Characterization of shale matrix pore structure via experiment and model

Shale gas reservoirs develop multi-scale pores ranging in size from nanometer to micrometer, the characteristics of gas transport involve the multi-scale pore space which divided into organic and inorganic matrix pores. This paper reveals the shale pore structure with large amounts of organic mesoporous based on the techniques of focused ion beam scanning electron microscopes (FIB-SEM), high-pressure mercury intrusion (MICP), and low-pressure adsorption (LPA), which also shows the size and distribution of these pores. Then the research characterizes effective pore scale via circular tube bundle model with due regard for gas adsorption layer thickness on the walls of organic pores and water film thickness on the walls of inorganic pores, and the investigation of shale pore geometry is significant for designing and developing shale gas reservoirs. This work shows that the widely existing shale mesoporous volume with diameter of 2~50 nm accounts for 81% based on experimental testing, then it reduces to about 76% via effective diameter model calculation.     

广西两江铜矿床地质特征及找矿潜力分析

两江铜矿床主要赋存于寒武系地层中,矿体主要受EW、SN向断裂构造控制,已控制8个铜矿带,矿石自然类型以硫化矿石为主,金属矿物以黄铜矿为主,共生矿物多达二十多种。围岩蚀变主要有硅化,绢云母化。矿床类型是一个与石英斑岩侵位有关、受断裂裂隙带控制的脉状铜矿。研究表明,在矿区的北部坡屋一带,已知矿带的深部、东部延伸及南部外围仍有较好的找矿前景。     

天鹿铜矿床粉砂岩型铜矿石特征

天鹿铜矿床是前陆盆地古生代海相砂页岩型铜矿,铜矿石主要为粉砂岩型,包括辉铜矿矿石、辉铜矿斑铜矿矿石、斑铜矿矿石、黄铜矿斑铜矿矿石、黄铜矿矿石、黄铁矿黄铜矿矿石6种自然类型。矿石结构主要为结晶结构和交代结构,矿石构造以浸染状为主。主矿层中的矿化沿岩层厚度具有明显的垂直分带性,从底部到顶板为:辉铜矿→斑铜矿→黄铜矿→黄铁矿,为典型的化学沉积成因铜的硫化物排列组合特征。上述特点与我国及国外海相砂页岩型铜矿一致。     

泰安—莱芜地区幔枝构造与铁金铜矿床成矿潜力

泰莱幔枝构造包括幔枝核部(岩浆-变质杂岩)、外围沉积盖层中的拆离滑脱构造和上部幔枝上叠构造三部分构成。认为泰安—莱芜地区铁金铜矿找矿突破很大可能在泰莱幔枝滑脱层构造中,也可能是寒武系、奥陶系中的隐爆角砾岩型金矿或夕卡岩型金矿;崅峪岩体近EW向与近SN向交汇处为含矿流体活动主通道,EW向构造成铁矿,崅峪岩体深部可能有大规模铁矿;NNW向构造成金矿,崅峪岩体中部深处可能有富金矿。     

The use of selected research methods to describe the pore space of dolomite from copper ore mine,Poland

Basic knowledge of the characteristics of copper-bearing rock such as dolomite is essential to locate those areas of the deposit which have different structural and textural properties. Those regions can be important in terms of the assessment of the possibilities of gas accumulating in them as well as in terms of gasogeodynamic hazard. To better understand those threats, it is necessary to locate, monitor and analyse those areas in detail. This article characterises the structural and textural parameters of dolomite from the Polkowice–Sieroszowice copper mine in Poland. The study involved five samples from various areas of the mine. A number of research methods were selected. Reflected and transmitted light microscopy (MS), computer microtomography (Micro-CT), gas adsorption porosimetry (LPNA), mercury porosimetry (MIP), helium and quasi-fluid pycnometry (Pycno. He, DryFlo). Each of the methods examined a different scope of the pore size, which enabled to achieve a full view of the porous nature of those rocks. We determined their porosity (open, closed, total), surface area as well as mean size and volume of the pores. Also, we studied the character and the pore size distribution from a few nm to a few mm. Comprehensive dolomite properties analyses showed that these rocks are characterised by high structural variability. They have mesopores and macropores but few micropores. The analyses presented in this paper are determined by a large petrographic diversity of the deposits containing dolomite. This article is an example of a comprehensive approach to the rock analysis in copper ore mines.     

Development of a selective flocculation process for a complex copper ore

Problems encountered in developing a selective flocculation process for a complex copper ore and ways of overcoming these difficulties are reported. To obtain a useful enrichment ratio, multiple stages of flocculation and redispersion were found necessary in order to release entrapped, unwanted particles. Particular attention was given to the dispersion process of the ore suspensions, and the importance of mechanical and chemical factors were established. The effects of solids content and quality of water on the performance of selective flocculation have been investigated. The possibility of developing new, selective or more powerful dispersants was confirmed and one such reagent was tested.     

某金铜矿工艺矿物学研究

通过对某铜矿进行工艺矿物学研究,查明矿石中铜的赋存状态及综合利用可行性等。研究结果表明:主要赋存于黄铜矿、孔雀石中,可伴生回收金。该结论为选矿工艺流程提供依据,以期获得更好回收指标及综合开发利用价值。     

不同孔隙类型火山岩储层渗透率应力敏感特征

针对火山岩气藏储层岩石孔隙结构复杂、矿物组成及成岩机制与沉积砂岩不同等特点,选取尺寸较大的不同孔隙结构全直径岩芯进行渗透率应力敏感试验研究。试验结果表明,低渗火山岩气藏岩芯具有较强的应力敏感特征,岩芯渗透率的减小主要发生在有效应力小于20 MPa的范围内,但当有效应力大于30 MPa后,渗透率仍然具有一定程度的减小,这与低渗沉积砂岩具有明显的差别。岩性差异所引起的矿物组成、颗粒胶结等因素对火山岩渗透率应力敏感特征影响较小,孔隙结构差异是导致岩石渗透率应力敏感强弱差异的主要原因,其中裂缝型岩石应力敏感性最强,致密型和孔隙型岩石应力敏感性相对较弱。反复加载试验表明,钻井取芯所引起的应力释放是导致岩芯渗透率应力滞后效应的根本原因,2次加载和卸载过程中岩石孔隙发生的主要是弹性变形。岩芯高围压下的地层渗透率平均仅约为地面渗透率的50%。     

庐枞火山岩盆地南部拔茅山铜矿深部找矿潜力分析

位于庐枞火山岩盆地南部的拔茅山铜矿,是细脉带蚀变岩型脉状铜矿的代表。研究表明,其深部具有斑岩型铜矿的勘探潜力。为了进一步明确其深部找矿潜力,针对研究区斑岩型、热液型铜多金属矿的岩体、断裂、接触带等主要控矿因素,利用高精度磁法和可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)成果,分别对拔茅山岩体的分布、产状和深部形态及其与围岩的接触带特征进行了剖析。在此基础上,通过与沙溪斑岩铜矿地质、物探异常特征的类比,指明了研究区的找矿方向和有利找矿部位,为进一步找矿提供了思路和依据。     

玻利维亚铜金锡铁主要矿床类型及资源潜力

玻利维亚的铜矿规模以中小型为主,主要成矿类型为红层型(砂岩层)、沉积相关脉状型、VMS型和IOCG型等。金矿规模以中小型为主,主要成矿类型有火山成因浅成热液型、与深成岩相关的脉状矿床、造山型矿床和砂金矿。锡矿发育众多大型、超大型矿床,成矿类型以玻利维亚型多金属脉状矿床和与长英质深成岩相关的脉状矿床为主,少量砂锡矿。铁矿以El Mutún超大型BIF型铁锰矿著称。西科迪勒拉和玻利维亚高原有重要的浅成低温热液贵金属资源潜力;东科迪勒拉北部主要为钨、锡、金、锑资源,中部为锡、银、金、锑资源,南部有金、锑、银、铅、锌潜力;次安第斯带南部有银-锌资源潜力;查科-贝尼平原带有广泛的砂金矿资源;前寒武纪克拉通内金、铂、镍、钽、铜和铁锰资源潜力丰富。     

氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定铜精矿及铜矿石中砷的研究

通过对铜精矿及铜矿石中大量铜离子等多种金属离子对原子荧光光谱法测定砷干扰的消除,建立一种适合的溶样方法,选择了最佳的分析条件,克服了普通原子荧光法溶解样品的不足,本方法测定砷的检出限为1μg/g。本方法测定了3个国家一级标准物质中砷的含量,测定值与推荐值吻合,确定方法适合铜含量比较高的样品中砷含量的测定。     

Characterization by computed X-ray tomography of the evolution of the pore structure of a dolomite rock during freeze-thaw cyclic tests

The study of the pore structure of rocks is very important for the interpretation of their behaviour when subjected to weathering. In the case of rocks used in historic buildings or in objects of art where other techniques can not be applied, the Non-Destructive Testing method (NDT) for determining porosity, such as X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT), becomes a very interesting alternative. In this paper this technique has been used for imaging textural features and the internal pore structure of a dolomitic rock used as building material in Oviedo Cathedral, Spain. The reconstructed 3D image shows a non uniform distribution of porosity. The rock has been subjected to freeze-thaw cycles to evaluate its durability. The evolution of the void structure has also been studied by X-ray CT and the images obtained allow one to follow the progressive decay and to assess the internal depth of the damage. Because of the low resistance to weathering of the rock, damage, mainly in the form of fissures, was observed even in the initial tests (third cycle in some of the specimens). Breakdown of the rock appeared as early as cycle 12 in some specimens.     

Diffusivity anisotropy in a rhyolite and its relation to pore structure

The diffusivity anisotropy of ions through rock pore water was evaluated quantitatively by through-diffusion experiments on a rhyolite rock having anisotropic pore structure. The rhyolite has planar flow structure with elongated pore shapes to the flow direction (X–Y plane). Diffusion coefficients of K⁺ ions for the direction perpendicular to this flow structure (Z-direction) were about 5–9 times smaller than those for the orthogonal parallel directions (X- and Y-direction). Pore geometrical analyses on backscattered electron microscopic images indicated that the pore length ratios among the X-, Y-, and Z-direction were roughly 2 : 2 : 1. This shorter pore length for the Z-direction appears to reduce pore connectivity, causing larger tortuosity and smaller diffusivity for this direction. This diffusivity anisotropy needs to be taken into account for precise modeling of diffusion-limited geological processes such as contaminant transport and rock deformation.     

铜矿峪变斑岩型含钼铜矿床成矿作用及找矿预测

通过对铜矿峪矿床在含铜建造、矿床地质特征、地球化学特征等方面的综合论述,探讨其成矿物质来源、矿床富集机制及成矿模式,并对找矿远景进行预测。     

松散砂粒孔隙结构、孔隙分形特征及渗透率研究

多孔介质孔隙结构特征是决定流体微观运移机制的重要方面。文章用环氧树脂固结松散石英砂磨制出二维多孔介质薄片,并用孔隙结构图像处理方法提取出孔隙结构参数信息;根据孔隙结构参数,建立描述孔隙结构的分形几何模型,分析松散地层孔隙结构的分形特征;进行多孔介质渗透率的实验测量和分形计算。结果表明:多孔介质的孔隙率和孔径与粒径之间存在线性相关性,拟合度分别达到-0.976 5和0.996 6;在方格边长ε和含有孔隙的格子总数N(ε)的双对数坐标系中,lnε-lnN(ε)数据点近似成直线,且不同样品的孔隙分布分维数值比较接近;而在孔径r与大于该孔径的孔隙总数N(r)的双对数坐标系中,lnr-lnN(r)的数据点必须进行分段回归分析,以便能更好地反映孔隙结构的实际情况;孔隙分布分维数和孔径分维数与粒径也存在较高的对应关系;中砂渗透率的实验测得值是5.19×10-5mm2,孔径分维数分段回归法计算的大孔隙多孔介质渗透率为5.75×10-5mm2,测量值与计算值较为接近,孔径分维数可以计算多孔介质的渗透率。     

基于神经网络的页岩微纳米孔隙微结构分析的正则化和最优化方法

页岩气成藏机理与页岩内部孔隙结构紧密相关,对页岩孔隙结构的研究成为页岩气勘探开发技术中至关重要的一环。页岩内部不同结构体组分对X-射线的吸收能谱不一样,这样就导致观测数据是由不同页岩组分衰减不同波段的X-射线构成的。经过对CT图像分割,能够获得页岩微孔结构的图像,尤其是获得有机质中孔隙类别、形状、尺寸、空间分布、连通特性。本文利用同步辐射X射线扫描重构的页岩CT数据,研究并设计基于多能CT图像的神经网络图像分割技术和算法,以期得到页岩体三维结构特征及空间分布,可以为建立有机质种类和无机矿物组成与微纳孔隙特征的联系以及最终实现页岩气的资源储量评估和勘探开发提供技术支持。     

老挝班康姆某矿床铜金矿石工艺特性研究

老挝班康姆某矿床位于老挝沙耶武里省巴莱县西南部,属于琅勃拉邦—黎府成矿带。前人已完成矿床铜、金资源量的预测,尚未对矿石工艺特性进行研究。本文利用化学分析、光学显微鉴定、X射线扫面电镜能谱分析、物相分析等方法,对该矿床铜金矿石的工艺特性进行了系统研究。研究确定矿石属原生硫化物型铜(伴生金)矿石,可选性好。选矿回收的目标元素为Cu、Au,品位分别为0.74%、0.94g/t。Cu主要以黄铜矿形式存在;Au主要以银金矿形式存在,以包裹金为主。黄铜矿为回收Cu、Au的目标矿物。当磨矿细度为-0.074mm占70%±之时,选矿试验得到Cu回收率90.8%、Au回收率63.5%,铜精矿产品达到国家二级标准。以上结果表明,矿石工艺矿物学研究对选矿试验具有良好的指导作用。     

安基山铜矿床地质—地球物理模型及其找矿意义

安基山铜矿床是长江中下游成矿带东段的典型矿床之一,对控制该矿床的3条主勘探线的钻孔岩心进行了系统的物性测定,建立了矿床地质体与物性体的相关关系,通过对物性体正演的重、磁异常与实测异常对比,以及对矿区地球物理场的平而和剖面分布规律的总结,建立了安基山铜矿床的地质-地球物理模型,在此基础上建立了具有普遍意义的中等剥蚀深度下的同类矿床的地质一地球物理模型,阐述了模型的找矿意义。     

福建上杭太山头铜多金属矿区水文地质特征

上杭太山头铜多金属矿属中低温热液型矿床,是水文地质条件中等的裂隙直接充水矿床,主要矿体贮存标高在560 m以下,地形有利于自然排水,但第四系松散层及风化带厚度不均、断裂发育,使得疏干排水可能导致局部塌陷或发生突水事故.矿床开采前应开展水文地质工作,查明矿区的水文地质条件.