Spectral stratigraphy: Remote sensing lithostratigraphic procedures for basin analysis,central wyoming examples

Stratigraphic and structural analysis of the Wind River and Bighorn basins of central Wyoming are in progress. One result has been the development of spectral stratigraphy, an approach to stratigraphic analysis that uses photogeologic and spectral interpretation of multispectral image data combined with topographic information to remotely characterize thickness and lithology of strata exposed in sedimentary basins. Thus, spectral stratigraphy is a new tool for use in integrated investigations of the evolution of sedimentary basins.Multispectral sensor systems that have been available since 1982 are used to analyze upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata on the southern margin of the Bighorn Mountains and the southern edge of the Bighorn Basin. Thematic Mapper (TM) data are used to develop stratigraphic columns and structural cross sections that are correlated with conventional surface and subsurface sections. Experimental thermal infrared aircraft data facilitate lithofacies/biofacies analysis of the monotonous Cretaceous Cody Shale sequence. Recently developed satellite and aircraft systems provide sufficient spectral resolution to allow for remote determination of the stratigraphic distribution of quartz, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, specific clay species, and other minerals diagnostic of depositional environments. Development of a desktop, computer-based, geologic analysis system that provides for automated stratigraphic interpretation and analysis of combined multispectral image and digital topographic data portends major advances in the application of spectral stratigraphy.Results demonstrate an approach with general applicability in other geologic investigations that could benefit from remotely acquired information about areal variations in sequence, attitude, thickness, and lithology of strata exposed at the Earth's surface.     

Spectral estimation on a sphere in geophysics and cosmology

We address the problem of estimating the spherical-harmonic power spectrum of a statistically isotropic scalar signal from noise-contaminated data on a region of the unit sphere. Three different methods of spectral estimation are considered: (i) the spherical analogue of the one-dimensional (1-D) periodogram, (ii) the maximum-likelihood method and (iii) a spherical analogue of the 1-D multitaper method. The periodogram exhibits strong spectral leakage, especially for small regions of area   A ≪ 4π  , and is generally unsuitable for spherical spectral analysis applications, just as it is in 1-D. The maximum-likelihood method is particularly useful in the case of nearly-whole-sphere coverage,   A ≈ 4π  , and has been widely used in cosmology to estimate the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation from spacecraft observations. The spherical multitaper method affords easy control over the fundamental trade-off between spectral resolution and variance, and is easily implemented regardless of the region size, requiring neither non-linear iteration nor large-scale matrix inversion. As a result, the method is ideally suited for most applications in geophysics, geodesy or planetary science, where the objective is to obtain a spatially localized estimate of the spectrum of a signal from noisy data within a pre-selected and typically small region.     

基于TM光谱特征的沼泽地定量提取模式研究

要从TM影像上定量提取沼泽地信息就必须首先获取TM数据中的沼泽地波谱信息这个最基本参数。以2000年7月TM数据为数据源,在ERDAS和PCI等遥感软件支持下,运用灰度分析方法分析沼泽地及背景地物光谱特征,并以一条光谱采样剖面线分析沼泽地内部光谱结构。最终,建立了基于前述光谱特征的三个关于沼泽地信息的定量提取模式,定量提取了沼泽地的植被、积水信息以及与水田区别的参数,具有计算机上运算的可行性。     

贺兰山针叶林物种密度的通径分析

通径分析是研究变量间复杂关系的一种有效方法。在沿海拔梯度进行群落调查的基础上,对贺兰山针叶林物种密度进行通径分析,结果表明:1)贺兰山东西坡针叶林物种密度的海拔格局基本一致。物种密度的主要影响因子是海拔,而海拔反映了综合的气候梯度。2)针叶林的物种密度明显随着海拔的升高而降低,表层土壤有机质含量的增高对于物种密度有促进作用。3)针叶林的物种密度主要由草本种类的多少决定。草本和灌木层物种密度都明显受到海拔和土壤有机质含量的影响。坡向对于灌木层物种密度也有一定影响。     

土壤氧化铁光谱特征研究

土壤光谱反射特性的研究是土壤遥感的物理基础,土壤氧化铁含量影响土壤反射率。对采集的174个土样350~2 500 nm谱段的光谱数据进行分析,着重探讨下述3类光谱变量,寻找对土壤氧化铁含量敏感的光谱特征。1)原始光谱反射率及其各种变换形式;2)基于光谱吸收峰特征的变量,因为已知三价铁在870 nm附近有吸收峰存在,提取该吸收峰的面积、宽度、深度等变量;3)基于植被指数的变量,构建土壤氧化铁指数。研究结果表明,各类变量中土壤氧化铁指数对土壤氧化铁含量最敏感,建立相应的回归预测模型,模型拟合度R2为0.534。     

Artificial neural networks and cluster analysis in landslide susceptibility zonation

A landslide susceptibility analysis is performed by means of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Cluster Analysis (CA). This kind of analysis is aimed at using ANNs to model the complex non linear relationships between mass movements and conditioning factors for susceptibility zonation, in order to identify unstable areas. The proposed method adopts CA to improve the selection of training, validation, and test records from data, managed within a Geographic Information System (GIS). In particular, we introduce a domain-specific distance measure in cluster formation. Clustering is used in data pre-processing to select non landslide records and is performed on the whole dataset, excluding the test set landslides. Susceptibility analysis is carried out by means of ANNs on the so-generated data and compared with the common strategy to select random non-landslide samples from pixels without landslides. The proposed method has been applied in the Brembilla Municipality, a landslide-prone area in the Southern Alps, Italy. The results show significant differences between the two sampling methods: the classification of the test set, previously separated and excluded from the training data, is always better when the non-landslide patterns are obtained using the proposed cluster sampling. The case study validates that, by means of a domain-specific distance measure in cluster formation, it is possible to introduce expert knowledge into the black-box modelling method, implemented by ANNs, to improve the predictive capability and the robustness of the models obtained.     

基于混合光谱理论的太湖水体叶绿素a浓度提取

TM图象多波段数据作为遥感监测水体叶绿素a浓度的数据源,已有多种遥感定量模型与之对应,但主要还是以经验模型为主。利用TM数据首先采用特征波段比值方法,建立太湖水体合适的叶绿素a浓度反演的遥感定量模型。由于经验模型的缺陷性,还提出了基于TM数据的水体混合光谱分析模型,同时分析了端元光谱提取方法对模型求解的影响。通过计算叶绿素a浓度模型估算结果与实地测量数据的相关系数和均方根误差(RMSE),可以发现混合光谱分析模型也是水体叶绿素a浓度遥感估算的另一条佳径。     

Scale-dependent analysis of satellite imagery for characterization of glacier surfaces in the Karakoram Himalaya

Information regarding process-structure relationships and change in the Karakoram Himalaya is of great importance in studying glacier hydrollogy, mass balance, and dynamic environmental change. Such information is not readily available. Detailed spatio-temporal assessment requires field investigation coupled with quantitative remote sensing studies. We conducted an investigation of the large Batura Glacier in Pakistan to determine if spectral variability can be quantified and used to characterize glacier surfaces. Specifically, SPOT Panchromatic satellite data were evaluated for differentiating features of glacier structure resulting from ice movement, ablation, and supraglacial fluvial action. Image semivariogram analysis was conducted. for assessing spectral variability patterns and fractal analysis was used to examine scale-dependent variation in the data. Results indicate that spectral variability from fields of ice seracs can exhibit fractal characteristics, although most surface features on the glacier exhibit a change in the fractal dimension over different ranges in scale. The fractal dimension was found to be useful for differentiating between glacier surfaces such as white ice and debris-covered ice. Characteristics of the debris-load and the scale-dependent nature of calculating the fractal dimension ultimately determined the potential of class separability.     

Spatial variability in surface sediment composition characterised by near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy

Near-infrared (NIR) spectral data were obtained from 165 surface sediment samples from a northern Swedish humic, mesotrophic lake (0.5 km2). The NIR spectra, together with data on water depth and loss-on-ignition (LOI), allow an evaluation of the source of spatial variance in sediment characteristics. The results show that water depth and organic matter (LOI) account for 20 and 16%, respectively, of the variance in the NIR-absorbance data. More importantly, the spatial variance in the spectral data suggest that NIR analysis of lake sediments mainly reflect sediment properties that cannot simply be explained by depth or amount of organic matter. The influence of inlets and land-use (e.g. clear-cutting) on sediment characteristics was more pronounced in the spectral data than would be expected from the LOI data. This is explained by differences in the chemical composition of the organic matter, as revealed by NIR spectroscopy, rather than in the amount of organic matter or depth-related sedimentation properties (e.g. particle size or density). This initial attempt to characterise sediment properties using NIR suggests that NIR analysis might become a valuable complementary tool to traditional sediment characterisation.     

湖北省降水量的周期分析

结合降水量对农业生产的影响特点将全年降水量分成５个阶段,根据聚类分析的结果将不同的时段的降水量进行分区,由此对全省的降水量做自相关分析和功率谱分析,从而发现了降水量的变化周期。     

An automated approach to the classification of the slope units using digital data

Digital elevation and remote sensing data sets contain different, yet complementary, information related to geomorphological features. Digital elevation models (DEMs) represent the topography, or land form, whereas remote sensing data record the reflectance/emittance, or spectral, characteristics of surfaces. Computer analysis of integrated digital data sets can be exploited for geomorphological classification using automated methods developed in the remote sensing community. In the present study, geomorphological classification in a moderate- to high-relief area dominated by slope processes in southwest Yukon Territory, Canada, is performed with a combined set of geomorphometric and spectral variables in a linear discriminant analysis. An automated method was developed to find the boundaries of geomorphological objects and to extract the objects as groups of aggregated pixels. The geomorphological objects selected are slope units, with the boundaries being breaks of slope on two-dimensional downslope profiles. Each slope unit is described by variables summarizing the shape, topographic, and spectral characteristics of the aggregated group of pixels. Overall discrimination accuracy of 90% is achieved for the aggregated slope units in ten classes.     

Seismic attenuation values obtained from instantaneous-frequency matching and spectral ratios

In this paper, attenuation values are obtained from seismic data using instantaneous-frequency matching and spectral ratios. to obtain differential t * values using instantaneous-frequency matching, a near offset reference pulse is attenuated until the resulting instantaneous frequency matches the observed value at the receiver. Prior to matching, filtering can be applied to each trace in order to reduce the effects of noise on the calculated instantaneous frequencies. In the second method, the spectral ratio between a receiver pulse and a reference pulse is used to obtain differential t * values. to obtain an unbiased estimate, a variable spectral bandwidth is used depending on the noise level of the data. the two methods are tested using synthetic traces and then applied to crustal refraction data from the 1986 PASSCAL Ouachita experiment. Results show that the differential t * values obtained using filtered, instantaneous-frequency matching are consistent with and have less scatter than those obtained from spectral ratios with a variable bandwidth.     

基于PLSR的典型沼泽湿地植物叶片性状与光谱模型构建——以三江国家级自然保护区为例

通过植物光学特性测量叶片性状是一种非破坏性的、长期的湿地动态监测方法。选择三江国家级自然保护区多种典型湿地植物为研究对象,探究植物性状与叶片光谱之间的联系。研究表明：叶片氮含量与光谱的模型构建效果最好,模型R²为0.61,均方根误差（RMSE）为2.3862;叶片含水量、叶片磷、可溶性糖、纤维素和木质素含量之和的模型一般,R²在0.38~0.55范围内,RMSE在0.0004~10.7019范围内;淀粉含量拟合效果较差, R²为0.29,RMSE为0.0106。光谱预测重要性的结果表明,可见光与近红外边缘范围内的光谱信息对于叶片含水量、叶片氮含量、叶片磷含量、单位叶面积质量、纤维素和木质素之和、可溶性糖和淀粉的预测具有最高的重要性。     

基于光谱混合分解的民勤生态治理效果评价

作为退化绿洲典型,甘肃民勤生态治理效果的评价对全球干旱区土地退化防治具有重要借鉴作用。使用Landsat系列遥感数据,基于光谱混合分解模型,采用土地覆被/利用分类后比较和端元丰度值差值的方法,对民勤生态工程第二阶段初期(2010—2015年)的治理效果进行了定性和定量研究。结果表明:民勤县土地退化面积为39 712.14hm^2,恢复面积为101 503.44hm^2,恢复面积大于退化面积,呈现出恢复的态势。沙地面积减少,沙地的沙化程度降低;盐碱地面积虽有增加,但盐碱地的盐渍化程度有所下降;林草地相较耕地、夏作耕地相较春作耕地成为当地优势植被地类;水域面积虽有减少,但水域的水含量有所增加。民勤经过近20年的生态修复治理,已经进入良性修复阶段。     

热带森林植被生物量与遥感地学数据之间的相关性分析

以我国云南省西双版纳的热带森林为例,对热带森林植被生物量与遥感地学数据之间的相关性进行了分析。首先,利用森林资源连续清查的林业固定样地数据计算出各样地的森林植被生物量,并建立其GIS数据库。然后,对遥感图像进行几何校正,并对遥感图像进行主成分变换、缨帽变换以及植被指数的计算来产生其派生数据。其次,将样地数据、遥感数据及其派生数据,地形和气象数据转换到统一的坐标系和投影下,并将其内插为30米分辨率的格网数据。最后,进行样地森林植被生物量与其遥感地学数据之间的相关性分析。该分析表明,森林植被的生物量与年降雨量和第二主成分在0·01的水平上相关显著,而与中红外植被指数、LANDSATTM5、缨帽变换的亮度、湿度以及第一主成分在0·05的水平上相关显著。其中,与年降雨量的相关性最高,达到0·308;其次是与第二主成分,达到-0·231;再次是与中红外植被指数和LANDSATTM5,其相关系数分别为0·203和-0·201。     

CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS AND ADSORBATE SELECTION FOR CHEMICAL SENSOR ARRAYS

Carey et al.utilized principal components analysis (PCA) to analyze frequency shift data obtained frompiezoelectric sensors formed by coating quartz crystals with 27 different GC stationary phases and testedusing 14 analytes.The objective of the analysis was to determine an optimal reduced set of coatings fordetection of the analytes.The results were correlated with those obtained from cluster analysis.In thispaper the data are re-analyzed using correspondence analysis (CA).The advantage of using CA includea symmetric treatment of sensor coatings and analytes and better identification of the representation ofthe analytes in terms of the detection components.The results obtained by the conjunctive use of PCA,a varimax rotation and cluster analysis were obtained by CA.     

新疆地区蒸发皿蒸发量变化及基于小波的周期分析

Φ20 cm和E₆₀₁型蒸发皿在新疆均有使用,但两种数据序列自观测开始至今均不完整,尤其自2003年以后数据未进行整合和校正,使得对蒸发皿蒸发量数据的使用和深入分析受到限制。本研究基于Φ20 cm （E₂₀）和E₆₀₁型蒸发皿蒸发量（E₆₀₁）的共同观测期数据,选取新疆地区57个气象站,分析4~10月E₂₀和E₆₀₁的换算系数K。以数据序列较长的喀什（隶属南疆）和塔城站（北疆）为例,分析了逐日和逐月尺度下K的变化,并将各月K值用于两个典型站2003-2016年期间4月1日~9月30日E₂₀的估算,得出1961-2016年完整的日E₂₀序列。进一步基于复Morlet小波函数对月及年尺度E₂₀的波谱特性和周期变化进行了分析,结果表明：（1）新疆地区E₂₀和E₆₀₁的换算系数在4~10月期间具有较大的空间差异,南疆K值较北疆大。（2）喀什和塔城站插补后完整的1961-2016年期间日E₂₀序列具有以年为周期的典型变化,月E₂₀在7月最大,年E₂₀均具有明显的增加趋势;日、月及年尺度下喀什站E₂₀均高于塔城站。（3）两站点1~12月E₂₀的主周期和准周期具有2~16 a的波动,年E₂₀的主周期均为7 a,喀什站准周期为3 a和6 a,塔城站准周期为2 a和4 a。本研究可为新疆地区蒸发量序列的插补及进一步应用提供参考。     

微山湖湿地图像文理识别模型与应用分析

在湿地遥感研究中,大多数的学者都是通过对遥感影中湿地光谱特征分析的方法提取,对于在光谱分析的基础上进行纹理分析并建立模型的方法提取湿地信息这一方面的研究并不多。本文以枣庄市微山湖湿地为研究对象,利用2008年6月19日的Landsat7 ETM图像数据,在对湿地特征及其遥感图像表征综合分析的基础上,对多光谱遥感图像进行光谱分析,从而提取出湿地与水体的相关信息。在对湿地与水体的区分过程中,为了获得比较精确的湿地信息,我们采用纹理分析的方法对光谱分析的结果进行优化,最后用掩膜法降噪处理,从而使提取结果的分类精度有了很大程度的提高。为湿地管理部门制定相应的湿地保护措施提供相对可靠的理论依据。     

1961-2009 年国际主要粮食价格时间变化特征分析

本文首先介绍了基于国际粮食贸易的国际主要粮食价格测定方法,并用EVIEW 软件对国际主要粮食价格数据进行数据分离,在此基础上,采用谱分析法和数理统计方法分析了1961-2009 国际主要粮食价格的时间特征,总结和分析了国际主要粮食价格变化的趋势性、周期性和波动性特征。结果表明：①国际主要粮食价格趋势性明显,随时间呈现上涨趋势;②在多种因素的影响下,国际主要粮食价格存在着多周期性。③随着全球一体化和粮食金融化趋势的不断加强,国际主要粮食
价格不稳定性也越来越强。本文研究结果对于进一步分析国际粮食价格机制有一定的参考价值。