松辽盆地三肇凹陷扶杨油层碳酸盐胶结物发育特征

扶杨油层是松辽盆地致密油勘探重要的目的层,碳酸盐胶结作用是造成储层致密的重要原因,揭示碳酸盐胶结物特征对认识和评价扶杨油层致密储层具有重要意义。本文通过岩心精细描述、岩石薄片鉴定和孔渗分析,详细介绍了碳酸盐胶结物的宏观和微观特征。研究表明:扶杨油层孔隙度主体为6%~18%,小于12%的样品占60%以上;渗透率小于1×10~(-3)μm~2的样品占70%以上,碳酸盐胶结物是扶杨油层主要的胶结物类型,碳酸盐含量与孔隙度和渗透率总体呈负相关关系。方解石主要以微晶和亮晶为主,微晶方解石主要以孤立状分布,亮晶方解石呈连晶状胶结。砂岩底部物性差,碳酸盐含量高,中上部物性变好,碳酸盐含量低。扶杨油层多以砂泥互层或薄砂厚泥组合为特征,砂岩顶底泥岩较发育,砂泥互层结构有利于泥岩中粘土矿物转化过程中分离出来的钙、铁、钾等离子进入毗邻的砂岩中,并在砂岩内富集和沉淀,从而形成碳酸盐胶结物。     

东营凹陷沙河街组碳酸盐胶结物成因机制

正碳酸盐矿物是砂岩储层中主要的成岩产物之一。碳酸盐胶结物较为活跃,其溶蚀及沉淀广泛发育于砂岩储层内。碳酸盐的溶蚀及沉淀是砂岩储层改造的重要成因之一。明确碳酸盐胶结物的成因机制对预测深部储层具有重要的意义。本次研究,采用铸体薄片及扫描电镜观察,明确碳酸盐胶结物的产状。对不同产状碳酸盐胶结物的分布、     

巴西Potiguar和Reconcavo断陷盆地河流、三角洲和浊积砂岩储层成岩非均质性与储层质量

Ｐｏｔｉｇｕａｒ和Ｒｅｃｏｎｃａｖｏ盆地位于巴西东北部海岸附近，为早白垩世发育的断陷盆地，其中烃类储层主要是河流和湖相（三角洲和浊流）砂岩。其成岩要素有机械渗滤粘土、方解石、白云石和绿泥石，而且成岩要素在井间和油田规模内显示不同的分布模式。这种分布特征即成岩非均质性是根据薄片、岩芯、测井和岩石物性资料研究得出的。在井间规模内，砂体几何形态和成岩要素的关系是以储层非均质性为主要特征，表现为：（１）机械渗滤粘土（ＭＩ）主要分布在河流相储层中，并沿古河道方向分布，使储层产生强烈分隔性；（２）方解石胶结物出现在砂泥岩接触面附近（环边分布）或散布在砂岩层内（分散分布）；（３）白云石胶结物主要沿砂岩交错层理的纹层分布，导致有效水平渗透率降低一个数量级；（４）自生绿泥石在细粒砂岩中引起渗透率降低，而在粗粒砂岩中影响较小，其结果导致储层渗透率结构发生重大改变。在油田规模内，成岩非均质性包括：（１）河流相储层中成岩特性呈层状分带；（２）三角洲相储层中碳酸盐胶结物向烃类聚集边界增加；（３）在浊积岩储层中，河道充填式和叶状体式沉积砂体中碳酸盐胶结物有固定的分布模式。把成岩要素的分布和影响结合到井间和油田规模的地质模型中对获得真正     

东营凹陷古近系储层碳酸盐胶结物分布特征及主控因素

碳酸盐胶结物是东营凹陷砂岩储层的主要胶结物。东营凹陷中的碳酸盐胶结物在纵向上随着埋藏深度的增加,含量具有逐渐增高的趋势,而且厚度较大的含碳酸盐胶结物砂层在层位上主要分布于沙三段,其次分布于沙一段和沙二段,在沙四段钙质砂岩层的分布仅出现于凹陷周边的少许地区。东营凹陷北部陡坡带、中部中央隆起带和南部斜坡带碳酸盐胶结物的含量存在较大的差异：北部陡坡带碳酸盐胶结物含量较南部斜坡带大,而且在相同埋藏深度条件下,北部和南部都比中部的碳酸盐含量要高;在断裂构造带,碳酸盐含量分布分散,含量范围跨度大,而在洼陷带分布深度一般比较集中,含量范围跨度小。碳酸盐胶结物砂岩层发育的有利相带为近岸水下扇、水下冲积扇、深水浊积扇等分选较差的沉积相;而且碳酸盐总体表现为在粒度粗的砂岩中含量较高。在相同埋深条件下,砂岩层的厚度越小,碳酸盐胶结作用越强。当砂岩层围岩为碳酸盐岩或厚的泥岩时,在砂岩层内部易形成高碳酸盐含量、胶结作用强烈的含碳酸盐胶结物。     

辽河盆地大民屯凹陷沈95区块砂岩储层中钙质夹层研究

钙质夹层是控制剩余油形成与分布的主要因素之一.辽河盆地大民屯凹陷沈95区块钙质夹层十分发育,利用丰富的岩心、测井资料,识别并探讨了钙质夹层的分布规律及成因.研究表明:本区钙质夹层是早期无铁碳酸盐与晚期含铁碳酸盐胶结形成的两期夹层;早期钙质夹层主要分布于泛滥平原亚相、三角洲平原亚相;晚期钙质夹层主要发育于三角洲前缘亚相,且一般位于砂泥岩接触带,厚层砂岩顶底部碳酸盐胶结物较中部高.早期钙质夹层是沉积期、成岩早期,蒸发作用使富钙孔隙水中的钙质沉淀形成的;晚期钙质夹层是在有机酸作用下,Ca2+、Mg2+在烃源岩(泥岩)中溶解,再于储集岩(砂岩)中沉淀形成的.根据夹层的分布规律可以更有效地挖掘剩余油.     

早期碳酸盐胶结作用对砂岩孔隙演化的影响——以塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷志留系砂岩为例

塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷志留系砂岩为无障壁的潮坪、滨岸及辫状河三角洲沉积的岩屑砂岩和岩屑质石英砂岩,对满北和满东、满南地区志留系砂岩成岩作用序次尤其是碳酸盐胶结的时间、方式和特征、物性的对比研究认为:砂岩中碳酸盐胶结的时间早晚对砂岩孔隙演化具有重要影响,满北地区志留系砂岩发育有大量早期泥晶碳酸盐胶结,显微镜下研究表明这种胶结作用发生在岩石受到充分压实之前,呈基底式胶结,岩石颗粒呈点接触或漂浮状分布于早期碳酸盐胶结物之中,这种胶结作用抑制了岩石后期的压实作用。尽管目前其埋藏达5 000～6 500 m,但其经历的压实作用并不强烈,粒间发育大量早期的碳酸盐胶结物,后来这些胶结物被溶蚀,形成了大量次生孔隙。而在满东和满南地区的志留系砂岩,碳酸盐胶结发生在岩石经过充分压实之后,晚期的碳酸盐胶结物仅分布于岩石经充分压实后的粒间孔隙中,含量较前者低,后期可供溶蚀的碳酸盐比前者少,因而溶蚀形成的次生孔隙有限。因此,尽管满东满南地区志留系埋藏比满北浅（3 700～5 000 m）,碳酸盐胶结物含量也低,也发育晚期碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀,但岩石的压实作用比满北强,物性比满北低差。这主要与碳酸盐胶结的早晚有关,早期碳酸盐胶结对孔隙演化具有明显控制作用,有利于岩石孔隙的保存,为后来的溶蚀形成次生孔隙提供了条件。     

华北地台串岭沟组砂脉中自生碳酸盐沉淀和自生黄铁矿——中元古代甲烷厌氧氧化的沉积证据

华北中元古界串岭沟组暗色页岩中普遍发育的砂脉构造被解释为气体逃逸形成的沉积构造。在砂脉和相邻围岩中发现有自生碳酸盐沉淀和自生黄铁矿。自生碳酸盐主要由白云石组成,表现为微晶质条带或隐晶质斑块状胶结物。微晶白云石条带多出现在有机质纹层密集发育的部位,沿微生物膜两侧发育;而隐晶质斑块多以胶结物形式充填粒间孔隙或沿砂脉外缘密集产出。围岩中共生草莓状黄铁矿,砂脉中有具环带黄铁矿。这种特殊的矿物组构以及富有机质沉积和丰富的微生物成因构造(MISS)均表明串岭沟组形成于缺氧环境。层面发育的气泡构造为砂脉的气体逃逸成因提供了支持,而自生碳酸盐和黄铁矿则是沉积浅层硫酸盐-甲烷转换带(SMTZ)甲烷厌氧氧化(AOM)和细菌硫酸盐还原(BSR)的产物;气体源于有机质的厌氧分解和甲烷菌活动。砂脉中发现有疑似微生物化石,围岩含古菌和硫细菌生物标志物,表明有发生AOM和BSR作用的条件。串岭沟组砂脉中识别的自生碳酸盐沉淀及其AOM成因对进一步认识中元古代古海洋与古气候条件具有重要意义。由于海洋的低硫酸盐浓度,SMTZ带很浅,海底沉积层的甲烷仅少量被AOM消耗;而大量甲烷进入大气必然导致中元古代强烈的温室气候效应。     

莺歌海盆地乐东区碳酸盐胶结物成因及地质意义

为探讨乐东区碳酸盐胶结物的分布规律、成因机制及其对储层质量的影响,应用铸体薄片、碳氧同位素、包裹体对碳酸盐胶结物岩石学、地球化学等特征进行综合分析.研究结果表明,从斜坡带往凹陷中心,碳酸盐含量由18.0%降至5.0%;其δ13C值分布在-4.78‰~+1.03‰,δ18O值分布在-10.99‰~-6.34‰,Z值分布在111.27~123.59,古海水温度分布在11.36~32.02℃,古盐度分布在3.24%~6.91%;碳酸盐胶结物的形成主要与碳酸盐岩或高钙质砂岩母岩的溶解再沉淀有关,其受控于水介质温度、成岩温度与盐度,由斜坡带往凹陷中心,水介质温度降低、盐度增高,胶结变弱.低含量的早期（铁）方解石与高温热流体溶解高含量早期（铁）方解产生的低或高含量的晚期（铁）白云石区均可发育中渗“甜点”储层.      

饶阳凹陷沙河街组碎屑岩储层碳酸盐胶结物形成机制及其对储层质量的影响

通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜和阴极发光观察对饶阳凹陷沙河街组碎屑岩储层的22口探井864个薄片样品的碳酸盐胶结物进行期次划分,再据各期胶结物的共生矿物研究、碳氧同位素分析、流体包裹体测温等对其形成机制进行研究。研究结果表明研究区共发育3期碳酸盐胶结物:第一期以粒状方解石为主,其形成于岩石充分压实之前的早成岩阶段,伴生少量的黄铁矿胶结;第二期以粒状细晶级为主,多发育方解石、白云石,以斑块状以及嵌晶式连生方式赋存,与前期的胶结物之间常形成一层黏土薄膜;第三期以柱状或粒状细晶级形式存在,以方解石、白云石、铁方解石以及铁白云石成分为主,充填长石等易溶性颗粒溶孔及交代早期碳酸盐胶结物。据胶结物碳氧同位素分析恢复古盐度Z值及测算古地温判断早期胶结物来源于古盐度较高的淡水成因流体;再根据胶结物流体包裹体均一温度判断方解石胶结物形成于中成岩A期,为有机酸脱羧基生成大量CO_2,使化学平衡向着生成碳酸盐的方向移动,表示其"碳"来源为有机碳。对储层质量影响方面,早期碳酸盐胶结物增加了砂体的抗压实能力,对研究区储层质量的影响是正面的,而中后期碳酸盐胶结物充填长石及岩屑溶蚀作用形成的孔隙,对储层质量的影响是负面的。     

碎屑岩储层碳酸盐胶结物成因研究进展

在对国内外相关文献充分调研的基础上,对碎屑岩储层碳酸盐胶结物的基本特征、物质来源、成因机制进行系统梳理和论述,总结了不同机制下碳酸盐胶结物的分布规律,并强调了几个需要注意的问题。碳酸盐胶结物具有多类型、多期次和多种分布形式的特征,其物质来源可分为内源和外源2种类型。碳酸盐胶结物可以由砂泥岩协同成岩作用、蒸发作用、生物碎屑溶解再沉淀作用、沉积速率控制作用、热对流作用、深部热流体作用等机制形成。在陆相碎屑岩储层中,砂泥岩协同成岩作用是形成碳酸盐胶结的最重要机制;但在海陆过渡相—海相地层中,除了砂泥岩协同成岩作用外,生物碎屑溶解再沉淀作用、沉积速率控制作用也是重要的碳酸盐胶结物形成机制。不同成因机制下形成的碳酸盐胶结物的矿物类型及特征、控制因素和分布规律存在差异。碳酸盐胶结物成因分析应注意利用δ13C值判断物质来源的不确定性;应重视层序地层和沉积环境在海陆过渡相—海相地层中对碳酸盐胶结的作用;应注意相同的矿物类型(如"铁白云石")或相似的分布特征(如"顶钙")成因的多解性。     

辽河盆地西部凹陷沙河街组砂岩碳酸盐胶结物特征

碳酸盐胶结物中氧碳同位素组成研究是分析成岩过程中流体-岩石相互作用的重要技术方法.综合运用岩石学、矿物学和地球化学方法，对辽河盆地西部凹陷沙河街组砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的化学组成和碳酸盐胶结物及成岩流体同位素组成特征进行系统分析.研究表明，研究区碳酸盐岩主要为方解石和白云石，胶结物主要类型为嵌晶式胶结、孔隙式胶结、斑块状胶结和星点状胶结.碳、氧稳定同位素组成能有效地反映成岩-成矿流体及其他物质的来源，碳酸盐胶结物与现今浅层地下水氧同位素组成差异巨大而与变质水同位素组成具有相似性，反映了盆地演化过程中活动热流体对成岩作用的影响.包裹体的氢、氧同位素组成可表征成矿溶液的演化特征，砂岩碳酸盐胶结物包裹体更富集氢的轻同位素和氧的重同位素，表明发生了明显的“氧-18漂移”.碳酸盐胶结的成矿溶液表现出“受热雨水”的同位素组成特征，反映了深源活动热流体对成岩作用的影响.      

Calcium carbonate cementation of sandstones

Much effort has been expended in recent years on determining the factors influencing calcite cementation of sandstones, partly out of academic curiosity and partly because of the important influence these cements have on production from hydrocarbon reservoirs. Calcite cementation may occur pervasively throughout a sandstone sequence or be concentrated in certain horizons within which growth may be as concretions. We are only now beginning to understand the factors governing the growth and distribution of carbonate concretions in sandstones.     

Synsedimentary dolospar cementation: a possible Devonian example in the Camsell Formation, Northwest Territories, Canada1

A unique association of beds containing fenestral pore-filling medium crystalline dolomite with beds of dolospar and quartz sandstone occurs in the Lower Devonian Camsell Formation. Many of these sandstones consist almost entirely of dolospar sand. Sedimentological, petrographic, cathodoluminescent and chemical data indicate that the dolospar sands consist of grains that have been eroded and reworked during Camsell deposition from fenestral dolostone beds that directly underlie these sandstones. Erosional truncation of individual dolomite crystals and of intracrystalline cathodoluminescent zonations along the edges of sand grains indicates that either dolomitization, or dolomite cementation of the pore-filling carbonate cements within fenestrae of the fenestral fabrics, occurred before erosion and deposition of dolospar sand. The fine details of the cathodoluminescent zonations suggest that the pore-filling fenestral dolomite originated as primary cements that underwent some annealing recrystallization under the influence of high subsurface temperatures. This unique occurrence may document synsedimentary Devonian cementation by medium to coarsely crystalline dolomite.     

Diagenetic Evolution and Formation Mechanisms of High-Quality Reservoirs under Multiple Diagenetic Environmental Constraints: An Example from the Paleogene Beach-Bar Sandstone Reservoirs in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

The diagenetic environment, diagenetic responses, diagenetic transformation model and formation mechanisms of high-quality reservoirs (beach-bar sandstones of the Paleogene fourth member) in the Dongying depression were studied through the analysis of fluid inclusions, thin section and burial evolution history. The diagenetic fluids of the beach-bar sandstone reservoirs evolved from early high salinity and weak alkalinity to low salinity and strong acidity, late high salinity and strong alkalinity and late low salinity and acidity, which were accompanied by two stages of oil and gas filling. The fluids at the margins of the sandbodies were continuously highly saline and strongly alkaline. The western (eastern) reservoirs experienced early open (closed), middle open, and late closed diagenetic environments during their burial history. The flow pattern was characterized by upwelling during the majority of the diagenesis (in the east, a non-circulating pattern transitioned into an upwelling current). Due to the evolution of the diagenetic fluids, the diagenetic sequence of the beach-bar reservoirs was as follows: early weak carbonate cementation; feldspar and carbonate cement dissolution and authigenic quartz cementation; late carbonate and anhydrite cementation, authigenic feldspar cementation, and late quartz dissolution; and late carbonate cementation, feldspar dissolution, and authigenic quartz cementation. The diagenetic strength during these stages varied or was absent altogether in different parts of the reservoirs. Due to the closeness of the diagenetic environment and the flow pattern of the diagenetic fluids, the diagenetic products are variably distributed in the sandstones interbedded with mudstones and in the fault blocks. The evolution of multiple alternating alkaline and acidic diagenetic environments controlled the distribution patterns of the reservoir diagenesis and reservoir space, and the reservoir quality index, RQI, increased gradually from the margins to the centers of the sandstones. The closeness of the diagenetic environment and the flow patterns of the diagenetic fluids controlled the differences in the reservoir properties among the fault blocks. With increasing distance from the oil-source faults, the RQI values in the west gradually decreased and in the east initially increased and then decreased.     

川东北元坝地区须家河组储层特征与超致密成因探讨

元坝地区须家河组砂岩的致密化程度极高,以超低孔、超低渗储层为主,属于超致密砂岩。本文基于铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜和物性等资料,在对砂岩的岩石组分、孔隙类型及物性特征分析的基础上,通过与国内外典型致密砂岩对比,揭示研究区砂岩较其他砂岩致密化程度高的原因,分析超致密砂岩的勘探潜能。结果表明,研究区砂岩具有较高的塑性岩屑、碳酸盐岩岩屑和黏土杂基含量;填隙物以黏土杂基和钙质胶结物为主,较强的硅质胶结作用仅发育于石英砂岩中。孔隙多为黏土杂基晶间微孔,喉道呈窄缝状或不发育,孔喉分选差,偏细歪度。砂岩致密化程度高主要有两方面的原因:一是原始组构差,成分成熟度低,含有较高的塑性岩屑、碳酸盐岩岩屑和黏土杂基含量,导致砂岩在早成岩阶段既已经历了很强的压实作用和钙质胶结作用,致密化时间早,溶蚀作用不发育;二是成岩演化阶段高,砂岩经历了中成岩阶段的压溶及进一步的钙质/硅质胶结,使得砂岩超致密化。与国内外典型致密砂岩气藏对比表明,超致密砂岩有效孔隙少,对天然气的富集能力有限。元坝地区须家河组只有孔隙度近于8%(如长石岩屑砂岩)的砂岩才可成为有利的致密气储层。     

Ground-penetrating radar as a tool to detect rock heterogeneities (channels, cemented layers and fractures) in the Luxembourg Sandstone Formation (Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg)

A combined study of radar profiles and thin section analysis supported by modelling of synthetic radar traces reveals that ground-penetrating radar (GPR) reflections generated in diagenetically altered sandstones cannot always be interpreted unequivocally. This is illustrated in the Luxembourg Sandstone Formation, which has been altered diagenetically by selective carbonate cementation and fracturing. Cemented lenses and concretions developed along the bedding planes, especially at places with high primary carbonate content. Cementation resulted in the alternation of cemented carbonate-rich sandy layers (thickness 30–50 cm and variable length) and uncemented carbonate-poor sandstone layers. The ability of GPR to detect the geometry of these lenses and vertical fractures with centimetre apertures has been tested at several antenna frequencies (100, 200, 250 and 500 MHz). Relative dielectric permittivity calculations were carried out to assess variations of this electric property within the cemented and uncemented layers as a function of porosity, calcite and water content in the pores. Two-dimensional full waveform modelling was also carried out to study the effect of conductivity in the sandstones and the effect of interlayer clay seams. At the penetration depth of the radar (7 m with 250 MHz), cemented lenses and concretions could only be detected with GPR when the porosity contrast was sufficiently high, which is not always the case. This conclusion is supported by the modelling. The data also proved the ability of radar to detect large open vertical fractures along which sandstones are weathered. The study has implications for investigations which will use GPR to detect three-dimensional distribution of diagenetic pore filling precipitates as well as secondary porosity development along fractures.     

Relationship of diagenetic chlorite rims to depositional facies in Lower Cretaceous reservoir sandstones of the Scotian Basin

The relationship between diagenetic chlorite rims and depositional facies in deltaic strata of the Lower Cretaceous Missisauga Formation was investigated using a combination of electron microprobe, bulk geochemistry and X‐ray diffraction data. The succession studied comprises several stacked parasequences. The delta progradational facies association includes: (i) fluvial or distributary channel sandstones (some with tidal influence); (ii) thick‐bedded delta‐front graded beds of sandstone interpreted as resulting from fluvial hyperpycnal flow during floods and storms; and (iii) more distal muddier delta‐front and prodeltaic facies. The transgressive facies association includes lag conglomerate, siderite‐cemented muddy sandstone and mudstone, and bioclastic sandy limestone. Chlorite rims are absent in the fluvial facies and best developed in thick sandstones lacking mudstone baffles. Good quality chlorite rims are well correlated with Ti in bulk geochemistry. Ti is a proxy for Fe availability, principally from the breakdown of abundant detrital ilmenite (FeTiO₃). Under conditions of sea floor diagenesis, the abrupt decrease in sedimentation rate at transgressive surfaces caused progressive shallowing of the sulphate‐depletion level and of the overlying Eh‐controlled diagenetic zones, resulting in conditions suitable for diagenetic formation of berthierine to migrate upwards through the packet of reservoir sandstones. This early diagenetic berthierine suppressed silica cementation and later recrystallized to chlorite. Thick euhedral outer chlorite rims were precipitated from formation water in sandstone lacking muddy baffles on this chlorite substrate and inhibited late carbonate cementation. This study thus shows that the preservation of porosity by chlorite rims is a two‐stage process. Rapidly deposited delta‐front turbidite facies create early diagenetic conditions that eventually lead to the formation of chlorite rims, but the best quality chlorite rims are restricted to sandstones with high permeability during burial diagenesis.     

Injection clastic dykes in the Lower Oxford Clay (Jurassic) of central England: relationship to compaction and concretion formation

An injection dyke of fine-grained sandstone derived from the Kellaways Sand Formation intrudes overlying organic-rich shales and shell beds of the Lower Oxford Clay. The dyke shows cross-cutting relationships with early carbonate concretions, and fills uncompacted kosmoceratid ammonite shells both within the concretions and surrounding shales. Internally the dyke displays flow-like features, and the walls show lobate flow structures. Clasts of uncompacted Lower Oxford Clay and fragments of pyrite-rich concretions occur within the sandstone intrusions. The sandstone of the dyke was cemented by calcite identical to that precipitated in septarian cracks in the concretions. This cementation took place prior to final compaction of the Oxford Clay. The dyke has a sub-parallel relationship to the nearby Tinwell-Marholm fault suggesting that the dyke may be related to local tectonic events during the Middle Jurassic.