Coda power and modulation characteristics of a complex P signal from underground nuclear explosions

Coda power characteristics of six underground nuclear explosions from two near by test sites of Novaya Zemlya are examined. It is shown that one of the events presenting a complex P waveform and distinctive coda power characteristics can be synthesised by superposition of two signals of simpler form from the same site. The relative P amplitudes of the two signals give a ratio of 0.7–1.0 and the relative delay of 0.8 sec. The modulation effect is clearly seen in band-pass filtered traces where a shift in the envelope maximum occurs for center frequencies between 0.6 and 0.8 Hz. The complex event is interpreted as a double explosion.     

Numerical study of dewatering in a large deep foundation pit

During foundation pit excavation, groundwater is often the most important factor that affects pit stability. Dewatering is widely used in pit excavation to avoid uplift of excavation floors due to high water pressure. The characteristics of seepage in small-scale deep foundation pits of high-rise buildings or in the long narrow foundation pits of subway stations have been extensively investigated. However, the characteristics of seepage in large-scale deep excavations have not been studied. This paper investigates the large deep excavation of the buildings in Oriental Fisherman’s Wharf. The total area of the construction site is 33,917 m². Single-well and group-well field pumping tests were performed and a numerical simulation by 3D finite difference method (FDM) was carried out. The simulation used results from the field pumping tests. The permeability parameters of the confined aquifer were then revised, based upon comparisons of simulation and observation results. Subsequently, dewatering schemes were simulated by FDM forward analysis. The simulation results show that dewatering schemes can minimize seepage and uplift in large excavation pits, though settlement outside the pit may need treatment measures.     

Change in the amplitude spectrum of seismoacoustic emission under strong vibration

We study changes in the properties of the geologic environment in the vicinity of a stationary 40-ton vibration source in time intervals between vibration sessions. The relationship between the estimated amount of energy released by the environment over time and the frequency of the amplitude spectrum was determined experimentally. We introduced a parameter (α) that characterizes this relationship and determined that its absolute value increases linearly in the time intervals between operations of the vibration source in field observations. It is hypothesized that there are zones that have the property to change rapidly their stress state by both accumulating and releasing energy. Comparative analysis of the stress state of the area of the experiment showed significant differences in the spatial distribution of the gradient of the new parameter (β) before and after active low-frequency effects on the environment.     

高埋深储层膏质泥岩蠕变力学特性试验研究

泥岩作为油气储层常见复杂介质,深部高温、高压环境下蠕变力学特性异常复杂,是引起套管损伤破坏的重要因素。以深部油气藏工程含膏质泥岩为研究对象;分别开展了温度为130℃、围压为30 MPa作用下三轴压缩和不同应力水平的三轴蠕变试验,结果表明,该泥岩呈非均质性不明显、具有较大塑性压缩和延性扩容变形、峰值强度略低等软岩力学特性;且轴向和侧向峰值应变达1.5%,峰值强度为74 MPa。泥岩力学特性表现出明显的时间效应,蠕变应力阀值较低;应力和持时对蠕变特性存在显著影响,低应力、长时间作用下泥岩亦呈现显著的稳态蠕变和加速蠕变破坏;且加速蠕变起始时间随应力增加呈指数降低关系;探讨了泥岩强度损伤和加速蠕变特性,认为泥岩内部蠕变损伤变量可用指数函数予以描述,且加速蠕变变形为应力与时间的二元指数函数。相关成果旨在为深部泥岩油气藏套管工程长期稳定分析及蠕变模型构建提供可靠的依据。     

A case study on the behaviour of a deep excavation in sand

A complete case record of an excavation in sand is explored in this study. Numerical analyses were conducted to evaluate the influences of soil elasticity, creep and soil–wall interface. Back-analyses indicate small strain parameters should be used if an elastic–perfect plastic model is selected. In addition, excavation-induced seepage has only a limited effect on vertical displacements. Delayed installation of 3rd level struts and base slab construction caused significant time-dependent (creep) movements during the excavation. Back-analyses show that the dynamic viscosity (D_v) used in the visco-elastic model for creep simulation is in the range of 1.5 × 10¹⁵–2.0 × 10¹⁵ Pa, but there are still inconsistencies in movements both near to and far from the excavation. Interpreting from observation data, the creep rate of wall movement caused in the non-supported stage of the excavation varies between 0.14 and 0.38 mm/day. Finally, parametric studies of interface elements indicate that the most sensitive parameters are the normal (K_n) and shear stiffness (K_s) of the interface. Back-analyses using an elastic–perfect plastic model indicate that using 3 × 10⁶ Pa for K_n and K_s produces more acceptable results.     

Instrumental recording of slow deformation waves in the South Baikal geodynamic study site

Instrumental monitoring of rock deformation in the South Baikal geodynamic study site showed that they are realized in the form of long-term variations in different directions superimposed with short-time anomalous spikes. Analysis of the measured spatiotemporal monitoring series showed that anomalous deformations are caused by the propagation of deformation waves through the mountainous rocks. We estimated their lengths, periods, directions, and velocity of spatial migration. We found that propagation of deformation waves is accompanied by an increase in the temperature of rocks at each point of monitoring.

     

Petrology of ultrahigh-pressure eclogites from the ZK703 drillhole in the Donghai, eastern China

The 558-m-deep ZK703 drillhole located near Donghai in the southern part of the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt, eastern China, penetrates alternating layers of eclogites, gneisses, jadeite quartzites, garnet peridotites, phengite–quartz schists, and kyanite quartzites. The preservation of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic minerals and their relics, together with the contact relationship and protolith types of the various rocks indicates that these are metamorphic supracrustal rocks and mafic-ultramafic rock assemblages that have experienced in-situ ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. The eclogites can be divided into five types based on accessory minerals: rutile eclogite, phengite eclogite, kyanite–phengite eclogite, quartz eclogite, and common eclogite with rare minor minerals. Rutile eclogite forms a thick layer in the drillhole that contains sufficient rutile for potential mining. Two retrograde assemblages are observed in the eclogites: the first stage is characterized by the formation of sodic plagioclase+amphibole symplectite or symplectitic coronas after omphacite and garnet, plagioclase+biotite after garnet or phengite, and plagioclase coronas after kyanite; the second stage involved total replacement of omphacite and garnet by amphibole+albite+epidote+quartz. Peak metamorphic P–T conditions of the eclogites were around 32 to 40 kbar and 720°C to 880°C. The retrograde P–T path of the eclogites is characterized by rapidly decreasing pressure with slightly decreasing temperature. Micro-textures and compositional variations in symplectitic minerals suggest that the decompression breakdown of ultrahigh-pressure minerals is a domainal equilibrium reaction or disequilibrium reaction. The composition of the original minerals and the diffusion rate of elements involved in these reactions controlled the symplectitic mineral compositions.     

深部找矿研究进展综述

随着社会的发展,大宗矿产、稀缺有色矿产供需矛盾日益突出,通过"攻深找盲"扩大资源潜力,是缓解我国资源紧张局面的重大举措。地质科技的日新月异使深部找矿已成为可能,在地下500~1 000 m的"第二找矿空间"仍有巨大的找矿潜力。近年来,深部找矿效果显著,展示了巨大的找矿潜力。研究资料表明,成矿理论、概念、模式已有新的突破和创新;其次,勘查技术也取得了很大进步,高分辨率航卫遥感技术、三维地震、大深度电磁探测、航空物探、深穿透地球化学、深部钻探、三维可视化和数据模拟等各类技术方法和装备的研究及应用已经有所突破。     

花岗岩巷道岩爆声发射信号主频特性试验研究

利用双轴伺服试验机开展花岗岩巷道岩爆模拟试验,采用声发射系统获取岩爆全过程的波形信号。基于频谱分析理论,研究岩爆孕育、发生全过程的声发射信号主频特性。研究结果表明:双轴加载条件下花岗岩巷道岩爆声发射主频分布区间为0.4~110 kHz,其中99%以上的主频值集中在35~65 kHz。声发射信号主频的分布随岩爆演化可分为3个阶段:(1)岩爆孕育前期,大部分主频值集中在35~65 kHz和15~25 kHz区间,且有一定数量接近0.4 kHz的低频值出现,极少出现接近110 kHz的高频值;(2)岩爆孕育中期,主频值集中在35~65 kHz区间,接近0.4 kHz的低频值基本消失,少量接近110 kHz的高频值开始出现;(3)岩爆发生阶段,35~65 kHz区间内的主频数量骤减,接近0.4 kHz的低频值极少出现,接近110 kHz的高频值密集出现。研究结果为优选声发射监测频段提供了方法和依据,且对巷道岩爆的监测预警工作具有重要理论意义。     

深度学习在地质学上的应用

自Hinton等使用基于卷积神经网络的深度学习模型赢得Image Net分类比赛以来,深度学习的研究席卷了各个行业。通过介绍深度学习的历史,探索国内地质行业中深度学习模型的使用情况,并介绍深度学习的基础概念(如神经元、神经网络、监督学习和无监督学习等)以及深度学习基础模型中的2个重要网络:深度信念网络(DBN)和卷积神经网络(CNN)。在此基础上,类比深度学习在医学等相关领域的应用,提出了深度学习在地质上的几点应用:利用深度学习在计算机视觉上表现出的强大能力,可以对遥感图像进行聚类、对岩石样品图像进行分类、对岩石薄片数据进行描述;利用深度学习对原始数据表现出的强大识别能力,处理地质异常数据,从而确定成矿靶区的可能位置;利用深度学习的特点,对地震前的声信号数据进行处理,从而判断出地震发生前的剩余时间。     

稀有气体在深部地质研究中的意义

幔源物质中的稀有气体蕴藏着丰富的地球深部过程信息。它们可对地幔结构、地幔脱气历史、大陆地幔不均一性、幔源岩浆演化和CO2天然气成因等研究提供独特的示踪作用。结合中国东部地幔捕虏体的资料,综述了稀有气体在这些方面的研究进展。研究表明,MORB源和OIB源玄武岩稀有气体组成差异强烈支持地幔双层结构的存在,地幔脱气过程主要受溶解度控制脱气模式(SCD)控制;同时,中国东部地幔存在不均一性可以在稀有气体方面得到印证;郯庐断裂可能为东部幔源无机CO2的脱出提供了良好的通道。     

Experimental study on dynamic characteristics of granular materials under axial high-frequency vibration

The fundamental understanding of the behavior of granular materials by the effect of vibration is necessary to properly address a number of engineering issues, such as long-term settlement of high-speed railway, vibratory pile driving in sandy stratum, and earthquake-induced geotechnical disaster. Triaxial compression tests of dry Pingtan sand were carried out by a modified triaxial apparatus, where axial high-frequency vibration was super-imposed on the specimen at pre-peak, peak, and post-peak stress states during monotonic shearing. The influences of vibration conditions, confining pressure, and the initial relative density on the vibration-induced responses of Pingtan sand are mainly considered. It is shown that the super-imposed vibration leads to significant deviatoric stress reduction and vibro-induced additional axial strain. This owes to the fact that the static inter-particle friction turns to dynamic friction, and consequently, the frictional resistance has a considerable reduction when vibration is applied to the sand specimen. The vibration-induced stress–strain behavior of sand specimen is characterized into three states by two thresholds concerning vibration intensity and confining pressure: (1) stable state, (2) vibro-compression state and (3) vibro-instability state. For the vibro-compression state, the deviatoric stress reduction has a positive linear correlation with the increase in vibration intensity, while the vibro-induced additional axial strain follows a power-law increase with vibration intensity. Given a vibration condition, the deviatoric stress reductions and the vibro-induced additional axial strains at pre-peak, peak, and post-peak stress state follow a descending order. Besides, the influences of vibration on shear strength and critical state were also discussed.

     

矿井开采中的非线性动力学特性

采用现代非线性科学中的分叉、混沌、分形和自组织理论,对矿井开采过程中的典型动力学现象进行了研究,分析了这些现象的非线性机制,指出了矿井开采系统中的非线性动力学行为,对矿井灾害的防治和指导矿井采掘活动具有积极意义。     

砷的仪器分析方法新进展

砷是自然界中广泛存在的一种物质在工业，农业，医药等方面应用很广。笔者着重介绍了近几个来砷的仪器分析方法新进展，主要有光度法，电化学法，原子吸收法等。     

A study of surface subsidence and coal pillar safety for strip mining in a deep mine

Some villages and bridges are located on the ground surface of the working district no. 7 in the Wanglou Coal Mine. If longwall mining is adopted, the maximum deformation of the ground surface will exceed the safety value. Strip mining is employed for the working district no. 7 which is widely used to reduce surface subsidence and the consequent damage of buildings on the ground surface. To ensure the safety of coal pillars and improve the recovery coefficient, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation (FLAC 3D) were adopted to determine the coal pillar and mining widths and to discuss the coal pillar stress distribution and surface subsidence for different mining scenarios. The results revealed that the width of coal pillars should be larger than 162 m, and the optimized mining width varies from 150 to 260 m. As the coal seam is exploited, vertical stress is mainly applied on the coal pillar, inducing stress changes on its ribs. The coefficient of mining-induced stress varies from 2.02 to 2.62 for different mining scenarios. The maximum surface subsidence and horizontal movement increase as the mining width increases. However, when the mining width increases to a certain value, increasing the pillar width cannot significantly decrease the maximum subsidence. To ensure the surface subsidence less than 500 mm, the mining width should not be larger than 200 m. Considering the recovery coefficient and safety of the coal pillar, a pillar width of 165 m is suggested.     

High-and Ultrahigh-pressure Metamorphism and Retrogressive Textures of Gneiss in the Donghai Area--Evidence from gneisses in drillhole ZK2304

In the gneisses from the drillhole ZK2304 of the Donghai area, there have been preserved high- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic mineral assemblages, a series of complicated retrogressive textures and relevant metamorphic reactions. In addition to garnet, jadeititic-clinopyroxene and rutile, other peak stage (M2) minerals in some gneisses include phengite, aragonite and coesite or quartz pseudomorphs after coesite. The typical peak-stage mineral assemblages in gneisses are characterized by garnet + jadeitic-clinopyroxene + rutile + coesite, garnet + jadeitic-clinopyroxene + phengite + rutile ± coesite and garnet + jadeitic-clinopyroxene + aragonite + rutile ± coesite. The grossular content (Gro) in garnet is high and may reach 50.1 mol%. The SiO2 content of phengite ranges from 54.37% to 54.84% with 3.54- 3.57 p.f.u. Quartz pseudomorphs after coesite occur as inclusions in garnet.The gneisses of the Donghai area have been subjected to multistage recrystallization and exhibit a closewise P-T evolutional path characterized by the near-isothermal decompression. The inclusion assemblage (Hb+Ep+Bi+Pl+Qz) within garnet and other minerals has recorded a pre-peak stage (M1) epidote amphibole facies metamorphic event. High- and ultrahigh-pressure peak metamorphism (M2) took place at T=750- 860° C and P>2.7 GPa. The symplectitic assemblages after garnet, jadeitic-clinopyroxene and rutile imply a near-isothermal decompression metamorphism (M3, M4) during the rapid exhumation. Several lines of evidence of petrography and metamorphic reactions indicate that both gneisses and eclogites have experienced ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the Donghai area. This research may be of great significance for an in-depth study of the metamorphism and tectonic evolution in the Su-Lu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt.     

Detection of a sulfur dioxide signal in a tree-ring record: a case study from Trail,British Columbia,Canada

Dendroecological analysis of tree-ring chronologies was used to determine radial growth responses of a western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) stand to climate and ambient SO₂ exposure. A unique, 32-year long record of ambient SO₂ concentrations was exploited to estimate annual SO₂ dose with a 0.25 ppm threshold. Tree-ring data were a subset from a previous study including three control sites and one polluted site that was near the location of the SO₂ monitor. An autoregression model was employed in a stagewise procedure that first removed climate effects by autoregression on the average of the controls and then estimated a dose-response relationship by autoregression of the residuals from the first stage on SO₂ exposure. Significant growth losses from air pollution were demonstrated that were approximately equal in magnitude to the variation explained by annual fluctuations of climate.     

湖南麻阳盆地深部结构的地球物理研究

根据麻阳盆地的地质背景和密度分布特征,分析了该地区布格重力异常特征;结合以往地震资料的研究成果,从重力层面着重研究了麻阳重力高异常形成的机制,即结晶基底隆起与莫霍面抬升,并对麻阳重力高异常进行了半定量反演推断解释.根据有关文献资料,概要总结了麻阳盆地构造演化的特征,初步探讨了麻阳盆地及其深部构造的控矿意义,提出了麻阳盆地寻找油气藏的新思路.