福建南部沿岸水域尖头斜齿鲨的食性

对福建南部沿岩水域尖头斜齿鲨食性的分析表明：尖头斜齿鲨以硬骨鱼类，头路类，长尾类和口足类为主要食料，其营养级为３．４５，年平均饱满指数为９．４５‰，摄食率为７６％，其雌鱼在分娩期间仍有摄食，但强度降低，雌、雄个体食物组成无明显差异，幼鱼摄食强度大于成鱼。     

尖头斜齿鲨胚胎发育中的数理分析

尖头斜齿鲨为有胎盘胎生种类,其胚胎长度随妊娠时间的推移呈幂函数增长趋势;在胚胎发育过程中,胚胎大小与所占比例之间没有明显的对应关系,即胚胎在发育过程中示有流失现象。另外,越接近分娩,胚胎间对营养的吸收、利用及胚胎间的生长判别赵大。尖头斜齿鲨幼鱼一出生就有较强的独立生活能力。     

闽南近海尖头斜齿鲨的生殖生物学研究

尖头斜齿鲨(Scoliodon laticaudus)是暖水性小型鲨鱼,为有胎盘胎生种类.在闽南近海,其雄鱼的性成熟长度为382～448mm,雌鱼的性成熟长度为405～467mm,1994年5月至1995年4月的周年随机采样中,雌鱼在群体中所占比例为53.0%.雌鱼的妊娠开始于1～4月,同年的6～8月分娩,妊娠期为5～6个月.尖头斜齿鲨雌鱼每个子宫一次妊娠怀胚胎1～12尾,其中3～6尾者占67.8%.雌鱼一次妊娠产仔鱼2～24尾,平均9.1尾,其中6～13尾占70%;57%的母体左右子宫内胚胎数相同.胚胎数量随母体全长的增大而呈线性增加.雌性尖头斜齿鲨生殖周期约为2年,一生生殖2～3次,生殖能力较低.尖头斜齿鲨胚胎在分娩时全长138～142mm,与雌鱼性成熟长度的比为0.30～0.35,胚胎的雌雄比为1.17:1.同一子宫内及左右两子宫中的胚胎发育情况均基本相同.另外还讨论了鲨鱼资源的保护和管理问题.     

闽南近海尖头斜齿鲨的精巢结构及精子发育

尖头斜齿鲨是闽南近海的常见板鳃类。本文研究了其精巢的结构及精子的发育。尖头斜齿鲨的精巢属于放射型,其基本单位是圆形或圆形的壶腹,生精区位于精巢的一侧,生精壶腹由此区向精巢对壁发育,每一壶腹中的细胞处于同一发育时期。在精巢靠近成熟壶腹一侧有精子输出管。精子的发生可分为３个时期精原细胞增殖期、精母细胞期、精子形成期。尖头斜齿鲨的精子细长、呈流线形,头部钝圆,其形成期约为７个月。粗巢的结构随体长和季节的     

闽南近海尖头斜齿鲨的胎盘结构

尖头斜齿鲨的采集始自１９９３年,前后共历时３ａ多,捕捞地点是厦门至东山近岸水域。作者利用光镜和电镜观察了其胎盘的形态和组织结构。其发育完整的胎盘包括母体胎盘和子体胎盘,与胚胎一一对应。母体胎盘分为４部分（由母体端至子体端）：滋养毛基、滋养毛球茎、滋养毛柱、滋养毛柱、滋养毛杯。滋养毛的中心部分是致密结缔组织,中间有血管,外围是大面积的腺体组织,腺体组织的边缘凹凸曲折,形成充满皱褶的外表面。子体胎盘包     

闽南近海尖头斜齿鲨肝油脂肪酸组成的季节变化

闽南近海尖头斜齿鲨Scoliodon sorrakowah肝油的脂肪酸组成中，主要的饱和脂肪酸包括C14：0，C16：0，C18：0；单不饱和脂肪酸包括C16：1，C18：1ω7，C20：1；多不饱和脂肪酸包括C20：4ω6，C20：5ω3，C22：5ω3和C22：6ω3。尖头斜齿鲨肝油总饱和脂肪酸和总单不饱和脂肪酸含量在6月份降至最低值，8-9月升至最高值，总饱和脂肪酸的季节变化规律主要由C16：0决定，总单不饱和脂肪酸的变化主要由C16：1和C18：1ω9决定，总多不饱和脂肪酸含量在6月份达到最高值，8-9用降到最低值，11月份又上升至一定水平，这种变化主要由C22：6ω3决定。     

闽南近海关头斜齿鲨的精巢结构及精子发育

关头斜齿鲨是闽南近海的常见板鳃类。本文研究了其精巢的结构及 精子的发育。尖头斜齿鲨的精巢属于放射型,其基本单位是圆形或椭圆形的壶腹,生 精区位于精巢的一侧,生精壶腹由此区向精巢对壁发育,每一壶腹中的细胞处于同一 发育时期。在精巢靠近成熟壶腹一侧有精子输出管。精子的发生可分为３个时期。精 原细胞增殖期、精母细胞期、精子形成期。尖头斜齿鲨的精子细长,呈流线形,头部钝 圆,其形成期约为７个月。精巢的结构随体长和季节的更动而变化。根据采得的标本 做组织切片,发现若发育过程中精巢发生断裂、分成两段,断裂处可各自愈合,并不影 响其正常结构。     

斜带髭鲷养殖群体遗传多样性RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术对广东饶平海水网箱养殖的斜带髭鲷（Hapalogenys nitens Richardson）人工苗养殖群体DNA多样性进行检测。首先从40个引物（S461～S480,S501～S520）中快速筛选出32个引物,它们均能扩增出清晰稳定的DNA片段。再将该32个引物对46尾斜带髭鲷进行RAPD分析,共检测到177个位点,其中多态位点55个（分别由18个引物获得）,占31．07％。由此得出该群体的平均多态性为31．07％,平均遗传差异度为0．089,表明该养殖群体遗传多样性水平较高。     

淇河鲫的RAPD标记及遗传多样性

利用40条随机引物对淇河鲫种群进行了RAPD扫描，并与彭泽鲫、普通野鲫鱼进行了比较；共有31条引物有扩增产物，扩增的DNA片段长度在250～1000bp之间；引物S42、S50和S184对三种群的扩增产物有显著差异，可作为其分子遗传标记。用10条引物对10尾淇河鲫鱼的遗传多样性进行了分析，其平均遗传相似率为0．782。     

长江中华鲟遗传多样性变化

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对2000年共30尾长江中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鲟遗传多样性进行了分析。共用40个10bp长的随机引物,在25个可分析的引物中,只有OPK01,OPK02,OPK03,OPK09和OPK14RAPD-PCR产物有多态现象,多态引物占20%。25个引物共扩增出101条稳定的DNA带。其中12条为多态带,多态座位比例为9.9%。香农遗传多样性指数(H0)为2.6332,遗传多样性指数(H)为0.0261,遗传相似性指数平均为0.9824,遗传距离平均为0.0176。其遗传多样性明显低于葛洲坝截流以前。     

我国东南沿海坛紫菜遗传多样性研究

利用线粒体COX和叶绿体rbcL基因片段对我国东南沿海坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis Chang et Zheng)9个野生群体和2个养殖群体(共125个个体)进行遗传多样性分析。比对分析后得到408 bp的COX基因片断和488 bp的rbcL基因片断。联合分析的基因片断长度为896 bp,其中T、C、A、G的含量分别为34.9%、14.6%、34.2%和16.3%。检测到变异位点128个,其中单碱基变异位点19个,简约信息位点109个。群体的平均核苷酸多样性为0.035 9±0.028 4,单倍型多样性为0.817 0±0.024 0。125个个体共定义了31个单倍型,其中Hap1、Hap10和Hap16是核心单倍型,分别占全部样本的32.8%、12.8%和24.8%。群体遗传距离和地理距离相关性检测显示二者呈线性相关(R²=0.002 2,p=0.735 4),即遗传距离随地理距离的增大而增大,但未形成地理隔离。根据单倍型构建的ML树显示,坛紫菜群体之间没有明显的地理谱系结构,表明各个群体之间存在基因交流。     

Socio-economic features of sea cucumber fisheries in southern coast of Kenya

A socio-economic assessment was conducted at Vanga, Shimoni, Majoreni and Gazi villages in the Kenyan south coast with focus on the sea cucumber fishing patterns, the social and economic characteristics of the fisher communities, the contribution of sea cucumbers to the local livelihoods, and analysis of the management systems. The results indicate that sea cucumber fishers are mainly men. Fishing is done in sub-tidal areas (3–10 m deep) and inter-tidal areas depending on the species being targeted. Those who fish in the sub-tidal areas do skin diving without using SCUBA diving gear. Sea cucumber fishing is heavily done during the northeast monsoon season when the sea is calm and water is clear. About 32% of the sea cucumber fishers also collect other marine products such as octopus. The sea cucumbers are sold fresh from the sea to local first level middlemen who process and sell them to the second level middlemen and exporters in Mombasa. The fishers occasionally borrow money from first level middlemen especially when they fail to catch sea cucumbers but this in turn creates conditions of dependence and possible exploitation. Almost all sea cucumber fishers have stated that they are not willing to make sea cucumbers part of their daily diet. The economic value of the product was substantial; the average monthly revenue for dry sea cucumbers in the area was estimated to US$ 8000. The relative highest profits are derived from juvenile species, thus there is an economic incentive hindering local stocks to reach sexual maturity, which in turn may create a situation in which recruitment success is highly dependent on faraway populations. The present management system falls into general fisheries regulations and was found weak. No specific management plan for sea cucumbers was found.     

Genetic diversity and population connectivity of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla along the South African coast

The collector sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla has been identified as a species with potential for aquaculture production in South Africa. The species’ roe is considered a culinary delicacy in Asia and Europe. However, T. gratilla remains genetically uncharacterised in South Africa. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide baseline genetic information consisting of estimates of genetic diversity and population stratification, which may aid in future sustainable use of this urchin resource. A total of 22 species-specific microsatellite markers were used for the genetic characterisation of T. gratilla samples from along the South African coast, at Haga Haga, Coffee Bay, Hibberdene, Ballito Bay and Sodwana Bay. A moderate level of genetic diversity was observed, with an average number of alleles of 7.89 and an average effective number of alleles of 6.57, as well as an average observed heterozygosity of 0.55. Population differentiation tests suggest that the geographically representative samples form part of a single, large interbreeding population, with a global F_st estimate of 0.02 (p > 0.05). This finding is likely explained by high levels of gene flow between these locations caused by extensive larval dispersal during the planktonic larval stage. The panmixia observed within these natural populations of T. gratilla indicate that they could be managed as a single genetic stock.     

Monthly mean sea level variability along the west coast of southern Africa

Principal components analysis was used to examine monthly data on sea level obtained from tide-gauge records from the west coast of southern Africa over the period 1957—1975. After a simple correction had removed the effect of local atmospheric pressure, this statistical analysis revealed the structure of nearshore ocean variability over time periods of months to years. The first principal component, accounting for over 55 per cent of the variability in monthly mean sea level, was a near uniform rise and fall everywhere along the west coast of southern Africa. The spectrum of this large-scale structure showed a strong interannual trend, which correlated well with long-term trends of temperature anomaly over the entire South-East Atlantic, and a high-frequency term, which could not be resolved at a time period of one month. The second principal component showed the contrasting response of the northern and southern sites on a seasonal scale, and it could be correlated with seasonal wind data. These results compared well with similar analysis carried out in the North Pacific Ocean.     

Genetic and morphological divergence in the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) across the African Mediterranean coast

The present investigation focuses on population structure analysis of the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus across the African Mediterranean coast, with the main aim of assessing the influence of the Siculo-Tunisian Strait on gene flow disruption in this highly dispersive echinoid species. For this purpose, patterns of morphological and genetic variation were assessed among its populations from the western and eastern Mediterranean coasts. A total of 302 specimens from seven Tunisian sites were collected and examined for morphometric variability at twelve morphometric traits. Concordant results, inferred from CDA (canonical discriminant analyses), pairwise NPMANOVA (non parametric multivariate analysis of variance) comparisons and MDS (multidimensional scaling) plot, unveiled significant inter-population differences in the measured traits among the studied populations. Furthermore, the combined use of the one way ANOSIM (analysis of similarities) and the Discriminant/Hotelling analysis allowed unravelling two morphologically differentiated groups assigned to both western and eastern Mediterranean basins. The SIMPER (similarity percentages) routine analysis showed that total dry weight, test diameter and spine length were major contributors to the morphometric separation between locations and between groups. Pattern of phenotypic divergence discerned in P. lividus across the Siculo-Tunisian Strait is interestingly in congruence with that inferred from the genetic investigation of the purple sea urchin populations from the same region based on the analysis of the mtDNA COI (cytochrome oxidase I) gene in 314 specimens from nineteen locations covering a wider geographic transect, streching westward to the Algerian coast and eastward to the Libyan littoral. The specific haplotypic composition characterizing each Mediterranean basin, as inferred from the minimum spanning network, confirmed the geographic partioning of genetic variation, as revealed by F-statistics and AMOVA (analysis of molecular variance) analyses, yielding significant genetic differentiation between eastern and western Mediterranean populations. The newly detected phylogeographic patterns, observed for the first time in P. lividus throughout the explored distribution range, suggest the involvement of different biotic and abiotic processes in shaping such variation, and provide evidence that a large and geographically exhaustive dataset is necessary to unveil phylogeographic structure within widespread marine species, previously cathegorized as panmictic in part of their distribution range.     

Managing shark fishermen in southern Australia: A critique

This paper analyses effects of a shift from input to output controls in Australia's Southern Shark Fishery. We show that the use of two management tools—individual transferable quotas and a “partnership approach”—was flawed and argue that primary contributing causes were the unjustified expectation that quota management would serve as a ‘technical fix’ to a variety of presumed problems, the discounting of social effects and the extreme lack of stability in the organizational structure within which this fishery was situated.