论含油气盆地流体系统

我国含油气盆地地下水系统可分为油田水系统和溶滤水系统,二者之间按电性、富水性和矿化度大致以上、下第三系为界。含油气系统按成藏过程及其地质特征分为生成系统、运移系统和聚集系统。地下水系统是流体系统的主体部分,它包含了含油气系统。油田水系统与含油气系统关系十分密切,油气的生成、运移和聚集过程都是在油田水参与下进行的。溶滤水系统影响并改造着含油气系统,油气藏会在溶滤水作用下遭到破坏。异常高压由排水固结的不均衡所形成,它的存在阻止了油田水向上运移。含油气盆地流体系统研究是现代水文地质学的一个新的研究领域,是油气成藏研究的一种有效途径。     

柴达木盆地及相邻造山带区域断裂系统

根据对祁连山、昆仑山、阿尔金山和柴达木周缘露头的野外地质调查和盆地地震反射剖面的解释，分析了柴达木盆地及相邻造山带区域断裂系统及其对盆地演化的控制作用，提出5个区域断裂系统对柴达木盆地的形成和发展演化起着重要控制作用：（1）祁连山－柴达木盆地北缘断裂系统；（2）东昆仑山－柴达木盆地南缘断裂系统；（3）阿尔金走滑断裂系统；（4）鄂拉山走滑断裂系统；（5）甘森－小柴旦断裂系统。这些断裂系统控制了柴达木盆地的展布方向、盆地内次级断裂的形成和分布、沉积中心的迁移及油气聚集带的分布。     

地下水溶质系统的形成及其在开采条件下的变化：以福州盆地为例

根据地下水地球化学特征，在福州盆地划分出４个溶质系统，ＥＮＥ断层系列浅循环溶质系统，洪积扇带溶质系统，古河道带溶质系统及ＮＮＷ断层带深循环溶质系统。文中论述了各系统的形成过程及其在开采条件下的变化。     

从常规体系域到非常规体系域——河流相层序地层学研究的一个重要进展

在与海平面变化存在联系的近滨线河流相地层中,源于海岸碎屑沉积体系的层序地层学概念得到了较好的应用,从而在河流相地层中产生了低水位体系域(LST)、与海侵体系域类似的水进体系域(TST)及高水位体系域(HST)等常规体系域下的河流相层序地层划分方案。由于源于海岸沉积体系的早期体系域划分存在着概念体系的不协调,故常规体系域划分在河流相层序中的使用也就存在着概念体系的不协调。非常规体系域(低可容纳空间体系域,LAST;高可容纳空间体系域,HAST)的提出可避免这种概念体系的不协调,并为研究复杂的河流沉积过程和提取地层记录规律提供重要的线索和思路。     

南岭构造体系对铀矿的控制作用

南岭地区构造，除以纬向构造体系为主外，尚有经向、华夏及新华夏等构造体系。南岭地区铀矿矿点数量之多，矿床储量规模之大，以及矿床类型之全均为全国之冠，其与本区地质构造发展及各构造体系之间存在着空间分布或成生联系，表现为：构造体系控制着含铀地层与含铀岩体；构造体系的复合控制着铀矿田（区）的分布；不同构造剑系分别控制着不同类型的铀矿床；以及构造级别、序次及结构面的力学性质对铀矿体的控制等。     

黔南-桂中地区泥盆系层序地层格架中的储集体特征研究

通过对黔南坳陷和桂中坳陷的地层对比和分析,识别出了8种层序界面标志,共划分两个超(二级)层序SS1和SS2,并讨论了各体系域特征。在层序格架中对研究区内的储集体类型进行了总结,主要包括生物礁(滩)储集体、白云岩储集体和缝洞型储集体等3种类型。对层序格架中储集体的成因类型进行了总结归纳:有利的储集体主要有TST礁滩灰岩储集体、HST礁滩灰岩、白云岩储集体。     

Orogenic gold and the mineral systems approach: Resolving fact,fiction and fantasy

The fact that mineral deposit attributes such as the size frequency of orogenic gold deposits in specific provinces exhibit power law distributions similar to forest fires, earthquakes, and fault size populations, is a compelling motivation to examine their genesis from a systems context. Based on well-studied Earth systems such as climate, the systems related to mineral deposits are likely to be complex and potentially include sensitive dependent components that vary simultaneously and in subtly interconnected ways.Although a “systems approach” was enunciated for mineral exploration by Fyfe and Kerrich as early as 1976, it is yet to be fully embraced by the geosciences community that commonly retain models dependent primarily on deposit-scale characteristics. Orogenic gold deposits are well studied and widely considered to represent a single class of deposit that has formed over much of Earth history in settings ranging from Archean granite-greenstone belts to Phanerozoic turbidite sequences. Accordingly, the deposit type is well suited for assessment within a systems context. If orogenic gold deposits do in fact represent a single class of deposits, then the simplest application of a systems approach highlights the fact that the nature of the host upper crustal succession cannot be a fundamental control, with specific granite suites and pyritic sediments not universal, or at least not essential, components of the system. Furthermore the scale of orogenic gold systems implicates processes capable of tapping sub-crustal source regions.Increasingly, advances in orogenic gold systems, and mineral systems in general, are linked to application of systems science that emphasize importance of system-driven criticality. Orogenic gold systems and other mineral systems are typically short in duration and linked in time and space to tectonic triggers. The latter promote a rapid release of energy (‘avalanches’) that overcome system thresholds and are strong indicators of complex systems that may show power-law behavior.Only a rigorous application of a systems approach can cut through the confusion that arises from conflicting models based on local deposit studies. Only a systems approach can evaluate the significance of rare or anomalous features in a small number of deposits. Truly predictive models for mineral exploration will ultimately be developed by workers who adhere to the systems approach.     

中国中西部大型湖盆沉积体系域研究进展及页岩油气勘探*

中国陆相大型湖盆碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩沉积区分布广泛,含油气盆地内新发现了多个油气田,特别是近年来在致密油/页岩油勘探方面获得了突破。根据沉积体系域演化和可容纳空间演变解释层序地层单元,建立层序演化模式,预测油气储集体,适合于研究有成因联系的异旋回地层序列。深水体系的沉积层序体系域研究进展表现为引入强制海退(湖退)的概念,从经典的层序地层学格架三分体系域发展为四分体系域和二分体系域,不同尺度的相对整合序列和体系域分布与命名具有紧密联系。强制海(湖)退条件下形成的下降期体系域(FSST)和强制海(湖)退楔体系域(FRW)有内涵细节上的差异。采用A-P-D(加积-进积-降积)准层序叠加分析方法,分析体系域格架下薄层细粒沉积砂体的沉积搬运机理,提高了体系域识别和油气储集体预测的准确度。柴达木盆地古近系和四川盆地侏罗系研究实例表明,湖侵体系域随湖平面上升,浅湖和半深湖范围扩大,沉积中心地区发育三角洲前缘薄层砂体和深水浊积扇及多旋回泥页岩—泥灰岩组合,有利于页岩油气储集体的发育,成为“甜点”勘探目标区。展望未来,与页岩油气勘探有关的沉积层序体系域领域研究在以下几个方面将取得重要进展: (1)咸化湖盆深水沉积体系的高频旋回体系域研究; (2)与页岩型和混积型页岩油类型相关的湖侵体系域混积体系研究; (3)体系域级别的层序—古地理研究; (4)体系域格架下的源-汇系统及其古湖泊分布特征研究; (5)湖泊古水深、古气候和古环境的地球化学指标分析; (6)富有机质页岩发育的微纳米级孔—缝体系储集能力研究; (7)煤系环境纯湖相泥岩和沼泽相(湖沼或河沼)泥岩对规模天然气生烃贡献率的沉积基础研究。     

中国中西部大型湖盆沉积体系域研究进展及页岩油气勘探*

中国陆相大型湖盆碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩沉积区分布广泛,含油气盆地内新发现了多个油气田,特别是近年来在致密油/页岩油勘探方面获得了突破。根据沉积体系域演化和可容纳空间演变解释层序地层单元,建立层序演化模式,预测油气储集体,适合于研究有成因联系的异旋回地层序列。深水体系的沉积层序体系域研究进展表现为引入强制海退(湖退)的概念,从经典的层序地层学格架三分体系域发展为四分体系域和二分体系域,不同尺度的相对整合序列和体系域分布与命名具有紧密联系。强制海(湖)退条件下形成的下降期体系域(FSST)和强制海(湖)退楔体系域(FRW)有内涵细节上的差异。采用A-P-D(加积-进积-降积)准层序叠加分析方法,分析体系域格架下薄层细粒沉积砂体的沉积搬运机理,提高了体系域识别和油气储集体预测的准确度。柴达木盆地古近系和四川盆地侏罗系研究实例表明,湖侵体系域随湖平面上升,浅湖和半深湖范围扩大,沉积中心地区发育三角洲前缘薄层砂体和深水浊积扇及多旋回泥页岩—泥灰岩组合,有利于页岩油气储集体的发育,成为“甜点”勘探目标区。展望未来,与页岩油气勘探有关的沉积层序体系域领域研究在以下几个方面将取得重要进展: (1)咸化湖盆深水沉积体系的高频旋回体系域研究; (2)与页岩型和混积型页岩油类型相关的湖侵体系域混积体系研究; (3)体系域级别的层序—古地理研究; (4)体系域格架下的源-汇系统及其古湖泊分布特征研究; (5)湖泊古水深、古气候和古环境的地球化学指标分析; (6)富有机质页岩发育的微纳米级孔—缝体系储集能力研究; (7)煤系环境纯湖相泥岩和沼泽相(湖沼或河沼)泥岩对规模天然气生烃贡献率的沉积基础研究。     

陆架坡折盆地强制海退及正常海退沉积——以珠江口盆地珠江组—韩江组为例

关于强制海退形成的沉积体对应层序中体系域的问题,一直是国内外争论的焦点。结合Exxon公司建立的层序地层沉积模型,将强制海退沉积体对应于早期低位体系域以及晚期高位体系域,正常海退沉积体对应于晚期低位域前积体、高位域早期前积体。以珠江口盆地坳陷期的珠江组—韩江组为例,将其划分为7个三级相对海平面变化旋回,对应7个三级层序。相对海平面变化是可容纳空间的外在响应。在陆架坡折之上产生的高位域晚期前积体和陆坡及以下地区发育的低位域早期低位扇体;在陆架坡折带及以下形成的低位前积楔、坡折带及以上形成的高位早期前积体,是有利的油气储集体。     

陇东地区延长组层序地层特征及油气勘探意义

综合应用测井曲线、岩心、野外露头剖面等资料,分析鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组的层序地层特征及沉积相,在延长组识别出4个三级层序界面,将延长组分为4个三级层序10个体系域,识别出4种主要的沉积体系:扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲及湖泊沉积体系。分析了各体系域沉积体系的平面展布特征,探讨了体系域沉积模式及层序与油气的关系。指出低位体系域中发育的三角洲平原河道及前缘水下分流河道砂体是最主要的储层,水进及高位体系域中发育的浊积岩砂体分布面积大,是潜在的储层、水进和高位体系域中发育的湖相泥、页岩是良好的生油层和盖层,使得陇东地区存在有利的生储盖组合,处于有利的含油气系统之中,具较好的油气勘探前景。     

Pre-Set Delay Electronic Detonators: Merits Opposite Programmable Systems

The South African mining industry first experienced en-masse use of electronic detonators in the Narrow Reef environment using AEL's Electrodet™ pre-set delay system. In recent years, programmable systems such as AEL's Smartdet™ have also established their position, and within both AEL and the mines there has been important learning around the strengths and weaknesses of these systems. In general, the fixed delay systems tend to be more easily appreciated by less-skilled work teams, and are very well suited to simple layouts, especially long, narrow blasts. However, development of programmable row controllers and series delay inserts has greatly expanded the field of usefulness of these systems while retaining most of the simplicity of use. The programmable systems are immensely flexible and therefore able to function under any condition, but require a higher level of discipline and knowledge. Much has been done to address this issue and make the systems user friendly, so the systems have converged to some extent. These systems are both valuable tools for achieving control over blasting in underground and surface applications. The choice of system is very dependent on the prevailing conditions. Accurate timing with electronic enhancements continues to show an increasing range of benefits to mining operations. There is a strong parallel with non-electronic initiation systems which helps to understand the appropriate use of the systems.     

沉积体系域类型、特征及石油地质意义

不同学者对体系域的分类及体系域界面的划分有不同的理解,甚至在体系域的发育和分布上,不同盆地都会得出不同的研究结论。滨线迁移类型决定了特定沉积趋势下地层单元的外形和堆积模式,即体系域类型。文中把体系域划分为常规体系域和非常规体系域两大类,常规体系域指经典层序地层学中定义的常见体系域,即低位体系域、海侵体系域(或湖侵体系域)和高位体系域,这些体系域与基准面(相对海平面或相对湖平面)变化引起的滨线迁移密切相关。非常规体系域泛指常规体系域以外的与特定沉积环境相关的所有体系域类型,包括冲积扇—河流沉积体系中的高可容空间体系域和低可容空间体系域、缓坡背景下滨浅海的强制海退体系域、大陆架背景下浅海—深海体系的下降期体系域、滨浅海(湖)环境的海退体系域(或湖退体系域)。体系域和基准面关系的可预测性使得层序地层学成为一种寻找盆地内自然资源的极为有效的工具,通过它可以追踪盆地演化不同体系域阶段沉积相的横向变化,帮助认识有经济价值的沉积矿床以及油气储集层、烃源岩和盖层在时间和空间范围内的发育区。这也导致了油气勘探从构造圈闭向复合圈闭和岩性圈闭的转变。     

Tectono-metallogenic systems — The place of mineral systems within tectonic evolution,with an emphasis on Australian examples

Tectono-metallogenic systems are geological systems that link geodynamic and tectonic processes with ore-forming processes. Fundamental geodynamic processes, including buoyancy-related processes, crustal/lithospheric thinning and crustal/lithospheric thickening, have occurred throughout Earth's history, but tectonic systems, which are driven by these processes, have evolved as Earth's interior has cooled. Tectonic systems are thought to have evolved from magma oceans in the Hadean through an unstable “stagnant-lid” regime in the earlier Archean into a proto-plate tectonic regime from the late Archean onwards. Modern-style plate tectonics is thought to have become dominant by the start of the Paleozoic. Mineral systems with general similarities to modern or geologically recent systems have been present episodically (or semi-continuously) through much of Earth's history, but most of Earth's present endowment of mineral wealth was formed during and after the Neoarchean, when proto- or modern-style plate tectonic systems became increasingly dominant and following major changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Changes in the characteristics of some mineral systems, such as the volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) system, reflect changes in tectonic style during the evolution towards the modern plate tectonic regime, but may also involve secular changes in the hydrosphere and atmosphere.Whereas tectono-metallogenic systems have evolved in general over Earth's history, specific tectono-metallogenic systems evolve over much shorter time frames. Most mineral deposits form in three general tectono-metallogenic systems: divergent systems, convergent systems, and intraplate systems. Although fundamental geodynamic processes have driven the evolution of these systems, their relative importance may change as the systems evolved. For example, buoyancy-driven (mantle convection/plumes) and crustal thinning are the dominant processes driving the early rift stage of divergent tectono-metallogenic systems, whereas buoyancy-driven processes (slab sinking) and crustal thickening are the most important processes during the subduction stage of convergent systems. Crustal thinning can also be an important process in the hinterland of subduction zones, producing back-arc basins that can host a number of mineral systems. As fundamental geodynamic processes act as drivers at some stage in virtually all tectonic systems, on their own these cannot be used to identify tectonic systems. Moreover, as mineral systems are ultimately the products of these same geodynamic drivers, individual mineral deposit types cannot be used to determine tectonic systems, although mineral deposit associations can, in some cases, be indicative of the tectono-metallogenic system.Ore deposits are the products of geological (mineral) systems that operate over a long time frame (hundreds of millions of years) and at scales up to the craton-scale. In essence, mineral systems increase the concentrations of commodities through geochemical and geophysical processes from bulk Earth levels to levels amenable to economic mining. Mineral system components include the geological (tectonic and architectural) setting, the driver(s) of mineralising processes, metal and fluid sources, fluid pathways, depositional trap, and post-depositional modifications. All of these components link back to geodynamic processes and the tectonic system. For example, crustal architecture, which controls the spatial distribution of, and fluid flow, within mineral systems, is largely determined by geodynamic processes and tectonic systems, and the timing of mineralisation, which generally is relatively short (commonly < 1 Myr), correlates with local and/or far-field tectonic events.The geochemical characteristics of many mineral systems are a consequence of their geodynamic and tectonic settings. Settings that are characterised by low heat flow and lack active magmatism produce low temperature fluids that are oxidised, with ore formation caused largely by redox gradients or the provision of external H₂S. The characteristics of these fluids are largely governed by the rocks with which they interact, rocks that have extensively interacted with the hydrosphere and atmosphere, both environments that have been strongly oxidised since the great oxidation event in the Paleoproterozoic. In settings characterised by high heat flow and active magmatism, ore fluids tend to be higher temperature and reduced, with deposition caused by cooling, pH neutralisation, depressurisation and fluid mixing. Again, the characteristics of these fluids are governed by rocks with which they interact, in this case more reduced magmatic rocks derived from the mantle or lower crust.     

黄县早第三纪断陷盆地高分辨率层序地层划分

详细研究了黄县煤田早第三纪断陷盆地沉积填序列和沉积体系,研究了基准面旋回特点,进行了高分辨率层序地层划分。研究表明,黄县断陷盆地下第三系为１个构造层序,是一个完整的原型断陷盆地沉积充填序列。可划分出２个三级层序,且具有三元结构,即由低水位、水进和高水位体系域组成;层序Ｉ低水位体系域由早期和晚期两部分组成,层序Ⅱ高水位体系域亦有早期和晚期两部分构成。主要沉积体系有：扇三角洲体系、湖底扇体系、辫状河三     

沉积盆地超压系统演化、流体流动与成藏机理

压实不均衡和生烃 ,特别是生气作用是可独立产生大规模超压的主要机制。根据超压顶面的几何形态、超压的发育机制、超压系统的内部结构和演化 ,可将超压系统分为封隔型超压系统和动态超压系统 2类。超压流体的排放包含 2个层次 :从超压泥岩向邻近输导层的初次排放和从超压系统向上覆常压系统或相对低超压系统的二次排放。封隔型超压系统的流体排放主要通过周期性顶部封闭层破裂进行 ,动态超压系统的流体排放可能主要通过断裂或其它构造薄弱带、超压顶面隆起点和超压系统内构造高点处的水力破裂集中进行。超压盆地油气倾向于在静水压力系统富集 ,并具有幕式充注特征 ,但超压系统既可发育商业型油藏 ,也可形成大型气藏。     

西南岩溶石山地区岩溶地下水系统划分及其主要特征值统计

岩溶地下水系统是西南岩溶石山地区最基本的水系统,而岩溶地下水系统划分则是正确评价、合理开发利用西南石山地区岩溶地下水资源的重要基础。本文首先按西南岩溶水出露条件划分出3620个岩溶地下水系统,其中地下河系统1179个、岩溶泉系统1152个、集中排泄带岩溶地下水系统562个、分散排泄岩溶地下水系统727个,然后按岩溶含水岩组的出露条件将岩溶地下水系统划分为裸露型（2324个）、裸露覆盖型（108个）、覆盖型（275个）、裸露-埋藏型（98个）、埋藏型（88个）五种类型。除分散排泄岩溶地下水系统外,汇水面积大于1000km^2的其它岩溶地下水系统有26个。在地下河系统中,汇水面积大于10km^2而小于500km^2的有1049个,占88．97％,汇水面积小于100km^2的有711个,占总数的60．3％;在岩溶泉系统中,汇水面积小于50km^2的有814个,占总数的70．66％;在集中排泄带岩溶地下水系统中,汇水面积大于100km^2而小于500km^2的有303个,占总数的53．91％。流量统计结果显示,流量大于1000L／s的岩溶地下水系统有286个,占总数的11．2％,流量大于50L／s至小于500L／s之间的有630个,点总数的63．73％。[      

Basin-related uranium mineral systems in Australia: A review of critical features

This paper reviews critical features of basin-related uranium mineral systems in Australia. These mineral systems include Proterozoic unconformity-related uranium systems formed predominantly from diagenetic fluids expelled from sandstones overlying the unconformity, sandstone-hosted uranium systems formed from the influx of oxidised groundwaters through sandstone aquifers, and calcrete uranium systems formed from oxidised groundwaters flowing through palaeochannel aquifers (sand and calcrete). The review uses the so-called ‘source-pathway-trap’ paradigm to summarise critical features of fertile mineral systems. However, the scheme is expanded to include information on the geological setting, age and relative timing of mineralisation, and preservation of mineral systems. The critical features are also summarised in three separate tables. These features can provide the basis to conduct mineral potential and prospectivity analysis in an area. Such analysis requires identification of mappable signatures of above-mentioned critical features in geological, geophysical and geochemical datasets. The review of fertile basin-related systems shows that these systems require the presence of at least four ingredients: a source of leachable uranium (and vanadium and potassium for calcrete-uranium deposits); suitable hydrological architecture enabling connection between the source and the sink (site of accumulation); physical and chemical sinks or traps; and a post-mineralisation setting favourable for preservation. The review also discusses factors that may control the efficiency of mineral systems, assuming that world-class deposits result from more efficient mineral systems. The review presents a brief discussion of factors which may have controlled the formation of large deposits in the Lake Frome region in South Australia, the Chu-Sarysu and Syrdarya Basins in Kazakhstan and calcrete uranium deposits in the Yilgarn region, Western Australia.     

The status of the passive treatment systems for acid mine drainage in South Korea

This study was performed to investigate the operating status, evaluate the problems, and discuss possible improvement methods of passive treatment systems for acid mine drainage (AMD) in South Korea. Thirty-five passive treatment systems in 29 mines have been constructed from 1996 to 2002 using successive alkalinity producing systems (SAPS) as the main treatment process. We investigated 29 systems (two for metal mines), 19 of which revealed various problems. Overflows of drainage from SAPS, wetland, or oxidation ponds were caused by the flow rate exceeding the capacities of the facilities or by the reduced permeability of the organic substance layer. Leakages occurred at various parts of the systems. In some cases, clogged and broken pipes at the mouths of the mine adits made the whole system unusable. Some systems showed very low efficiencies without apparent leakage or overflow. Even though the systems showed fairly good efficiencies in metal removal ratios (mainly iron) and pH control; sulfate removal rates were very poor except in three systems, which may indicate very poor sulfate reductions with sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) as a means.     

东秦岭松树沟蛇绿岩区逆冲推覆构造及其地质意义

松树沟蛇绿岩是东秦岭构造带内出露规模最大的超镁铁—镁铁质杂岩体。地质填图证实，该区存在结构十分复杂的大型逆冲推覆构造系统，其中北区松树沟超镁铁质主岩体内发育的高角度逆冲断层系向北拆离；而包括富水杂岩在内的南区镁铁质及超镁铁质岩块均向南大规模逆掩；剖面上总体构成不对称（向南滑脱为主）的“背冲型”样式。松树沟逆冲推覆构造研究对恢复蛇绿岩组合层序及其古构造环境具有重要的地质意义。