Quantitative morphometric analysis of lakes using GIS: rectangularity R,ellipticity E,orientation O,and the rectangularity vs. ellipticity index,REi

Quantitative measures of polygon shapes and orientation are important elements of geospatial analysis. These kinds of measures are particularly valuable in the case of lakes, where shape and orientation patterns can help identifying the geomorphological agents behind lake formation and evolution. However, the lack of built-in tools in commercial geographic information system (GIS) software packages designed for this kind of analysis has meant that many researchers often must rely on tools and workarounds that are not always accurate. Here, an easy-to-use method to measure rectangularity R, ellipticity E, and orientation O is developed. In addition, a new rectangularity vs. ellipticity index, REi, is defined. Following a step-by-step process, it is shown how these measures and index can be easily calculated using a combination of GIS built-in functions. The identification of shapes and estimation of orientations performed by this method is applied to the case study of the geometric and oriented lakes of the Llanos de Moxos, in the Bolivian Amazon, where shape and orientation have been the two most important elements studied to infer possible formation mechanisms. It is shown that, thanks to these new indexes, shape and orientation patterns are unveiled, which would have been hard to identify otherwise.     

Transformation method of exterior orientation angular elements obtained via position and orientation system under Gauss-Kruger projection coordinate system

Data obtained via airborne position and orientation system (POS) is in WGS 84 global geocentric reference frame, while the national coordinate reference system for topographic mapping in China is generally Gauss-Kruger projection coordinate system. Therefore, data obtained via a POS must be transformed to national coordinate system. Owing to the effects of earth curvature and meridian deviation, there are some errors in the process of angle transformation from roll, pitch, and heading (Φ ,Θ ,Ψ )obtained dir...     

Principle, software and experiment of GPS-supported aerotriangulation

1 IntroductionAs is now well known, the high accurate point de-termination with airborne remOe sensing data hasalways ben one of the most fundaxnental prObletns..in aerial photOgrammtry. According to the princi-ple of the geOmtry reversal in photOgramrntry,the interior and exterior orientation elements ofaerial phOtOgraphs must first be known in order toreconstnJct the measuring stereo geometric medels.For the past 60 years, however, the interior orienta-tion parameters of carnera were main…     

基于多像对的近景摄影测量相机对标定

本文利用共线方程进行线性变换与非线性变换的方法实现非量测型相机标定,分三步求解相机内方位元素、透镜畸变参数、外方位元素,再利用解析相对定向方法进行固定相机对的相对模型参数的标定。利用多像对相对定向得到与绝对模型大小一致的立体模型,在求解地物尺寸大小这类不需要坐标数据的应用上非常有效。     

INS／DGPS支持的机载线阵推扫影像几何校正

论述了利用INS／DGPS系统的导航输出计算外方位元素的原理，介绍了行方位数据支持下机载线阵CCD影像直接和间接法几何校正的基本方法，重点分析并解决了直接法纠正中的目标定位、灰度重采样及间接法校正中最佳扫描行的确定问题。PHI高光谱影像的实验结果表明，文中的校正算法可达到优于1．5m的绝对定位精度及0．7m的相对精度。     

滤光片对航摄仪内方位元素、畸变差的影响

本文论述了滤光片的不平整度和光谱透射特性对航摄仪内方位元素、畸变差的影响,并对航摄仪不戴滤光片与戴滤光片做了对照检定实验,理论分析及实验结果都表明:滤光片对内方位元素、畸变差有较大影响,尤其对色像差较大的航摄仪,其影响更大。文章建议,航摄仪在检定时应加戴航摄时使用的滤光片。     

浅析解析测图仪相对定向的不定性

通过长期的生产实践提出了相对定向不定性的问题,从相对定向的数学关系着手,列出解求相对定向元素的方程组,分析了产生相对定向不定性的原因,提出了相对定向的结果必须是模拟显示结果与数字显示结果的统一.     

独立法和连续法相对定向元素的直接转换方法

从独立法相对定向和连续法相对定向的数学模型出发,分析并得到在独立法相对定向和连续法相对定向中分别作为基准坐标系的基线坐标系与左方像空间坐标系间的转换关系,进而推导并给出独立法和连续法相对定向元素的直接转换的具体方法。仿真数据与真实数据实验结果表明:基于传统算法解算得到的独立(连续)法相对定向元素,可使用本文算法转换为连续(独立)法相对定向元素,且其相对定向精度指标与传统算法解算得到的连续(独立)法相对定向元素精度指标相当,满足实际生产精度要求。     

基于单位四元数的单独像对相对定向

目前对单位四元数描述空间旋转的应用,基本上是将其转换成旋转矩阵的形式,而忽略了单位四元数描述空间向量旋转具有描述几何关系的直观性以及运算简洁的优势。基于此提出一种基于单位四元数的单独像对相对定向法,方法首先采用向量描述同名光线,然后利用单位四元数描述立体像对中左右影像同名光线的变换关系,建立单位四元数共面条件方程模型,再按照带有约束条件的间接平差原理进行最小二乘平差,确定相对定向元素。针对RC30航空影像和低空无人机影像采用单位四元数法分别进行单独像对相对定向实验,结果表明单位四元数相对定向方法计算精度较高,为解决摄影测量中坐标变换问题提供更多选择。     

Relative orientation based on multi-features

In digital photogrammetry, corresponding points have been widely used as the basic source of information to determine the relative orientation parameters among adjacent images. Sometimes, though, the conventional relative orientation process cannot be precisely implemented due to the accumulation of random errors or in the case of inadequate corresponding points. A new relative orientation approach with multiple types of corresponding features, including points, straight lines, and circular curves, is proposed in this paper. The origin of the model coordinate system is set at the projection center of the first image of a strip, and all of the exterior orientation parameters, except φ and ω of the first image, are set at zero. The basic models of relative orientation with corresponding points, straight lines, and circular curves are discussed, and the general form of a least squares adjustment model for relative orientation based on multi-features is established. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach is feasible and can achieve more reliable relative orientation results than the conventional approach based on corresponding points only.     

Solutions for Exterior Orientation in Photogrammetry: A Review

The determination of the attitude, the position and the intrinsic geometric characteristics of the camera is recognised as the fundamental photogrammetric problem. It can be summarised as the determination of camera interior and exterior orientation parameters, as well as the determination of 3D coordinates of object points. The term "exterior orientation"of an image refers to its position and orientation related to an exterior (object space) coordinate system. Several methods can be applied to determine the parameters of the orientation of one, two or more photos. The orientation can be processed in steps (as relative and absolute orientation) but simultaneous methods (such as bundle adjustments) are now available in many software packages. Several methods have also been developed for the orientation of single images. They are based in general on geometric and topological characteristics of imaged objects.
This paper presents a survey of classical and modern methods for the determination of the exterior parameters in photogrammetry, some of which are available as software packages (with practical examples) on the Internet. The methods presented are classified in three principal groups. In the first, a selection of approximate methods for applications that do not require great accuracy is presented. Such methods are also used to calculate values required for iterative processes. In the second group, standard point–based methods derived from collinearity, coplanarity or coangularity conditions are briefly reviewed, followed by line–based approaches. The third group represents orientation methods based on constraints and on concepts of projective geometry, which are becoming of increasing interest for photogrammetrists. In the last section, the paper gives a summary of existing strategies for automatic exterior orientation in aerial photogrammetry.     

POS数据用于立体模型恢复时的上下视差分析

从连续法相对定向原理出发，推导了直接由像片外方位元素恢复立体模型时模型点上下视差的计算公式，用模拟数据验证了计算方法的正确性，并对两组不同摄影比例尺的实际航摄像片进行了试验。通过比较利用GPS辅助光束法区域网平差获得的像片外方位元素和POS提供的像片外方位元素重建立体模型所产生的模型上下视差，分析了POS系统误差对模型上下视差的影响。结果表明，直接利用POS提供的像片外方位元素进行安置元素测图会出现作业员难以忍受的模型上下视差，不能满足地形测图的规范要求。     

数字立体像对的自动相对定向

进入90年代,数字摄影测量得到了飞速发展,相继有许多数字摄影测量系统出现。本文对数字摄影测量系统的基础之一——数字相对定向作了理论和实验研究,提出了一种基于特征点组的金字塔结构的自动相对定向方法,即用Fstner算子选择定向点,用金字塔结构影像数据相关定向点,最后用最小二乘相关获取的点位进行相对定向计算。实验证明,该方法是可行的,取得了满意的结果。     

High-precision relative orientation using feature-based matching techniques

This paper presents a method for relative orientation using feature-based matching techniques. Both the interest operator and feature-based matching are used to select distinctive points and measure their parallaxes for relative orientation automatically. After the feature-based matching a fine least-squares matching is performed in order to improve accuracy. The matched points are then used for the relative orientation. The precision of relative orientation depends on the final least-squares matching. Some aspects of the least-squares matching have also been studied. An off-line experiment was carried out. Results of 2.08 μm for the standard error of unit weight (σ₀) of the γ-parallax for a simulated stereo model and 3.83 μm for a real stereo model are obtained. The estimated precision of feature-based matching together with least-squares matching for stereo parallax measurement is 0.06 pixels. The experiment also shows the high potential for automating the relative orientation procedure.     

航空摄影测量中立体模型的重建

This paper describes the operational issues and basic technical requirements of modern aerial photogrammetry. The accuracy of photogrammetric point determination and the y-parallax at corresponding model points is analyzed when stereo models are reconstituted by using the exterior orientation elements of aerial images. Real aerial photographs, at image scales from 1：2 500 to 1：6 0000, with DGPS/IMU data taken from various topographies in China were processed by our POS-supported bundle block adjustment program WuCAPS. The empirical results verified that the accuracy of the exterior orientation elements from bundle block adjustment meets the requirements of the specifications of topographic mapping. However, the accuracy of the exterior orientation elements determined by POS fails to meet the requirements of the specifications of topographic mapping.     

Error analysis of exterior orientation elements on geolocation for a Moon-based Earth observation optical sensor

ABSTRACT

The Moon is a potential new platform for Earth observation. The advantages of its large-scale observational scope, long temporal duration, and multi-layer detecting of the Earth will undoubtedly advance our understanding of the Earth system. To carry out the observations from a Moon-based optical sensor, the geolocation error caused by exterior orientation elements need to be investigated. This paper analyses the error effects of exterior orientation elements on geolocation for an optical sensor. To estimate the error, we present a geometric image model and utilise some parameters to measure the image offsets. Through a large number of numerical simulations, the results demonstrate that the image offsets are not obvious influenced by the distance and observation angle at mid-high latitude of the Moon and have linear correlation with the increasing errors of the exterior orientation elements. Further, the relationship between the spatial resolution and errors of exterior orientation elements are revealed. Finally, the error characteristics for Moon-based Earth observation are discussed. It is expected that the conclusion drawn in this paper could support the study of a Moon-based Earth observation optical sensor.     

非量测数码相机内方位元素测量研究

阐述了非量测数码相机内方位元素的概念、测定的原理和方法,以及在成像过程中产生误差的来源。使用共线条件方程的基本原理,选取合适的模型,利用澳大利亚墨尔本大学的Australis软件解算得到内方位元素,并分析结果的可靠性。     

基于已知定向参数影像的光束法区域网平差

从自检校光束法区域网平差模型出发,建立了利用同一地区已知定向参数的影像解求新获取影像外方位元素并进行目标定位的数学模型。以此为基础,对来自某地区相隔两年的三期不同摄影比例尺航空影像两两组合地进行联合光束法区域网平差。结果表明,当两期影像比例尺相近时,所解求的新影像外方位元素和加密点坐标精度基本达到常规光束法区域网平差的精度;当两期影像比例尺不同时,利用已知定向参数的大比例尺影像解求出的小比例尺影像的外方位元素和加密点坐标可满足现行规范精度要求,利用已知定向参数的小比例尺影像去解求大比例尺影像的外方位元素和加密点坐标精度明显下降且不可用。本文的研究证实,就同一地区的多时相航摄影像而言,利用已知定向参数的影像进行新影像的定向方法是可行的。     

GEOGRAPHIC FORECASTING AND MAPPING

The author outlines general principles and methods of predictive or forecast mapping in the USSR, more specifically the use of maps in support of geographic forecasting, i.e., prediction of relationships involved in matter, energy, and other flows of ecosystem components. Maps are employed in all stages of geographic forecasting, particularly to identify spatial patterns which can be extrapolated in space or time and used to predict distributions that are difficult or impossible to determine directly, as well as to graphically portray these expected distributions. A scheme for classifying forecast maps in terms of their orientation in time and space is presented. Translated from: Prognoznoye blogeograficheskoye kartografirovaniye: regional'nyy aspekt, Moscow: Nauka, 1985, pp. 6-24.     

THE USE OF AIRBORNE INSTRUMENTS IN THE DETERMINATION OF ABSOLUTE ORIENTATION ELEMENTS

This paper outlines the history of the development of various auxiliary instruments which can help in the determination of the elements of absolute orientation. The recent work of Dr. H. G. Jerie on height precision is summarised and results of tests carried out with air photography linked to auxiliary instrumental data are presented.