岩石高边坡弹塑性平面离散元分析研究

为了更有效指导边坡设计与施工,基于弹塑性平面离散元（DEM）模型,对龙滩水电站航道1+016～1+080段岩石高边坡的开挖支护过程进行了计算分析,分析了边坡在有支护结构对应力场、位移场、整体稳定性和边坡锚索轴力随开挖步骤变化情的影响,同时分析了地下水位升降对边坡变形和整体稳定性变化情况。计算分析结果表明,边坡支护前后,应力场、变形场,塑性屈服区分布情况有明显差别,支护结构可以减小边坡位移,提高边坡整体稳定性,地下水位升降对边坡变形和整体稳定性影响较大。另外,对边坡开挖过程中的坡顶位移和锚杆轴力进行了监测,监测结果与计算结果进行了比较。     

不同重力场下静力触探试验离散元数值分析

采用离散元商业软件PFC2D对7种重力场下静力触探试验进行了对比分析试验,以研究高、低重力场下静力触探试验的异同点。数值试验结果表明：不同重力场下土体受静力触探贯入主要影响区域不同,低重力场下主要是上部土体受到影响,高重力场下主要是下部土体受到影响;归一化贯入阻力的最大值和稳定值、归一化球应力和偏应力的最大值均与重力加速度的倒数呈线性关系,均随重力加速度倒数的增加而增大;土体经历了明显的加载、卸载过程,重力加速度越小,加载、卸载现象越明显,同一重力加速度下上部土体加载、卸载程度大于下部土体。     

结构性砂土海床管道上浮破坏的离散元模拟

借助离散单元法（DEM）建立海底管道上浮模型,模拟分析了不同胶结强度下胶结试样的力学特性;通过微观力学响应（局部变形、胶结点破坏分布和位移场）对海底管道上浮破坏机制进行分析;对比分析了海床砂土胶结强度对管道上浮土体破坏的影响（上浮抗力和地表隆起量）。结果表明：伴随土体变形和胶结破坏,上覆土体的渐进破坏主要集中在上覆土体区域内;土表隆起量随着管道上浮位移的增长而增长;胶结强度较高时,管道周围土体无回填行为,上覆土体有拉裂带形成,仅管道附近土体产生胶结破坏,峰值上浮抗力随海床砂土胶结强度的增加有显著提高     

The probabilistic key-group method

Key-block approaches are widely used in the analysis of rock slopes. The key-group method improves such analyses by taking into account groups of blocks instead of single blocks. Nevertheless, these stability analyses are usually carried out within a context where uncertainty may be a difficult problem to overcome. In the present paper, we propose introducing probabilistic approaches into the key-group method in order to account for uncertainty in the mechanical parameters of the problem to be solved. Both the first-order, second-moment method (FOSM) and the advanced second-moment method (ASMM) are considered herein and compared with Monte-Carlo simulations through the use of five theoretical case studies. Lastly, the probabilistic key-group method (PKGM) is qualified. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于离散元的重力坝多滑面深层抗滑稳定分析

重力坝的深层抗滑稳定分析多采用刚体极限平衡法和非线性有限元法,但刚体极限平衡法不能反映坝基岩体渐进失稳过程和破坏的力学机制,非线性有限元法模拟岩体不连续效率低,且还未有统一的失稳判据。基于离散块体边界应力计算结果,提出重力坝坝基多滑面抗滑稳定安全系数计算公式,并探讨了以坝体-坝基系统能量突变作为坝基失稳判据的物理意义。通过与非线性有限单元法、刚体极限平衡法计算结果的比较,验证了所提方法及判据的可靠性及合理性。结合向家坝水电站重力坝泄12#坝段进行计算分析,结果表明：基于离散元强度储备系数法搜索的坝基失稳通道由坝基岩体屈服区和结构面滑移带组成,所提计算方法与判据适用于实际工程的坝基深层抗滑稳定计算分析,且计算结果偏安全。     

离散单元法研究进展及应用综述

岩体是一种高度非线性、非连续的介质,从现代工程规模来看,需要对其物理力学性质有一个比较好地认识。相比而言,数值模拟就是一个比较好的认识工具,因为其具有时间短、费用低、简单易行等优点。讨论了连续介质数值方法应用于非连续介质存在的问题,指出了非连续介质数值方法更加适合非连续介质。介绍了非连续介质数值方法中应用比较广泛、发展比较成熟的离散单元法的基本情况,比较详细地阐述了离散单元法中几个有代表性的问题,详细地介绍了离散单元法的研究进展,对其应用也做了相关的介绍,最后进行归纳总结,探讨了离散单元法今后发展的几个方向。     

A simple three‐dimensional distinct element modeling of the mechanical behavior of bonded sands

This paper presents a simple three‐dimensional (3D) Distinct Element Method (DEM) for numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of bonded sands. First, a series of micro‐mechanical tests on a pair of aluminum rods glued together by cement with different bond sizes were performed to obtain the contact mechanical responses of ideally bonded granular material. Second, a 3D bond contact model, which takes into account the influences of bond sizes, was established by extending the obtained 2D experimental results to 3D case. Then, a DEM incorporating the new contact model was employed to perform a set of drained triaxial compression tests on the DEM bonded specimens with different cement contents under different confining pressures. Finally, the mechanical behavior of the bonded specimens was compared with the available experimental results. The results show that the DEM incorporating the simple 3D bond contact model is able to capture the main mechanical behavior of bonded sands. The bonded specimen with higher cement content under lower confining pressure exhibits more pronounced strain softening and shear dilatancy. The peak and residual strengths, the apparent cohesion and peak/residual friction angles, and the position and slope of the critical state line increase with increase in cement content. Microscopically, bond breakage starts when the system starts to dilate and the maximum rate of bond breakage coincides with the maximum rate of dilation. Bond breakage is primarily due to tension‐shear failure and the percentage of such failures is independent of both confining pressure and cement content. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

核废料地质处置概念库锚喷支护坑道热-水-应力耦合效应的二维离散元分析

假定一个核废料地质处置库位于具有一定水头的饱和节理岩体中,开挖完闭施作系统锚杆和喷混凝土支护。对坑道建造和一个50年期的热-水应力（T-H-M）耦合运营过程,使用UDEC程序进行数值模拟,分析无、有支护时近场围岩中的应力、变形、塑性区、温度、渗流的变化状态,以及不同场（温度、渗流、应力）耦合条件下的锚杆和喷混凝土中的承载情况。结果显示,喷混凝土和系统锚杆支护不仅具有常规的支护功能,并且可阻滞地下水从坑道表面的自由渗出,使得围岩中塑性区减小,裂隙水压力和温度升高;相比于应力单场作用的情况,在热-水-力耦合的条件下洞室围岩的稳定性下降,支护结构的受力状况变差。     

A distinct element simulation including surface tension – towards the modeling of gas hydrate behavior

Gas hydrate bearing sediments are an integral part of the world’s continental margins. Several tsunamigenetic continental slope failure events have been triggered by gas hydrates, but their mechanical behavior is poorly understood. In this work, we propose a method to simulate a surface tensed medium such as gas hydrate in soil, using distinct element method (DEM). For implementation in sediment pore size, we scaled up attractive particle interactions governing surface tension on molecular level. Several virtual experiments are used to benchmark the proposed method. A simulation of gas hydrate growth in sediment with differing grain sizes demonstrates the potential of the new approach.     

弹粘塑性块体单元法在龙滩水电站右坝肩边坡稳定分析中的应用

介绍了三维弹粘塑性块体单元法的基本原理。该方法假定岩石块体为刚体,只考虑结构面的变形和强度特性。在建立块体系统的平衡方程、结构面的变形与块体位移的几何相容方程以及结构面上的弹粘塑性本构方程的基础上,出块体系统位移与稳定的基本方程。针对龙滩水电站右坝肩边坡地质条件复杂,块体稳定问题较为突出的情况,采用块体单元法计算了边坡中典型结构面切割形成的特定块体在不同工况下的强度储备安全系数,并针对结构面的几何参数和力学参数等重要影响因素进行了敏感性分析,为工程设计提供了依据。应用表明,作为一种新型的水工结构数值方法,块体单元法应用于复杂地质条件下的岩石高边坡的稳定和变形分析具有准确、适用和简便的特点。     

Granular element method for three‐dimensional discrete element calculations

This paper endows the recently‐proposed granular element method (GEM) with the ability to perform 3D discrete element calculations. By using non‐uniform rational B‐Splines to accurately represent complex grain geometries, we proposed an alternative approach to clustering‐based and polyhedra‐based discrete element methods whereby the need for complicated and ad hoc approaches to construct 3D grain geometries is entirely bypassed. We demonstrate the ability of GEM in capturing arbitrary‐shaped 3D grains with great ease, flexibility, and without excessive geometric information. Furthermore, the applicability of GEM is enhanced by its tight integration with existing non‐uniform rational B‐Splines modeling tools and ability to provide a seamless transition from binary images of real grain shapes (e.g., from 3D X‐ray CT) to modeling and discrete mechanics computations.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

孔隙填充型能源土的宏微观力学特性真三轴试验离散元分析

天然气水合物沉积物因其作为绿色新型能源且具有广阔的开发前景而备受全球瞩目。水合物在水合物沉积物（俗称能源土试样）中有不同的赋存型式,如孔隙填充型和胶结型等。针对孔隙填充型水合物的赋存形态,生成特定饱和度的能源土试样。开展了同一 平面上不同中主应力系数（b = 0、0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00）的真三轴排水试验的三维离散元模拟,将微观参数接触组构及剪切滑移率的演化规律与材料的宏观力学响应相结合,分析了中主应力对孔隙填充型能源土的宏微观力学响应的影响。结果表明：强接触处组构张量的大、中、小主值随b的变化规律与大、中、小主应力及大、中、小主应变随b的变化规律表现出良好的相关性。三向应力状态下的破坏强度接近Lade-Duncan破坏准则。能源土试样剪切滑移率随着中主应力系数的增大而增大;当处于三轴拉伸状态时,试样的剪切滑移率最大。     

Polygonal grain‐based distinct element modeling for mechanical behavior of brittle rock

The microstructure of rock was numerically reproduced by a polygonal grain‐based model, and its mechanical behavior was examined by performing the uniaxial compression test and Brazilian tests via the Universal Distinct Element Code. The numerical results of the model demonstrated good agreement with the experimental results obtained with rock specimens in terms of the stress–strain behavior, strength characteristics, and brittle fracture phenomenon. An encouraging result is that the grain‐based model‐Universal Distinct Element Code model can reproduce a low ratio of tensile to compressive strength of 1/20 to 1/10 without the need for an additional process. This finding is ascribed to the fact that the geometrical features of polygons can effectively capture the effects of angularity, finite rotation, and interlocking of grains that exist in reality. A numerical methodology to monitor the evolution of micro‐cracks was developed, which enabled us to examine the progressive process of the failure and distinguish the contribution of tensile cracking to the process from that of shear cracking. From the observations of the micro‐cracking process in reference to the stress–strain relation, crack initiation stress, and crack damage stress, it can be concluded that the failure process of the model closely resembles the microscopic observations of rock. We also carried out a parametric study to examine the relationships between the microscopic properties and the macroscopic behavior of the model. Depending on the micro‐properties, the model exhibited a variety of responses to the external load in terms of the strength and deformation characteristics, the evolution of micro‐cracks, and the post‐peak behavior. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三维离散元单轴试验模拟甲烷水合物宏观三轴强度特性

填充型水合物的砂性能源土试样可视为特殊的散粒体材料,即砂粒和水合物颗粒混合物,具有明显的非连续特征。为研究填充型水合物的能源土力学特性,初步探索了甲烷水合物在不同温度、反压条件下加荷模式的离散元模拟方法。离散元模拟中,将水合物块体视为由大量颗粒通过强胶结作用凝聚而成的整体,室内试验中的内部孔隙水压作用转化为水合物颗粒间的胶结力,故需要合理确定颗粒间胶结模型参数来实现反压的影响作用。通过参数反演建立了宏观强度、刚度参数与平行胶结模型的微观胶结参数间的宏、微观关系,基于已有室内甲烷水合物三轴试验资料,确定了给定温度和反压条件下的微观胶结参数取值,随后进行离散元单轴压缩试验。离散元单轴压缩试验模拟获得的水合物强度特性,与室内三轴试验结果符合较好;通过建立的宏、微观参数间的关系,实现了不同温度、反压下的水合物加荷模式的模拟。为进一步提出深海能源土离散元数值试验成样方法--孔隙填充水合物生成技术,形成含填充型水合物的能源土试样,研究其力学和变形特性奠定基础。     

A numerical sandbox: high-resolution distinct element models of halfgraben formation

Basin-scale tectonics and sedimentation are studied using particle flow code (PFC), a special implementation of the distinct-element method (DEM) using circular elements. Special focus is on the development and application of new techniques, which allow for strain weakening and localisation effects and, thus, the formation of discrete fault patterns in high-resolution DE models.Fundamental modelling assumptions and the procedures necessary to define the microproperties of a DE material from given rock mechanical data are first explained. Recent methodical enhancements, consisting of automatic fault detection (AFD) and intelligent crack management (ICM) algorithms are also discussed. Refined DE modelling techniques are then applied to three scenarios of extensional basin formation, i.e. the evolution of halfgrabens above detachments with simple listric and ramp–flat–ramp geometries, respectively. Numerical modelling results compare favourably with the analogue (‘sandbox’) models widely used in this kind of basin studies. Not only do they reproduce the general basin architecture (e.g. roll-over anticlines and crestal collapse grabens), but also detailed fault structure and the sequence of faulting. In addition, numerical models can describe temporal changes in mechanical material properties to model compaction and diagenesis of syntectonic sediments.     

基于逐元算法的地震勘探高精度谱元法数值模拟

针对复杂构造地震勘探,常规正演模拟算法存在精度和计算效率低的问题,笔者研究并提出了基于逐元算法的高精度谱元法数值模拟方法。基于波动方程强、弱形式,推导二维波动方程的谱元解法,进而利用逐元算法,无需形成全局矩阵,仅对于独立的小规模单元结构进行计算,提高计算效率,减少存储空间消耗。应用基于逐元算法的高精度谱元法对复杂金属矿模型进行数值模拟,得出本方法计算精度高、数值频散小,计算效率高。     

基于离散元的强度折减法分析岩质边坡稳定性

将通用离散元UDEC与强度折减法结合,对含多结构面的岩质边坡的稳定性进行了分析。通过对节理岩质边坡的UDEC模型中的可变形块体和节理单元的强度参数进行折减,使模型不能再达到平衡状态,此时的折减系数就是边坡的安全系数,另外,由对应的边坡块体的速度矢量可以确定滑动面和边坡的破坏形态。通过与传统的条分法的结果比较,表明基于UDEC的强度折减法是一种可靠、有效的方法,为复杂节理岩质边坡的滑动面确定与安全系数计算开辟了新的途径。     

基于颗粒抗转动模型的刚性挡墙被动土压力临界状态离散元分析

简要介绍了颗粒抗转动模型,并将其引入离散元程序中,通过建立挡墙地基模型和合理选取模型参数,分别考虑了地基填土不同密实度和挡墙不同位移模式（被动T模式、RB模式、RT模式）情况下,刚性挡墙被动土压力随挡墙位移增长发展到达临界状态时,土压力系数 随位移发展的变化规律及墙后填土剪切带的形成规律,并与其他学者的研究成果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,土压力系数 随着挡墙位移增长的变化规律与填土的孔隙比（或相对密实度）和挡墙的位移模式紧密相关。随着孔隙比的减小或相对密实度的增大,土压力系数 会逐渐由位移硬化特性过渡为位移软化特性。尽管中密试样在双轴压缩试验中呈现出应变软化特性,而中密样的土压力系数 随着挡墙平动位移的增长可能呈现出位移软化特性,也可能呈现位移硬化特性。随着刚性挡墙向墙后土体推移,试样中的剪应变随之增大,并会在墙后形成应变局部化,即剪切带的出现。与室内试验剪应变云图相似,离散元较好地模拟了土压力临界状态时剪切带分布规律。同时,墙后土体表面不再是光滑的平面,而是逐渐隆起的凹凸面;随着挡墙位移增长,土体表面隆起量越来越大,直至土体破坏。     

复合单元法动力分析初步研究

复合单元法是一种适用于不连续介质结构分析的数值计算方法,优点是建立网格时不用考虑结构中不连续面,计算时能离散模拟不连续面。在复合单元法静力计算模型的基础上,提出了复合单元的动力分析方法。给出了复合单元动力分析的质量矩阵和阻尼矩阵的具体表达式,通过质量矩阵、刚度矩阵和阻尼矩阵将分布于复合单元内部的惯性力和阻尼力分别转移到复合单元的广义节点上。建立了惯性力、阻尼力、动力荷载及弹性力作用下的复合单元动力系统的控制方程组。以一个基岩内含有两条断层的混凝土重力坝模型地震为例,采用复合单元法动力分析程序进行计算,其结果与有限单元法解吻合得较好,说明所提出方法的正确性和有效性。     

饱和土体一维固结三参数概率特性研究

在考虑岩土参数空间变异性的情况下,对软粘土地基一维固结平均固结度的概率特征进行了研究,分析了平均固结度的概率特征对渗透系数、孔隙比和压缩系数三参数变异性的敏感性,进行了岩土参数分布类型对平均固结度影响的正交试验,并根据试验结果进行了方差分析,为进一步开展多层地基固结的可靠性分析打下了基础.