深海大型沉积物波的研究现状与展望

20世纪60年代以来,随着深海钻探(DSDP)和大洋钻探项目(ODP)的成功实施,在现代深海海底发现了一种大面积分布的大型沉积物波,这从根本上改变了人们对波痕是浅水标志的认识.     

美国加州蒙特利湾浊积扇和流道上的沉积物波

蒙特利峡谷穿过陆架和陆坡,于谷口外(水深约2 900m)发育了95 600km2的浊积扇。峡谷底滩地和扇面上均发育大面积的深水沉积物波底形。扇上沉积物波的特征有:波高为30~100m,波长1~2km;在笔直流道段,波峰垂直或斜交于流道延伸,而在弯曲流道段,波峰平行于流道延伸;波两侧不对称,迎流侧长而背流侧短,有向上游迁移的趋势;由夹细砂层的粉砂质黏土组成,顶部均为30~50cm的黏土薄层披覆。推断为晚更新世—早全新世的低海平面时期发育的残留沉积物波。峡谷底主流道两侧也发育沉积物波,其形态类似于扇面上的波,但尺度较小,波峰呈波状或新月形延伸,由夹粗砂、小砾石层的砂质粉砂层组成,推断为晚全新世海平面上升时期的沉积。现代高海平面时期,陆源物质较多沉积于近岸和陆架,浊流下泄时,大部分碎屑物质沉积于峡谷底滩地上,只有少部分极细粒物质沉积于浊积扇和扇上沉积物波之上。     

东海陆架中北部沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境

通过对东海陆架表层沉积物粒级组成、粒度参数、14C年龄和微体古生物组合的综合分析,绘制了东海陆架的沉积物类型分布图;运用Folk等(1970)沉积物分类方法将东海表层沉积物分成砂、粉砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、砂质泥5种类型,其中粉砂质砂分布最广,砂质泥分布最少;沉积物由陆向海粒度变粗,反映沉积过程中的物源和沉积动力控制作用。根据沉积环境及成因分析,可将东海陆架沉积分为3类:分别是长江口外席状砂沉积区、现代泥质沉积区和陆架中部砂质沉积区。长江口外砂质沉积是全新世冰消期晚期潮流作用及风暴潮流共同作用的产物,是高海平面以来太平洋潮波系统作用下的潮流沙沉积,沙波地貌仍在发生变化。现代泥质沉积区包括长江前三角洲沉积、浙闽沿岸流沉积和济州岛西南泥质沉积三个区域,不同沉积区的成因机制不同。陆架中部砂质沉积是末次冰盛期之后海侵作用下发育的砂质沉积物,在海侵的不同阶段中沉积物被冲刷改造,具有不等时性特征,沉积环境与现代陆架海洋环流的动力特征不一致,现代沉积作用较弱,仅接受悬浮体细粒沉积。     

渤海湾西岸潮间带现代沉积速率研究

利用渤海湾西岸潮间带柱状沉积物的210Pb_ex和137Cs活度测定结果,计算了潮间带现代沉积物的平均沉积速率,结果表明,渤海湾西岸潮间带砂质区(道沟子至独流减河)1955～1963年的沉积速率为3.43～4.06cm/a,1963年以来的平均沉积速率为0.65～1.59cm/a;泥质区(歧口附近)的平均沉积速率约为1.81cm/a.上述结果说明潮间带砂质区在20世纪50～60年代发生快速沉积作用,60年代之后沉积作用变缓.这可能是由于华北地区在该时段具有丰沛的降水和入海水沙,为潮间带沉积物提供了丰富的物源.60年代以后沉积作用变缓可能是自然和人类活动引起的入海水量减少和由此导致的物源减少的结果.     

内孤立波作用下南海北部陆坡沙波形成过程实验模拟

为探究内孤立波作用下陆坡坡面沙波形成机制,在室验水槽内模拟恒定振幅下凹型内孤立波对砂质粉砂、黏土质粉砂、细砂三种沉积物坡面连续作用过程,利用超声地形自动测量分析系统(TTMS)、电阻率探针、温盐深仪(RBR·CTD)分别监测内孤立波作用前后土坡高程变化,作用过程水土界面实时变化及悬浮物浓度时空变化,基于测试结果分析沉积物悬浮、运移及沉积过程特征。研究表明,沙波形成过程中不同类型沉积物悬浮-运移方式不一致,在恒定振幅内孤立波作用下,砂质粉砂发生悬浮向坡顶运移,其中较大的颗粒在坡顶发生沉积,较小颗粒沿坡面运移到坡底;黏土质粉砂发生悬浮后同时向坡顶和坡中运移,在坡顶和坡中位置形成雾状层沿等密度层水平扩散;砂质粉砂运移方式主要为推移质运动,黏土质粉砂主要为悬移质运动。内孤立波形成的沙波体坡顶无尖刃,较为圆滑,两坡不对称,迎流面薄,背流面厚。     

南海北部表层沉积物类型及沉积环境区划

对南海北部224个表层沉积物样品的粒度组成和碳酸盐含量进行了测试和分析,探讨了沉积物的运移方式及其沉积环境。结果表明,南海北部表层沉积物可划分为砾砂、粗砂、中砂、细砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、砂-粉砂-黏土、黏土质粉砂、粉砂质黏土、黏土等类型,其中深海-半深海沉积物又可分为:硅质黏土、钙质黏土、含钙质和硅质黏土、有孔虫砂、钙质黏土质粉砂、钙质砂-粉砂-黏土、硅质黏土质粉砂。粉砂质黏土、黏土质粉砂、砂、砂质粉砂、黏土是分布最广泛的沉积物类,约占该区面积的80%以上。同时对粒度相关参数和碳酸盐含量进行了因子统计分析并作沉积环境分区,结果表明上述参数可分为3类因子,将研究区分为4类区域。因子1作用于Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个区域。Ⅰ区为黏土级沉积区,主要分布在研究区东南部水深较大的海域;Ⅱ区为中、细砂质沉积区,主要分布在粤西外大陆架和华南大陆沿海。因子2作用于Ⅲ区,为粗、中粉砂质沉积区,主要分布在琼东南、珠江口外海大陆坡以及台西南外大陆架。因子3作用于Ⅳ区,为粗砂质沉积区,主要分布在台西南内大陆架海域。     

辽东湾表层沉积物粒度分布特征及其地质意义

对辽东湾140个表层沉积物进行了粒度分析,探讨了辽东湾表层沉积物的粒度分布特征和沉积物类型的分布格局,结合该区沉积物物源和沉积动力环境,探讨了两者对辽东湾海域沉积过程的控制作用。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物类型以砂质粉砂、砂质泥和泥质砂为主。研究区表层沉积物平均粒径变化范围较大(-0.06～7.42Φ),大多数站位集中在4～6Φ,平均粒径有两侧向中部逐渐变细的趋势。整体上,辽东湾东侧表层沉积物粒度比西侧粗,砂含量明显增加。研究区沉积物主要来源于沿岸河流携带的入海泥沙,而潮流和沿岸流对沉积物的分布起到控制作用。根据沉积物底质类型、物源及区域水动力强弱,将研究区划分为湾顶泥质、西岸砂质、渤海泥质、辽东浅滩砂质以及残留过渡沉积等5个沉积区。     

东海近岸泥质区柱状沉积物的百年内沉积粒度变化及其影响因素

通过对东海近岸泥质区ZC13 和ZA3 柱状沉积物的²¹⁰Pb 同位素测年和粒度分析, 分别得到了两柱状沉积物的沉积速率以及粒度特征。结果显示: ZC13 和ZA3 柱状沉积物低端对应的沉积年代分别为55 a(1955～2009 年)和140 a(1871～2010 年), 平均沉积速率为0.89 cm/a 和0.82 cm/a。ZC13 柱状沉积物以砂质粉砂为主; ZA3 柱状沉积物由顶部至100 cm 粒度组分及相关参数变化稳定, 岩性上表现为较细的黏土质粉砂, 显示较为稳定的沉积环境; 100 cm 以下岩性总体上表现为较粗的粉砂质砂, 粒度参数变化较大, 表明沉积环境受到一定的扰动。研究认为, 粒度随年代的变化受沉积物来源及沉积动力的影响。这些研究结果为研究东海近岸海域环境演变提供了研究依据。     

中国东部陆架表层沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境浅析

对取自中国东部陆架海的209个表层沉积物样品进行了粒度分析及沉积物类型划分,探讨细颗粒沉积区分布格局与物源和环流体系的关系。结果表明,研究区底质类型主要有砂、粉砂质砂、泥质砂、砂质粉砂、砂质泥、粉砂和泥,个别站位含砾石。表层沉积物以粗颗粒砂质沉积为主,其主要分布在东海中北部、苏北浅滩、北黄海北部,其粒度特征主要为:平均粒径2～4Φ,分选差(分选系数>2),偏态极正偏(2～2.80),峰态很宽至宽(1.60～3.50);细颗粒泥质沉积主要分布在浙江沿岸至长江口外、苏北老黄河口外、南黄海中部、北黄海西南部及黄河口外的渤海海域,其粒度特征主要为:平均粒径6～7Φ,分选差至较差(分选系数1～2.5),偏态负偏(-1.50～-0.33)至近于对称(-0.33～+0.33),峰态很宽(>2.75)。从环流的流向与路径及邻近的河流物源角度,初步探讨了河流输入物质及环流体系对细颗粒沉积物沉积分布格局的影响,并初步推断了细颗粒沉积物的物源及基本输移路径。     

世界热点地区高饱和度天然气水合物有利沉积储集条件

天然气水合物是全球未来能源的接替资源，高饱和度(S_h>50%)水合物储层是未来面向工业化开采的首要选择。截止到目前，高饱和度天然气水合物有利沉积相带与储层条件之间的关系仍缺乏系统研究。根据公开发表的文献资料，系统总结了墨西哥湾、日本南海海槽、韩国郁陵盆地、印度Krishna-Godavari盆地以及南海神狐海域等全球5个天然气水合物热点钻探区64口井取芯及井-震联合资料，对含水合物储层岩性、沉积环境、水合物饱和度等参数进行的详细总结分析表明：在必要的温压环境和气源条件下，深海平原区块体搬运沉积和浊流等高沉积速率的深水砂质沉积物赋存孔隙型水合物，水合物可分布在砂岩、极细砂岩、粉砂岩、粉砂质黏土和泥等粒级沉积物中，但高饱和度水合物主要赋存于粉砂-细砂岩中，储层孔隙度与饱和度具有一定的正相关性。中国南海神狐海域发现含有孔虫黏土质粉砂或粉砂质黏土这种特殊的细粒沉积物，其水合物饱和度可达到中高水平(20%～76%)。上述研究成果及认识奠定了下一步寻找优质天然气水合物储层的地质基础，也可为高饱和度水合物商业化勘探开发提供理论依据。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.