张家口坝下地区高氟地下水成因分析与健康风险评价

为了明晰张家口坝下地区高氟地下水的成因,探究其对当地居民饮用水安全的潜在影响,采集了391组潜水样品(井深≤100 m),通过水化学分析法、图解法、离子比例法、饱和指数计算法等对高氟地下水的分布与成因进行了分析,并利用美国EPA非致癌健康风险评价模型对四类受体人群进行健康风险评价.结果 表明,研究区高氟地下水(ρ(F)...     

浅析地下水资源污染修复技术及应用

结合当前国内外地下水修复研究现状,简要地介绍了地下水污染修复的四种典型技术（物理法、水动力控制法、抽出处理法和原位处理法）进行概要介绍,分别论述各种修复技术的修复机理、修复对象及其技术特点,以期能对我国地下水污染修复技术的开发研究有所帮助。     

自然电场法勘测地下水流向的极差校正

总结了在实际工作中运用自然电场法中"8"字形观测法测量地下水流向时,对常规误差进行修正的经验,讨论了初始极差的产生因素、影响程度和处理方法,对后期资料处理中的补偿方法进行了探讨.     

陕西大荔县地方性氟中毒与地质环境的关系及防治对策

为了研究陕西大荔县地方性氟中毒病与地质环境的关系,笔者对该地区进行了详细的氟中毒病人群统计,并采集了地下水、土壤、农作物和蔬菜样品进行氟含量的测定。发现土壤水溶氟占岩土全氟比率随pH值升高而增大;单位质量蔬菜如菠菜、油麦菜氟含量高于小麦、玉米等;地下水氟在水动力弱、矿化度高的地区相对富集,水氟含量主要来源于岩土中;地氟病严重区位于低洼地边缘及陡坡向缓坡转换的部位;氟中毒病高患病率与大气、农作物和蔬菜氟含量不具相关性,而与地下水氟含量表现出明显的相关性。根据以上特征,笔者建议在大荔县防治地方性氟中毒病,除种植低氟含量的农作物或经济作物外,应加强低氟含量的地下水的开采与饮用,并对开采的地下水进行物化降氟处理,以降低人群中地方性氟中毒的患病率。     

地下水有机污染及微生物修复技术应用

通过对国内外地下水有机污染现状和有机物污染地下水的途径及存在状态的分析,提出了适用于地下水有机污染治理的微生物修复技术———土著微生物法、生物活化法和生物添加法,并对微生物修复技术在地下水有机污染控制中应用的可能性及今后研究方向进行总结。     

江西兴国均村-高兴地区氟水文地球化学特征研究

氟广泛分布于地下水且与人体健康相关,世界上许多国家和地区均存在高氟水。本文以江西省均村-高兴地区为例,结合区域水文地质调查成果开展地下水中氟水文地球化学特征研究,探讨研究区地下水中F-的分布特征与来源。对研究区4个地下水系统中的442个地下水样品的F-、Ca²⁺、HCO_3^-浓度及pH值、TDS等进行分析,研究认为各地下水系统地下水中的F-浓度与Ca²⁺浓度、HCO_3^-浓度、pH值、TDS正相关,含氟矿物的溶解是地下水中氟的主要来源,较强烈的地下水交替条件及弱酸性的地下水特征是导致地下水中氟浓度低的重要原因。     

地浸采铀矿山地下水环境修复研究进展

地浸采铀技术已成为世界采铀的主流工艺,采区退役后地下水环境修复亦为人们所关注的热点。文章简要介绍了碱法、中性和酸法三种典型地浸采铀技术的特点,系统分析了地浸采铀对地下水环境的影响,并以酸法地浸铀矿山地下水环境修复技术为例,重点介绍了物理化学修复技术和生物修复技术及其原理与应用,归纳总结了其优缺点,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。指出下一步应加强在酸性与氧化环境中能使铀固定并长期稳定的新技术,高活性、强适应性修复菌群的选育、驯化技术,地下水异位-原位协同生物修复技术,以及放射性核素及重金属在铀矿地浸地下水环境中的吸附-解吸、氧化-还原、溶解-沉淀等行为与机理及其主控因素等方面的研究。     

大同盆地高氟地下水水化学特征及其成因

为查明控制大同盆地高氟地下水形成的主要地球化学过程,对大同盆地地下水高氟区31个水样进行了水化学特征及因子分析研究.结果表明,研究区浅层和深层地下水中均检测出氟,且氟含量高,最大ρ(F)达10.37 mg/L.该区高氟地下水以Na-HCO3型水为主,具有典型的富Na特征.PHREEQC饱和指数计算结果表明,地下水中萤石为不饱和状态,地下水中ρ(F)主要受到萤石溶解影响.因子分析研究表明,水一岩相互作用、碳酸盐矿物溶解沉淀及Na- Ca离子交换作用是控制大同盆地地下水氟富集的主要水化学过程.     

地下水中氟含量与温度、pH值、(Na++K+)/Ca2+的关系——以河南省永城矿区为例

氟是人体必须的元素之一,人体氟的主要摄入来源是饮用水.永城矿区是饮用水型地氟病发病区.地下水中氟的含量与水温、pH值以及地下水的水化学成分有关.从定性和定量方面讨论了矿区地下水中氟从固相转入液相的过程,详细讨论了水温、pH值以及地下水的水化学成分对该过程的影响.     

地下水中氟的赋存形态研究——以和田河流域绿洲区为例

查明地下水中氟元素赋存形态的种类、含量及空间分布特征可为地氟病成因分析和高氟地下水处理提供重要依据。以和田河流域绿洲区为例,运用PHERRQC软件建立组分平衡模型对地下水中氟元素的赋存形态进行模拟计算。结果表明,绿洲区地下水中氟元素赋存形态主要有6种,含量依次为F->MgF+>CaF+>NaF>HF>HF2-,其中F-是绿洲区地下水中氟元素的主要赋存形态,占氟含量的80.60%～97.49%。以和田河流域绿洲区为例,运用PHERRQC软件建立组分平衡模型对地下水中氟元素的赋存形态进行模拟计算,结果表明,氟仅在含量高的区域有所差异;随F含量变化,F-和MgF+含量呈此消彼长的关系,而CaF+和NaF含量变化规律一致。     

山东黄河冲积平原区地氟病与地球化学环境相关性研究

山东黄河冲积平原区是山东省地氟病的重病区,危害严重。选择其中的郓城、嘉祥、博兴3县进行土壤氟含量、饮水氟含量、儿童尿氟、儿童氟斑牙检出率、氟斑牙指数、成人尿氟、成人氟骨症检出率等指标进行调查,结果表明区内土壤、饮水氟含量和群体的尿氟含量普遍较高,高氟的危害和地方性氟中毒病情十分严重。在分析氟元素在土壤、饮水中的分布及变化规律的基础上,开展地方性氟中毒病与生态地球化学环境相关性研究,认为地方性氟中毒病与土壤中氟含量、饮水氟含量呈正相关关系。     

土壤对氟离子吸附与解吸的动态土柱法研究

用饱水动态土柱法对氟离子的吸附与解吸特征及其反应动力学特征进行了初步探讨。结果表明，氟离子的吸附与解吸特征可分别用Ｌａｎｇｍｉｕｒ模型和Ｆｒｅｎｄｌｉｃｈ模型来表征。而氟的吸附与解吸反应动力学均可用Ｅｌｏｖｉｃｈ方程来描述。吸附与解吸过程是一个由反应速率控制的不可逆过程。     

The origin of high bicarbonate and fluoride concentrations in waters of the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, East African Rift system

Thermal waters in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley are characterized by high Na, bicarbonate and fluoride concentrations, and near-neutral to alkaline pH. Sodium, bicarbonate and fluoride are positively correlated in the waters. The principal reason for the bicarbonate in the area is the high rate of carbon dioxide outgassing. This, combined with acid volcanics, geothermal heating, low Ca and low salinity, is also one of the causes of high fluoride in this part of the active volcanic zone of the East African Rift. Evaporative concentration is responsible for the high salinity, alkalinity and fluoride in the closed-basin lakes of the region. The waters are undersaturated with respect to fluoride and anhydrite. Calcium tends to be fixed in Ca bearing minerals such as calcite and epidote, which are abundant in the system. Hence, it appears that fluoride is a mobile component in acid volcanic geothermal systems.     

Isotope hydrochemical approach to understand fluoride release into groundwaters of Ilkal area,Bagalkot District,Karnataka, India

Isotope and hydrochemical investigations have been carried out in the Ilkal area of Karnataka, India, in order to determine the source and mechanism of fluoride release into groundwaters and to understand groundwater hydrochemistry. Agriculture, granite quarrying and rock-polishing industries are the main occupations in this area. Closepet granite, Peninsular gneiss and Dharwar schists are the major geological formations. Results show that the fluoride concentration in groundwater is 0.3–6.5 mg/L and it is found to increase from recharge area to discharge area. Fluoride variability is found to be influenced by the geology of the area and depth wise correlation was not observed. Water samples are unsaturated with respect to fluorite, indicating the possibility of further increase in fluoride in groundwater. Positive correlations between fluoride with sodium and bicarbonate in groundwater show that high fluoride content and alkaline sodic characteristics are the result of dissolution of fluoride bearing minerals, possibly derived from weathered granite and gneiss. A positive correlation between fluoride and δ¹⁸O, and the presence of high tritium in fluoride-contaminated groundwater, point to contribution from surface waters, contaminated by anthropogenic activities. Dumping of rock wastes that are rich in fluoride into the streams by the rock-polishing industries plays a significant role in contaminating groundwater.     

新型饮用水除氟吸附剂研究进展

吸附法是目前饮用水除氟应用最广泛的方法,而吸附剂的特性是决定除氟成本和效果的重要因素。将工农业废弃物、天然矿物及生物制剂作为除氟吸附剂,可简化吸附剂加工环节,减少环境污染,降低除氟成本。基于对国内外新型除氟吸附剂研究现状的介绍,提出新型饮用水除氟吸附剂的后续研究应侧重预处理和使用后的处置方法,以及工业化应用理论基础研究,以寻求经济、高效的治理工艺,早日大规模应用于饮用水水处理中。     

连云港北部地区高氟地下水分布特征及成因

为研究连云港北部地区地下水氟水文地球化学特征,采集测试了63件地下水样品,分析了高氟地下水的空间分布特征及其形成的水文地球化学过程。结果表明,地下水中氟的质量浓度呈现出随着地下水流动而逐渐升高的变化规律,高氟地下水分布于海湾低平原及平原洼地。HCO_3~-质量浓度高的弱碱性水化学环境是促进氟富集、并增强其从沉积物向地下水中转化的主要因素。高氟地下水的形成是长期地质作用和地球化学演化的结果,矿物溶解-沉淀作用、蒸发浓缩作用、阳离子交替吸附作用是控制地下水中氟富集的主要水文地球化学过程。     

Regional appraisal of the fluoride occurrence in groundwaters of Andhra Pradesh

Fluoride (F^?) is essential for normal bone growth, but higher concentration in the drinking water causes health problems which are reported in many states of India. Andhra Pradesh is one of the states which suffer from excess fluoride in groundwater particularly in the hard rock terrain. In this context, a study was conducted in Andhra Pradesh based on chemical analysis of water samples from hydrograph net work stations (dug wells) and exploratory bore wells. The concentration of fluoride in groundwaters ranges from traces to 9.75 mg/l. The occurrence of fluoride is mostly sporadic, uneven and varies with depth. The highly affected districts include Nalgonda and Warangal in Telangana region, Prakasam in coastal region, Anantapur and Kurnool in Rayalaseema region. In certain areas of Nalgonda district, 85% of wells have fluoride more than permissible limit (> 1.5 mg/l) for drinking water. High F^? is present in all the geological formations, predominantly in granitic aquifers, compared to the other formations. The average value of fluoride is high in the deeper zone (1.10 mg/L), compared to the shallow zone (0.69 mg/L). The fluoride-rich minerals present are the main sources for fluoride concentrations in groundwater. Residence time, evapotranspiration and weathering processes are some of the other supplementary factors for high fluoride concentrations in groundwater. Long-term data of hydrograph net work stations (dug wells) reveal that fluoride concentrations do not show any marked change of trend with respect to time. The concentration of fluoride is found to increase with increase of Na⁺and HCO ₃ ^? , and decrease with increase of Ca²⁺. Sodium bicarbonate waters are more effective in releasing fluoride from minerals into groundwater. High fluoride waters are of Na⁺ type. The paper presents a brief account of the study and its results.     

Fluoride concentrations in a crystalline bedrock aquifer Marathon County, Wisconsin

Water samples from 2,789 private water-supply wells in Marathon County, Wisconsin reveal that fluoride concentrations in the crystalline bedrock range from <0.01 to 7.60 mg/L, with 0.6% of the values exceeding the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) maximum contaminant level of 4 mg/L, and 8.6% exceeding the EPA’s secondary maximum contaminant level of 2.0 mg/L. Roughly a quarter of the wells contain dissolve fluoride within the range considered optimal for human health (between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/L), whereas 63.3% fall below 0.5 mg/L. Consistent with studies conducted in other regions, felsic rocks have significantly higher fluoride concentrations than mafic and metasedimentary rocks. Syenites yield the most fluoriferous groundwaters, but the highest median concentration occurs in a sodium-plagioclase granite. A relationship between plagioclase composition and fluoride concentrations suggests that dissolved fluoride levels are controlled by fluorite solubility and that higher fluoride concentrations are found in soft, sodium-rich groundwater.     

Geochemical Modelling of Fluoride Concentration in Hard Rock Terrain of Madhya Pradesh, India

The aim of the present study is to locate and decipher the groundwater quality,types,and hydrogeochemical reactions,which are responsible for elevated concentration of fluoride in the Chhindwara district in Madhya Pradesh,India.Groundwater samples,quality data and other ancillary information were collected for 26 villages in the Chhindwara District,M.P.India during May 2006.The saturation index was computed for the selected samples in the region,which suggest that generally most of the minerals are saturated with respect to water.The concentration of fluoride in the region varies from 0.6 to 4.74 mg/l,which is much higher as per the national and international water quality standards.The study also reveals that the fluoride bearing rock formations are the main source of the higher concentration of fluoride in groundwater along with the conjuncture of land use change.Moreover,the area is a hard rock terrain and consists of fractured granites and amygdaloidal and highly jointed compact basalt acting as good aquifer,which is probably enriching the high content of fluoride in groundwater.High concentration of fluoride is found in deeper level of groundwater and it is possible due to rock-water interaction,which requires further detailed investigation.The highly alkaline conditions indicate fluorite dissolution,which works as a major process for higher concentration of fluoride in the study area.The results of this study will ultimately help in the identification of risk areas and taking measures to mitigate negative impacts related to fluoride pollution and toxicity.