠草原→典型草原→草甸草原的转化,而干期的转化过程正好相反。从暖湿期→冷干期转换时,蒙古草原总产下降幅度最大,相反,则增产幅度最大。     

青藏高原东北部共和盆地末次冰消期以来古植被和环境演变(英文)

Paleoenvironmental history in the monsoonal margin in the northeast Tibetan Pla-teau provides important clue to the regional climate. Previous researches have been limited by either poor chronology or low resolution. Here we present a high-resolution pollen record from a 40.92-m-long sediment core (DLH) taken from Dalianhai, a terminal lake situated in the Gonghe Basin, the northeast Tibetan Plateau for reconstructing the vegetation and climate history since the last deglacial on the basis of a chronology controlled by 10 AMS 14C dates on plant remains preserved in the core sediments. The pollen assemblages in DLH core can be partitioned into 6 pollen zones and each zone is mainly characterized by the growth and decline of tree or herb pollen percentage. During the periods of 14.8-12.9 ka and 9.4-3.9 ka, the subalpine arboreal and local herbaceous pollen increased, indicating the subalpine forest developed in the surrounding mountains and a desert steppe or typical steppe developed in Gonghe Basin under a relatively moister climate. During the periods of 15.8-14.8 ka, 12.9-9.4 ka and 3.9-1.4 ka, the forest shrank or disappeared according to different degrees of aridity, and the desert steppe degraded to a more arid steppe desert in the basin, indicating a dry climate. After 1.4 ka, vegetation type around Dalianhai was mainly dominated by steppe suggested by increased Artemisia. Our results suggested the climate history in this region was dry from 15.8-14.8 ka, humid from 14.8-12.9 ka and dry from 12.9-9.4 ka, after which the climate was humid during 9.4-3.9 ka, followed by dry conditions during 3.9-1.4 ka and humid conditions in the last 1.4 ka. The change of pollen percentage and the evolution of palaeovegetation in Dalianhai since the last deglacial were similar to those recorded in Qinghai Lake. The forest expanded in the mountains around Dalianhai during the B?l-ling-Aller?d period, shrank during the Younger Dryas and the early Holocene, then it devel-oped and reached its maximum in the mid-Holocene. During the late Holocene, the vegetation began to shrink till disappearance. However, the timing of forest expansion in the Holocene lagged behind that of Qinghai Lake, and this spatial heterogeneity was probably caused by the different forest species between these two places. The maximum of forest development in the mid-Holocene was inconsistent with the period of stronger summer monsoon in the early Holocene indicated by stalagmite records, the reason might be related to the complexity of vegetation response to a large-scale climatic change.     

Environmental changes documented by sedimentation of Lake Yiema in arid China since the late Glaciation

In this study, a 6 m long core (16,000 BP) at the center of the dry Lake Yiema, a closed lake of Shiyang River drainage in Minqin Basin of the arid northwestern China, was retrieved to recover the history of climate changes and lake evolution in the area. Five radiocarbon dates on organic matter were obtained. A chronological sequence is established based on these five dates and other dates from nearby sites. Magnetic susceptibility, particle size and chemical composition were analysized for climate proxies. The proxies indicate that a drier climate prevailed in the Shiyang River drainage during the last glacial. Lake Yiema was dry and eolian sand covered most part of the lake basin. During the early and middle Holocene, a moister climate prevailed in the drainage. Climate became dry stepwise with an abrupt transition from one stage to another during the entire Holocene and became driest since about 4,200 BP. Maximum dry climate spells occurred at about 12,000-10,000 BP and after about 4,200 BP. A dry climate event also existed at about 7,600 BP. Periodical sand storms with about 400-yr cycle happened during the middle Holocene. Desiccation processes of the lake started at 4,200 BP, and were accelerated since the last 2,500 yrs by the inflow water diversion for agriculture irrigation. During the past 2,500 yrs, the lake size has been closed associated with the human population, implying that the human impact has been accelerating the lake desiccation superimposed on the natural climate deterioration.