权力的空间意象——《癌症楼》的新文化地理解读

近年来,新文化地理学逐渐被中国人文地理学者所关注,空间与权力的关系受到关注,并产生跨学科效应。国内对此的研究多集中于现实空间层面,尚未重视文本的空间意象。从地理学的空间尺度入手,运用文本解构法,从宏观和微观拆解经典文本《癌症楼》中的空间-权力互动机制。宏观尺度的不同空间有其权力象征,集中反映出中心与边缘的对立,并形成时空交错的社会关系;微观尺度空间既以显性和隐性的方式彰显强大的权力对社会空间的控制,也存在对应的反抗空间以及微渺的自由与希望空间。《癌症楼》透射出对以所谓崇高目的为外表的强权的批判,空间既是这种权力生发的工具,同时也驱动了规训与反抗的过程。     

纵向岭谷区北回归线一带年降水区域分异特征

利用纵向岭谷区北回归线沿线及南北两侧的24 个站点1961-2007 时段月降水资料,基于全部站点的年降水主要特征统计,以及北回归线沿线的9 个站点的年降水变化的趋势性和阶段性检验、9 个站点间的年降水和5-10 月各月降水序列的相关性检验,分析研究区的年降水及变化分异特征。结果表明：研究区年降水主要特征及其年际变化,呈现出西部、中部、东部的空间分异,即三个区域各自内部自相似度高,而三个区域之间分异明显。北回归线沿线9 个站点的年降水序列都未表现出明显的“突变趋势性-阶段性”变化。研究区中部“岭-谷”相间的地形格局,对中部区域降水空间分异产生一定的影响,但相邻站点间多年际降水序列呈高度相关,意味着控制中部区域降水的决定性因素并不存在明显分异,间隔分布的“岭-谷”地形会带来局地性降水量的分异。     

Population Estimation Error and Its Impact on 1991–1999 Cancer Rates*

The error of closure in the 2000 census, or the difference between estimated and enumerated populations, poses special problems for public agencies that rely on census data. Nationally and at the state level, populations were only slightly underestimated, but underestimations were high in rapidly growing counties in the South and intermontaine West, as well as in New York City. Race‐specific estimates proved far less reliable, with severe overestimates and underestimates of all racial groups in various counties nationwide. We offer explanations for the estimation error and discuss its impact on cancer rates and trends and its implications for cancer surveillance research.     

Spatial Access to Health Care Services and Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Stage at Diagnosis in Texas

Early diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is important for improving the survival rate of the disease. Disparities in CRC diagnosis among different population groups have persisted in the United States. This study examines whether spatial access to medical services contributes to disparities of late-stage diagnosis of CRC in Texas. Analysis results suggest that there are significant disparities in late-stage CRC diagnosis by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location in Texas. It is concluded that spatial access to primary care is associated with CRC stage at diagnosis, but not with racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities.     

倾向性评分匹配法评估手术联合术中放疗在肝癌治疗中的安全性及有效性

目的 倾向性评分匹配法（Propensity Score Matching,PSM）评估手术联合术中放疗治疗原发性肝癌的安全性及疗效。方法 收集2009~2012年于笔者医院肝胆外科行手术联合术中放疗（intraoperative electron radiotherapy,IOERT）的18例原发性肝癌（primary liver cancer,PLC）患者的临床资料,其中16例经术后病理证实为肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）,2例为肝内胆管细胞癌（intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas,ICC）;采用倾向性评分匹配方法,按照1∶2比例从同期行单纯手术的原发性肝癌患者中筛选出36例做为对照组（32例HCC,4例ICC）,比较两组患者术中及术后并发症发生情况及HCC患者术后早期（2年内）复发率。结果 所有患者均获随访,随访率100%。两组患者术中出血量、术后3个月内肝功能、凝血功能、血常规及术后住院天数的比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,仅在手术时长方面,联合IOERT组长于单纯手术组（P=0.000）。此外,联合IOERT组术后出现1例急性肾功能衰竭和1例胸腔积液,单纯手术组术后出现1例肝创面出血。在疗效方面,以两组48例HCC患者为研究对象,联合IOERT组的HCC患者为16例,其中6例在2年内复发,早期复发率为37.5%;单纯手术组的HCC患者为32例,20例在2年内复发,早期复发率为62.5%,两组早期复发率的比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0.101）。结论 手术联合术中放疗治疗原发性肝癌安全可行,尽管联合放疗组早期复发率低于单纯手术组,但差异并无统计学意义。     

Cancer risks from exposure to vehicular air pollution: a household level analysis of intra-ethnic heterogeneity in Miami,Florida

Quantitative environmental justice (EJ) research has relied on aggregated data from census units to determine disproportionate hazard exposure. Additionally, variables typically used to analyze ethnic inequities in exposure (e.g., percent Hispanic) are too broad and assume a degree of homogeneity that may not exist, given the diversity of ethnic minority populations. We address these limitations through a study that utilizes primary household level survey data and cancer risk estimates from the National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) to analyze intra-ethnic inequities in exposure to vehicular air pollutants in the Miami metropolitan area, Florida. Our analysis disaggregates the Hispanic category based on five characteristics (language proficiency, U.S. citizenship, nativity, unemployment status, and national origin) and finds that risk burdens are significantly higher for Hispanic respondents who are foreign-born, unemployed, and of Cuban origin. Findings highlight the advantages of downscaling EJ analyses to the household level and considering intra-ethnic heterogeneity in EJ research and policy.     

基于CART决策树的双尺度流域单元地貌分类研究——以北回归线(云南段)地区为例

针对当前单一地貌划分单元造成的分类结果破碎或漏分问题,该文引入双尺度流域单元划分方法,即采用两种不同大小流域单元的组合作为地貌划分基本单元,以提高地貌划分的细分性和完整性。以30 m ASTER GDEM数据为数据源,基于最佳地形因子组合(高程、地势起伏度、坡度、坡度变率、光照模拟值)、双尺度流域单元、CART决策树算法,实现了北回归线(云南段)地区平原(2类)和山地(7类)共9类地貌的划分,双尺度流域单元划分的最佳流量阈值分别为500、2000。通过平均值、标准差、Moran′s I和人工判读结果对分类结果进行检验,发现基于CART决策树的双尺度流域单元地貌分类方法在北回归线(云南段)地区总体精度可达82.1%,Kappa系数为0.793,总体能够准确识别出研究区的地貌类型空间分布特征,是地貌类型划分的一种可行方法。