水产品合法性标签制度的法律属性及其立法完善

为促进我国渔业资源和水产品贸易的可持续发展,文章结合国际和国内的相关实践情况,分析我国水产品合法性标签制度的立法现状和存在的不足,尝试解答其中的关键问题即水产品合法性标签制度的法律属性,并就相关立法的完善提出建议。研究结果表明:水产品合法性标签制度是国际社会破解非法、不报告和不管制捕捞难题的重要制度,我国已开展相关实践并推动立法进程;目前我国水产品合法性标签制度的立法现状主要包括发布相关规范性文件和修订渔业法律,但该项制度在法律依据等方面仍存在不足;水产品合法性标签在法律上应被认定为强制标志,该项制度应属于强制性行政确认,且可适用于水产品国内贸易;在我国渔业法律的修订过程中,应通过健全实施程序和明确法律后果,进一步完善水产品合法性标签制度。     

IHO《S-121海洋界限和边界产品规范》研究

S-121标准是基于IHO S-100标准建立的关于海洋界限和边界的产品规范,发布官方S-121产品是维护国家海洋权益的有效手段。为促进我国官方S-121产品的生产,从数据结构、几何模型、应用模式、要素目录、编码等方面分析了S-121的数据模型,介绍了S-121产品国际生产试验的主要内容和数据处理流程,论证了在我国开展官方S-121产品生产的必要性和可行性。通过分析S-121标准的局限性和国内能力建设情况,总结出了在我国开展S-121产品生产会遇到的主要问题,并提出了相关建议。该研究成果可为我国开展官方S-121产品生产提供重要参考。     

The seafood market in Portugal: Driving forces and consequences

Portugal has the third highest seafood consumption per capita in the world and current patterns of seafood consumption are linked to how seafood products were embodied in the Portuguese society. The objective of this research is to understand Portuguese seafood consumption's main drivers and its consequences. For that official statistics were analyzed and a literature review on seafood consumption was undertaken. Portuguese seafood consumption is characterized by a wide diversity of species and preparing modes, when compared to other countries in Europe. Cod (salted and dried), does not exist in Portuguese waters but due to several factors, such as politics, religion and tradition, became the main species in Portuguese seafood consumption, representing around 38% of the national seafood demand. Five drivers are suggested to explain why Portuguese eat so much seafood: geography, marine resources, fisheries, social forces and politics; and consequences for the environment, economy and health are discussed. Hence while most dietary recommendations advise an increase in fish consumption is not applicable to Portugal and a more sustainable seafood consumption for the future is advocated.     

The tuna offshore unit: concept and operation

A radical new concept for delivering Bluefin Tuna to the marketplace is proposed offering offshore technologies to the world's fish industry. The Tuna Offshore Unit is a 190-m length and 56-m breadth vessel that resembles a semisubmersible with a catamaran hull and internal arrangement of fish-pools that can be enlarged in operation by deploying a rigid net for fish cultivation. Using the vessel, juvenile bluefin tuna are purchased at selling centers (e.g., hatcheries), fattened to a total bio-mass of 1200 tons over a period of nine months in warm-water climates and delivered to live fish markets during periods of high demand. This paper describes the main features, working principles, and design challenges of the Tuna Offshore Unit.     

Restructuring the Chinese seafood industry,global challenges and policy implications

This article discusses how the Chinese seafood industry will affect the rest of the world's fishing industries. The analysis is based on theories of economic comparative advantage, the international division of labour and the internationalization process related to trade activities. Given the increasing domestic demand for fish in China, the limited availability of domestic fish stocks and less success for farmed marine fish in China are considered some of the most important factors in restricting the growth in Chinese seafood production. The necessity of raw fish imports into China may increase pressure on global fish stocks and international fish prices, resulting in tighter supplies worldwide and higher seafood prices for the Chinese. Sustainable fish harvests and trade require stronger fishery management, in particular in the relations between seafood companies and governments along the entire international value chain supplying China. Such structural changes may allow new value-added possibilities for fish farming and the upgrading of certain fish species for human consumption that were previously utilized purely for fish feed.     

Trade secrets: Renaming and mislabeling of seafood

As the global trade and market for seafood has grown, so have the twin problems of renaming and mislabeling. Resource scarcity, the potential for greater profits, and weak legislation have all encouraged incorrect labeling, the results of which include consumer losses, the subversion of eco-marketing, further degradation of fisheries resources, and even adverse effects on human health. This paper examines the extent and consequences of renaming and mislabeling seafood, the state of current legislation, and the importance of future policies, with particular attention to the US, where 80% of the seafood is imported and more than one-third of all fish are mislabeled. Policy recommendations include governments’ support for a global mandate to label species, country of origin, and catching or production method on all seafood with high penalties for infractions. Chain of custody standards, such as those recently implemented by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), should also be considered for adoption worldwide. To garner support for this legislation, consumers must become better acquainted and concerned with their seafood and its origins.     

Review of shark legislation in Canada as a conservation tool

Sharks are threatened from overfishing due to their life cycle biology, and unsustainably high catch rates to supply fins for shark fin soup. Canada, a leader in shark conservation uses numerous legislative tools to help conserve sharks. These tools include international treaty obligations under the Northeastern Atlantic Fisheries Organization [NAFO] and the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna [ICCAT], as well as national and provincial legislation including the Fisheries Act, Pacific and Atlantic Fisheries Regulations, and Coastal Fisheries Protection Act. Through the use of these legislative tools Canada has successfully banned shark finning in its waters, and implemented closed seasons, gear restrictions, and species restrictions to help manage shark populations. However, Canada still allows the sale of shark fin products locally, and allows the exportation of shark fins internationally. In order for Canada to maintain its leadership status Canada must increase legislative protection of sharks by following international best practices, and ban the sale and exportation of shark fin products. This would ensure that Canada does not play a role in global supply or demand of shark fins. Doing so would strengthen Canada's position as a leader in shark conservation, and improve the legislation currently used as a conservation tool.     

Rethinking use and trade of pelagic sharks from Brazil

Brazil currently ranks as the 11th producer and 1st importer of shark meat around the world. Data available from the FAO software FishStatJ along with data from regional sources, such as governmental bulletins, scientific papers, gray literature and internet were revisited to identify the main issues surrounding pelagic shark fisheries, trade and consumption in the largest country in South America. Among the main findings, it was noted that Brazil has not properly collected fishery statistics since 2007, that many species of threatened sharks are freely landed and traded even though it is prohibited by local legislation and/or international recommendations (regional fisheries management organizations). The blue shark (Prionace glauca) is the most frequently recorded shark in the official bulletins and is currently a locally targeted species. Additionally, the significant imports of this species from 23 other countries that also provide fins for Asia has drawn attention in recent decades. Regarding consumption, shark is considered to be low-value seafood compared to more common fish, such as groupers and snappers, and most Brazilians actually do not know that they are eating sharks. At present, the proportion of threatened elasmobranchs (in which sharks are included) in Brazil (33%, of 145 species) exceeds the global rate identified for the group (25%), and, until the present moment, no measure related to the management of species has been implemented. As advice, Brazil urgently needs to restructure its fishery information collection systems, management strategies and to tighten sanitary and labeling regulations for the marketing of fish.     

全球海草的中文命名

海草（seagrass）是地球上唯一一类可以完全生活在海水中的高等被子植物。全球已知海草的种类有70余种,隶属6科13属;中国现有海草22种,隶属4科10属。2014年11月"第十一次国际海草生物学研讨会"（The 11th International Seagrass Biology Workshop）在三亚召开时,国内海草研究专家共同探讨了中国海草的"藻"名更改,并进行了统一命名。然而,国内中文文章在引用非中国海草种类时,同一种海草的中文名称不一致,或者同一属不同的物种以一样的中文名出现,或者用属中文名后接拉丁文方式表达。同时,国外海草的中文名也多以"藻"来命名,容易引起混淆。因此,有必要在中国海草"藻"名更改的基础上,进一步规范全球其他海草的中文命名,以利于国内海草研究。     

中国近海裸甲藻中文名的研究

通过研究在中国近海海域鉴定出25种裸甲藻,但发现其中许多种的中文名在国内文献中不统一,不规范,有些甚至曲解了有效拉丁名的原意。该研究对中文名使用不规范、争议较多或者在国内尚未报道过的共13种裸甲藻的发现历史,拉丁属名与种名的确立以及修定过程做出描述,结合有效拉丁名的中文释义和物种的形态特征,按照具体的中文名修订与命名原则,给出一个科学的、能准确表明其分类地位的中文种名。另外12种裸甲藻的中文名在国内的使用相对准确且较统一,最后将25种中国近海裸甲藻的有效拉丁名以及中文名进行了汇总。     

海底地理实体命名关键技术研究

结合我国向SCUFN提交海底地名提案的制定工作,研究了海底地理实体命名工作中涉及的技术标准、数据处理、地理实体识别与分类、海底地名专题图编制,以及管理信息系统建设等关键技术,为我国海底地名工作提供技术参考。     

气候变化对鲑鱼丰富度和繁殖影响的研究进展

鲑鱼是人类重要的食品来源之一,具有巨大的经济价值。同时,鲑鱼资源通过输送营养物质对维持溪流和陆地生态系统的结构、功能和过程等有重要作用。而鲑鱼是对温度极为敏感的冷水性鱼类,对气候变化的反应尤为明显。作者通过文献综述法梳理相关研究,从气候变化引起的温度变化、淡水和海洋环境的变化以及鱼病传播4个方面探讨对鲑鱼丰富度和繁殖的影响,并提出研究展望。研究显示:温度变化对鲑鱼的产卵和迁徙有较大影响;溪流和河流流量的改变会影响鲑鱼的迁徙和幼年鲑鱼的存活数量;温度和二氧化碳浓度的变化使海洋食物供应减少,鲑鱼丰富度降低;水温的升高使病原体增加,鲑鱼死亡率增加。本研究成果可为鲑鱼种群应对气候变化的研究及管理提供一定的理论支持。     

Naming undersea features of the Sea of Japan: History and modern problems

This communication is dedicated to the investigation history and naming of the undersea morphostructures of the Sea of Japan for the last 50 years. Many of them were first described and studied during long-term geological-geophysical investigations in this basin carried out by Russian scientists. The analysis of 60 names of its undersea feature names revealed that only approximately half of them are cited in the GEBCO Gazetteer some of the undersea morphostructures are known under two or more names, the origin of their names is unknown, or their names were chosen voluntarily. For maintaining the priority of Russian investigations, the nomenclature and names of the undersea features should be adjusted in accordance with the national and international principles and regulations.     

中国碱蓬属Suaeda植物研究中的分类学错误

以纠正碱蓬属Suaeda盐生植物研究中广泛存在的分类错误为目的,针对碱蓬属研究中因缺乏正确的种属鉴定与使用错误种名等导致无法确定研究对象是何植物,使研究结果丧失确定性和科学价值的问题,通过对相关错误文献的梳理,对包括《中国高等植物图鉴》在内的有关碱蓬属植物研究文献进行了初步分析,指出了有关碱蓬属植物研究中的同物异名、同名异物以及中文名与拉丁名错乱等问题并予以纠正。对提高碱蓬属植物研究的科学性与可靠性具有重要参考价值。     

Indonesia tuna fisheries development and future strategy

Tuna has made a significant contribution to Indonesian and world fisheries. Indonesian tuna fisheries were introduced from Japan, Taiwan and Korea. Longline fishing was introduced in 1962, and purse seine gear was first used in 1974. Many foreign vessels have reflagged to the Indonesian flag. The Indonesian government developed its own tuna fisheries and closed the chartering program in 2006. Through these efforts, Indonesia became the number one tuna production country in 2004 and has further targeted an increase in marine capture fisheries catch of 0.5%/year from 2010 to 2014. Tuna resources remain under pressure globally. The tuna regional fisheries management organizations attempt to manage tuna fisheries by strengthening conservation of stocks. To enhance international cooperation, Indonesia ratified the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1985 and the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in 2005 and became a member of Indian Ocean Tuna Commission and Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna and a cooperating non-member of Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission in the 2000s. Consequently, Indonesia adopted domestic regulations to comply with management measures. For future sustainable development, Indonesia needs to build its capacity, improve its compliance with the tuna RFMOs’ conservation and management measures, strengthen data collection, develop its products to increase their quality and diversification, and enhance its international cooperation.     

Towards a standard nomenclature for seafood species to promote more sustainable seafood trade in South Africa

Seafood fraud is widespread and undermines attempts to achieve more sustainable fisheries and seafood trade. Deliberate mislabelling of fish was first detected in South Africa in 2009, exposing the lack of coherent or explicit naming and labelling regulations. It was followed by considerable media coverage and public outrage. This catalysed a series of events that led to the creation of a new space of engagement where scientists, academics, and industry could begin to jointly solve the issue of seafood mislabelling. This paper first evaluates and identifies the shortcomings of the existing policy and regulatory framework applicable to seafood naming and labelling in South Africa. Next, it examines approaches of some other countries to deal with seafood (mis)naming, and puts forward a set of suggestions that could be used to improve the status quo in South Africa, or any other country in a similar position. Finally, it reports on subsequent developments over the past five years following the seafood scandal, including the formation of a working group with representation from across the seafood supply chain, regulatory bodies, and experts: resulting in a submission of a proposal for a new national standard for seafood market names in South Africa. These findings show how diverse actors can work in a cooperative and practical manner, to solve a common problem. Finally, it highlights the importance of the “bridging” role that non-governmental organisations can play in achieving this.     

The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union and fisheries economics

The revision of the Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union in 2003 was communicated in a ‘Roadmap’, including the opinion of the EU Commission on how to reform the fisheries policy. This paper reviews the Roadmap and confronts the opinion and initiatives proposed by the Commission with the ‘conventional’ bioeconomic theory. The purpose is to assess to what extent the lessons of the theory could be found in the Roadmap. Having in mind the complexity of the EU fisheries, the Roadmap, in particular, focuses on fleet management policy with the aim of reducing overcapacity on a community level. This applies as a supplementary means to the conventional fish stock conservation measures. In conclusion, the EU Commission is aware of the lessons learned from the bioeconomic theory.     

Organochlorine residues in common terns and associated estuarine organisms,Massachusetts, USA, 1971–81

Organochlorine residues were measured in eggs of common terns Sterna hirundo at nine stations and in Atlantic silversides Menidia menidia at 11 stations in coastal Massachusetts, 1973–74. Tern eggs were sampled at one station from 1971 to 1981 and at another from 1973 to 1978. Mussels Mytilus edulis and various fish were sampled in 1975–76. PCBs were the predominant residues in all samples. DDE, TDE, DDT and HEOD were detected in most samples of fish. HE, Alpha-chlordane, oxychlordane and HCB were also detected in most samples of tern eggs. Concentrations of DDE, TDE and PCBs in tern eggs were highly correlated with those in fish at the same stations. Concentrations of PCBs in tern lipids were about 10 times those in the lipids of their prey. Except for HCB, concentrations of organochlorines were highest in urban areas (Boston Harbor and Buzzards Bay) and lowest in remote areas (outer Cape Cod). In Buzzards Bay, levels of DDE, HEOD, HCB and PCBs declined significantly between 1971 and 1981. However, on outer Cape Cod, only PCBs clearly declined after 1973, and by 1976 most of the urban-rural differences in levels of other organochlorines had disappeared. The geographical patterns in pesticide residue levels were associated both with urban uses and with specific agricultural uses. The highest levels of PCBs were associated with industrial effluents at New Bedford and Boston. Hatching failure in common terns was associated with elevated residues of DDE in one sample, but population effects of DDE were only marginal after 1971.     

Maritime health of Chinese seafarers

Seafarers make a critical contribution to civil society, but seafarers’ health has received comparatively little attention in the maritime world. China has the largest population of seafarers, and Chinese seafarers are working on board merchant ships flying different flags. The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 entered into force in China in November 2016, and it has already generated significant impact in terms of policy, legislation and maritime practice. However, while seafarers’ treatment has been improved significantly in many countries, in particular in developed countries, Chinese seafarers are still facing some challenges relating to health issues, such as long working hours, insufficient nutrition, lack of recreation and poor mental health. Based on existing knowledge and scholarship available in the public domain, together with primary data collected in several phases of fieldwork, this paper critically examines a number of major issues relating to maritime health of Chinese seafarers.     

海洋浮游甲藻中文属名的研究

物种中文名,即物种学名的中文译名,在生物专业领域和科学普及等方面起着重要的作用。然而,长期以来对海洋浮游甲藻中文名的重视程度不够且拟定时缺乏统一的标准,导致现有海洋浮游甲藻的中文名比较混乱,甚至很多属缺少中文译名,不利于国内同行科研交流、管理部门决策处置及科普宣传等。本文以AlgaeBase藻类数据库中收录的海洋浮游甲藻的有效拉丁名为基础,系统梳理了中文浮游植物文献书籍中的海洋浮游甲藻中文属名,参照已报道的中文拟名规则,通过溯源考证、参考形态学特征等方式规范了部分浮游甲藻的中文属名。结果显示,海洋浮游甲藻共计152个属,其中有77个属有唯一的中文名报道,且被广泛应用,予以保留;有12个属有两个及以上的中文名,且使用比较混乱,结合文献及这些属的形态特征,为之拟定了比较合理的中文名;有63个属暂无中文名,依据其建立时的文献资料,详细考证其拉丁属名的来源、原始含义及其形态特征描述,为其拟定了较为合理的中文属名,以供参考。